Bioecology and Spatial Distribution of the Pistachio Leafhopper, Idiocerus stali Fieber (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in Pistachio Orchards

Document Type : Original Research

Authors
A. Jamshidi 1
H. A. Vahedi 1
A. A. Zamani 1
B. F. Bansooleh 2
1 Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Islamic Republic of Iran.
2 Department of Water Engineering, College of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Islamic Republic of Iran.
Abstract
Worldwide, Iran is the first producer of pistachio, which is one of the most economically important agricultural products for this country. Idiocerus stali Fieber (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) is one of the most important pests of this plant. Adults and nymphs pest feed on leaf tissues and fruit clusters, and they cause damage by sucking the sap. This pest has one generation per year. In this research, population fluctuations of the pistachio leafhopper associated to the temperature and humidity changes and its spatial distribution, using both statistical and geostatistical methods were studied in 2018-2019. The spatial distribution of all life stages in both years was cumulative according to Iwao model, whereas considering Taylor's power law model it was cumulative in 2018 and random in 2019. Considering coefficients' values, both models of Taylor's power law (R2= 0.93) and Iwao model (R2= 0.92) are appropriate for estimating the type of spatial distribution for this pest, however, Taylor model showed a better data fitting. Concerning geostatistics models, Kriging interpolation method was more accurate than Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) and it was used to produce pest distribution maps. The movement process of adults, nymphs, and the sites of laying areas per week was precisely determined. Hence, contamination foci can be identified and used to apply appropriate management methods at the right time at a low cost.

Keywords

Subjects

Abrishami, M.H. 1994. Persian pistachio, a comprehensive history. University Publication Center, Iran, 669 pp.
Arlando, P.S. and Torres, L.M. 2005. Spatial distribution and sampling of Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Lep.: Thaumetopoeidae) populations on pinus pinstar. For. Ecol. Manag., 210: 1-7.
Behdad, A. 1984. Pests of Iranian fruit trees. Bina Pub, Isfahan Printed, Iran, 743 pp.
Croft, B.A., Welch, S.M. and Dover, M.J. 1976. Dispersion statistics and sample size estimates for populations of the mite species, Panonychus ulmi and Amblyseius fallacis on apple. Environ. Entomol., 5(2): 227-233.
FAO. 2018. Food and Agricultural commodities production. Available in: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC.
Feng, M.G., Nowierski, R.M. 1992. Spatial distribution and sampling plans for four species cereal aphid (Hom,: Aphididae) infesting spring wheat in southwestern Idaho. J.Econ. Entomol., 85: 830-837.
Hassani Pak, A. A. 1997. Geostatistics. Tehran University Press. 314 pp.
Hurlbert, S.H. 1990. Spatial Distribution of the Montane Unicorn. Oikos, 58: 257-271.
Isaaks, E.H. and Srivastava, R.M. 1989. An introduction to applied geostatistics. Oxford University Press, New York. USA, 592 pp.
Jalilvand, N. and Kashanizadeh, S. 2013. Study on the biology of Idiocerus stali Qazvin climate. Bull. Agr. Natur. Resour. Res., 15: 22-30.
Liebhold, A.M., Rossi, R.E. and Kemp, W.P. 1993. Geostatistics and Geographic Information Systems in Applied Insect Ecology. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 38: 303-327.
Madani, H. 1994. Fundamentals of Geostatistics, first ed. Amir Kabir University of Technology, Tafresh Branch, Iran, 668 pp.
Mourikis, P.A., Sourgianni, A.T. and Chitzanidis, A. 1998. Pistachio nut insect pests and means of control in Greece. Acta Horticulturae 470, II international symposium pistachio and almonds 604-611.
Nestel, D., Cohen, H., Saphir, N., Klein, M. and Mendel, Z. 1995. Spatial distribution of scale insects: comparative study using Taylor’s power law. Environ. Entomol., 24(3): 506-512.
Sawyer, A.J. 1989. Inconstancy of Taylor's b: simulated sampling with different quadrat sizes and spatial distributions. Res. Popul. Ecol., 31: 11-24.
Southwood, T.R.E. and Henderson, P.A. 2000. Ecological Methods, 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science.
Trematerra, P., Gentile, P., Brunetti, A., Collins, L.E. and Chambers, J. 2007. Spatio-temporal analysis of trapcatches of Tribolium confusum du Val in a semolinamill, with a comparison of female and male distributions. J. Stored Prod. Res., 43: 315-322.
Trematerra, P., Sciarretta, A. 2004. Spatial distribution of some beetles infesting a feed mill with spatio-temporal dynamics of Oryzaephiluss urinamensis, Tribolium castaneum and Tribolium confusum. J. Stored Prod. Res., 40: 363-377.
Webster, R. and Oliver, M.A. 2000. Geostatistics for Environmental Scientists. Wiley press, ISBN: 0-41-96553-7, 271 pp.
Yanik, E. and Yucel, A. 2001. The pistachio (P. vera L. ) pests, their population development and damage state in Sanliurfa province. In: Ak B.E. (ed.). XI GREMPA Seminar on Pistachios and Almonds. Zaragoza: CIHEAM: 301-309.
Zenouzi, H. 1958. Pistachio leafhopper and Way of its controling. Iran Agr. Promot. Org., 34: 14.
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
Volume 24, Issue 1
January and February 2022
Pages 107-122