https://jast.modares.ac.ir/ Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology en daily 1 Tue, 01 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0330 Tue, 01 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0330 https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_27653.html Traditional technology acceptance models primarily focus on behavioral factors, with limited exploration of well-being perspectives. This study examines the role of technology well-being, based on the PERMA framework, in shaping the intention and adoption of drone technology among potato farmers in western Iran. Using a descriptive-correlational survey design, path analysis of a systematic sample of 234 farmers revealed that intention, engagement, social relationships, meaning, and accomplishments significantly influence drone adoption, with path coefficients of 0.85 for intention and 0.38 for acceptance. Positive emotions, however, showed no significant effect. These findings highlight the critical role of well-being in technology acceptance, offering novel insights for precision agriculture. The results suggest that policymakers should prioritize persuasive strategies to enhance farmers’ intentions, beyond merely promoting technology use. This research lays a foundation for future investigations, emphasizing technology well-being as a key driver of agricultural innovation. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_27981.html This study examines whether the structural transformations in the economy and trade exert significant spatial direct and spillover effects on the ecological footprint across MENA countries from 2001 to 2021. For this purpose, we used Moran’s “I test” and applied fixed-effect Spatial Durbin Model (SDM). To ensure the findings, we checked the robustness of our results across alternative spatial models and other matrices. The results showed that there was significant positive spatial dependence in ecological footprints, indicating that a country’s ecological footprint was influenced by those of its neighbors. We find economic structural changes played an important role in reducing the ecological footprints, both directly and through spillover effects. Similarly, trade openness had a significantly negative impact on the ecological footprint; however, the spillover effect was not significant. The results of robustness checks confirmed the environmental impact of structural economic changes, and trade openness were robust and not driven by model-specific assumptions. These findings underscore the need for MENA governments to prioritize economic restructuring and promote the adoption of environmentally friendly technologies through strategic trade policies and reduced trade barriers. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_27976.html This study aimed to estimate the price and substitution elasticities among the production inputs of cotton in Baghlan Province, Afghanistan. Data were collected through 132 questionnaires, using stratified random sampling from cotton growers in the province. The relationships among production inputs were examined using a translog cost function in conjunction with the Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) approach. The results showed that the price elasticities of demand for land, animal manure, phosphate fertilizer, urea fertilizer, seeds, labor, water, and machinery were -0.036, -0.815, -0.056, -0.050, -0.056, -0.092, -0.074, and -0.198, respectively. All price elasticities of input demand were less than one, indicating inelastic demand, that is, input use is not highly sensitive to price changes. The cross elasticities of demand for inputs were also less than one, confirming inelastic demand across all inputs. The small values of substitution elasticities further indicated that policies targeting a single input would have little impact on the allocation of other inputs. Therefore, it is recommended that policymakers avoid focusing on individual inputs and, instead, consider all inputs as an integrated system when designing agricultural policies. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_24087.html This study investigates farmers' intentions to reduce the use of pesticides in greenhouse cultivation in Antalya Province, Turkey. Using an extended version of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), we investigated the socio-psychological factors that influence farmers' intentions to adopt more sustainable practices. Interviews with 297 farmers growing tomatoes, peppers, and eggplants revealed that, while farmers generally have a positive attitude towards reducing pesticide use, this attitude does not have a significant impact on their actual intentions. These intentions are chiefly driven by moral norms, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control. Improving social support, creating an enabling environment, and implementing educational programmes can significantly help farmers to adopt agroecological practices. This study emphasizes the importance of understanding the social and psychological factors that influence farmers’ decisions, which is essential for developing effective strategies for environmentally friendly agriculture. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_27655.html This study aimed to develop a grounded theoretical model that explains the drivers, barriers, and strategies for enabling social media adoption in agricultural extension. Eleven semi-structured interviews were conducted with subject-matter experts from extension institutions and digital communication units in Iran, and data were analyzed using open, axial, and selective coding procedures. The coding process generated 57 concepts and 23 categories, which were synthesized into a paradigmatic model encompassing causal, contextual, and intervening conditions, as well as strategies and outcomes. Results showed that policy coordination, institutional collaboration, infrastructure investment, and digital capacity-building are essential conditions for effective adoption. Key barriers identified include weak rural internet coverage, limited digital literacy among farmers, insufficient financial resources, and fragmented policy frameworks. The study also revealed that social media supports faster knowledge dissemination, real-time farmer engagement, and adoption of sustainable agricultural practices. The theoretical model contributes to extension scholarship by linking institutional and contextual enablers to practical outcomes, thereby complementing existing technology-adoption frameworks. Practically, the findings emphasize the need for evidence-based policy frameworks, public–private partnerships, and investments in localized content and farmer training. Strategic use of emerging tools such as big data, IoT, and artificial intelligence can further enhance the effectiveness of social media-based extension. The model provides actionable guidance for policymakers and practitioners to strengthen rural innovation and sustainable agricultural development. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_24108.html The purpose of the study was to analyze the impact of a soil management course on the farmers’ soil science knowledge and their soil conservation behaviors. The research involved 33 small-scale farmers in the Arica and Parinacota Region, Chile. This study employed both qualitative and quantitative methods, with data collected through surveys (pre- and post- course, and a subsequent retention test) and interviews following the retention test. The training course significantly enhanced farmers’ understanding of soil science, as demonstrated by their performance on the post-course survey and retention test. However, no statistically significant improvement was observed in farmers’ soil conservation behavior. Interview results confirmed these quantitative findings, and provided insights into the underlying mechanisms, which are consistent with the theories of the stage model of self-regulated behavioral change. Our study offers current evidence of the knowledge-behavior gap in agricultural decision-making. This study challenges the typical focus of agricultural extension activities on knowledge alone, highlighting how this approach overlooks potential behavioral changes resulting from the intervention. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_24117.html This study examines the effects of owner characteristics, product competence, and business capital on the business performance of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in the functional beverage sector. It also investigates the mediating role of owner competence in the relationship between owner characteristics and business performance. Employing a quantitative approach, data were collected via a structured questionnaire from 105 functional beverage SMEs in Solo Raya, Indonesia. Structural Equation Modeling with Partial Least Squares was used for analysis. The results indicate that business capital and product competence significantly and positively influence business performance. Owner characteristics do not have a direct effect on business performance, but influence it indirectly through full mediation by owner competence. The findings suggest that functional beverage entrepreneurs should enhance their self-competence encompassing knowledge, skills, and business experience, and strengthen business capital to improve performance. Additionally, developing entrepreneurial characteristics is crucial for boosting business outcomes through improved owner competence. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_27654.html In this study, polymers of Ethyl Cellulose (ECL) and Polycaprolactone (PCL) were blended in ratios of 70:30, 80:20, and 90:10 (% w/w), and combined with Natamycin (NAT) at concentrations of 1 and 2% (w/w) and Gallic Acid (GAL) at 10 and 30% (w/w). Nano-fibers were produced via electro-spinning under the following conditions: voltage of 16kV, flow rate of 1 mL/hour, and a tip-to-collector distance of 15 cm. The nano-fibers were characterized for their morphology, FTIR, thermal, mechanical, antioxidant, water contact angle, and antifungal properties. The results indicated that ECL90/PCL10, ECL80/PCL20, and ECL70/PCL30 nano-fibers had average diameters of 1250.86±18, 1174±21.4, and 754.73±23 nm, respectively. The ECL70/PCL30 ratio was selected and combined with NAT and GAL. The average diameter of these nano-fibers ranged from 779.32 to 924.63 nm. The addition of NAT and GAL enhanced the thermal stability, mechanical properties, and antifungal efficacy of the ECL/PCL nano-fibers. Notably, nano-fibers containing 2% NAT combined with either 10 or 30% GAL completely inhibited the growth of molds. Cheese samples packaged with nano-fibers containing NAT and GAL exhibited a significantly lower increase in mold and yeast counts during storage compared to the control samples. Furthermore, sensory evaluation revealed no significant differences in scores among the packaged samples. Therefore, ECL/PCL nano-fibers incorporated with 2% NAT and 10% GAL present an effective alternative to the direct incorporation of NAT in cheese formulations. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_24113.html Spodoptera exigua is a significant agricultural pest in Iran. In this research, we analyzed a 700 base pair DNA fragment of COI to assess the genetic diversity of this harmful pest. In total, 54 specimens were sampled across six Iran’s geographic areas, revealing six distinct haplotypes. The overall populations exhibited low genetic diversity (h= 0.463± 0.068, π= 0.00096±0.00017). No distinct geographic pattern was observed in the haplotype distribution, as indicated by phylogenetic and median-joining network analyses. The median-joining network of Iranian haplotypes, combined with sequences from other global regions, demonstrated lack of geographical clustering, with Hap.1 as the most prevalent haplotype spanning Iran, Europe, Asia, and Australia, indicative of extensive gene flow and shared evolutionary history. The Fst values for the Iranian populations ranged from -0.12240 to 0.07189, revealing no significant differentiation among the populations. Analysis of molecular variance showed a larger proportion of the variation within rather than between them. After 1000 random permutations, the level of population differentiation was found to be non-significant. The combination of an unimodal mismatch distribution and the non-significant results of Tajima's D (D= 0.02011, P> 0.05) and Fu's Fs (Fs= 3.33384, P> 0.05) suggested the beet armyworm may have expanded recently (~10,000–50,000 years ago) but has returned to a state resembling neutrality without significant selection pressures acting on it. Insights from this population genetic study can aid in crafting targeted approaches for managing this extensively migratory pest. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_27578.html This study evaluated suitable cucurbitaceous rootstocks for improving cucumber yield and quality under net house conditions. Two cucumber cultivars, namely, Green Long (GL an OPV: Open Pollinated Variety) and Namdhari Seeds (NS) 408 (a F1 hybrid), were grafted onto five rootstocks: Cucurbita ficifolia, Cucurbita moschata, Cucurbita maxima, Lagenaria siceraria, and Luffa cylindrica. Results showed that NS 408 outperformed GL in both grafted and non-grafted conditions. Among the rootstocks, NS 408 grafted onto C. maxima (winter squash) had the highest graft survival (79±1.8%), most extended vine length (700±16 cm), and maximum fruit yield (8.3±0.02 kg per plant, 118.4% increase over non-grafted NS 408). Grafting GL onto winter squash improved yield by 42.11% over non-grafted NS 408 and by 86.21% over GL control. Fruit quality parameters such as total soluble solids, palatability, ascorbic acid, and soluble protein were unaffected or improved, confirming that grafting did not negatively influence market quality. Economic analysis revealed the highest benefit-cost ratio (> 2.5) in NS 408/Winter Squash (WS), indicating that grafting is a cost-effective alternative to expensive hybrid seeds. These findings highlight the potential of grafting to optimize cucumber production, reduce reliance on pesticides, and improve profitability in protected cultivation. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_16815.html https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_27770.html This study evaluated the influence of Polyamines (PAs), applied both individually and in combination with iron, on soybean yield and yield components over the 2021 and 2022 growing seasons. The field experiment was conducted at the research farm of Azad University using a randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental treatments consisted of foliar applications of 2 mM spermine, spermidine, and putrescine, each with and without 2 mM iron, as well as the combinations of 1 mM of polyamine with 3 mM iron to assess synergistic effects. Additionally, the iron sulfate and a control treatment were included. The results indicated that the treatments significantly affected the growth and yield components (such as plant height, pod number, seed weight, harvest index, seed protein and oil content) and the nutrient contents including Zn, Fe, B, N and Mg. The use of spermidine with iron treatment increased the seed weight by 71% compared to the control. Also, the application of polyamines combined with Fe resulted in a significant increase in the activities of superoxide dismutase (44%), peroxidase (63%), and catalase (43%) enzymes compared to the control. Notably, among the polyamines, spermidine combined with iron had the most significant effects on the studied traits and enzyme activity. These findings suggest that the application of polyamines with iron can significantly improve the soybean yield and yield components. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_24118.html In 2022–2023, weed surveys were conducted across 73 randomly selected fields in the districts of Adapazarı, Erenler, Kaynarca, and Pamukova, ensuring coverage of at least 1% of the total cabbage cultivation area. These surveys identified 71 weed species. Among the weeds present, Stellaria media (L.) Vill. and Veronica hederifolia L. were the most dominant in both survey periods. In the first period, Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. showed the highest density (5.3907), followed by Sonchus oleraceus L., Stellaria media (L.) Vill., and Veronica hederifolia L., all with 100% frequency of occurrence. In the second period, Stellaria media had a density of 39.17, while Veronica hederifolia had 8.50. Regarding frequency of occurrence, Portulaca oleracea L., Convolvulus arvensis L., and Sonchus oleraceus L. were the most frequent species, with 83.7, 75.1, and 75.0 %, respectively. The study concluded that Lamium amplexicaule L. was the most abundant species (in terms of density) in the first period, while Veronica hederifolia L. was the most abundant in the second. However, species dominance varied depending on observation time and whether frequency or density was considered. For the first time in Turkey , Orobanche spp. was identified as a parasitic weed on white cabbage during the second survey period. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_24109.html Self-incompatibility is a common evolutionary mechanism of flowering plants. Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) has a gametophytic type of self-incompatibility. Most of sweet cherry cultivars are self-incompatible, although self-compatible genotypes also occur. This study presents data of S genotype investigation of 39 sweet cherry cultivars from VNIISPK bio-resource collection. To identify S genotypes, PCR with consensus (PaConsI and PaConsII) and allele-specific (S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9, S10, S11, S12, S13, S14 and S16) primers was done. The S genotype was fully identified for 33 cultivars. Then, 7 S alleles (S1, S3, S4, S5, S6, S9, and S13) were detected in the genomes of the investigated sweet cherries. According to the results of allele-specific amplification, ‘Venera’ (S1x/S4), ‘Zolotuhinskaya’ (S4x/S6) and ‘Viskochka’ (S3/S4x) were suspected to have unique or mutant alleles of the gene. The cultivars with fully determined S-genotypes were distributed into nine incompatibility groups (III, VI, VII, IX, XV, XVII, XIX, XXI, and XLV). https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_27584.html The present study evaluated the morphological and biochemical characteristics of fruits from four widely distributed mulberry species, i.e. M. alba, M. nigra, M. rubra, and M. laevigata, in Turkey, in order to inform species selection and promote the utilization of underexploited genotypes for food and nutraceutical applications. The fruits and juice were analyzed for size, weight, juice yield, Total Soluble Solids (TSS), Titratable Acidity (TA), pH, colour (CIELAB coordinates), Total Polyphenol Content (TPC), and antioxidant activity (DPPH assay). Significant interspecific variation was observed for most traits. M. rubra and M. laevigata produced the largest and heaviest fruits, with M. rubra also presenting the highest juice yield (57.15%). Colour analysis separated pale-coloured M. alba from the anthocyanin-rich, dark-pigmented M. nigra and M. rubra. M. alba and M. nigra presented the highest levels of TSS at 19.93% and 19.64%, respectively. However, M. alba had the lowest levels of TA and TPC. In contrast, M. nigra had the highest TPC (1608.40 mg GAE 100 g-1 fw). The antioxidant activity (DPPH) of the three dark-pigmented mulberries (M. nigra, M. rubra, and M. laevigata) was found to be similar to each other but higher than that of the pale-coloured M. alba. These findings highlight the potential of the dark-pigmented mulberry species as valuable sources of bioactive compounds for the development of functional foods. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_24116.html Climatic conditions are the most important factor in the distribution and abundance of living organisms, with temperature serving as a critical factor influencing the development of insect pests and their natural enemies. Thermal models are a key component of modern integrated pest management (IPM) systems. The Exorista larvarum (Linnaeus, 1758) (Diptera: Tachinidae), a gregarious larval endoparasitoid, serves as a biocontrol agent against several lepidopteran pests affecting both forest and agricultural ecosystems. To optimize the mass rearing of E. larvarum and improve its application in IPM programs, the developmental times of this parasitoid were investigated under seven constant temperatures (15-35 °C) in laboratory conditions. We applied two linear and 26 nonlinear models to describe the temperature-dependent development rate of E. larvarum. The lower temperature threshold (T0) and thermal constant (K) were estimated to be 5.09 °C and 389.41 DD using the ordinary linear model and 9.73 °C and 292.74 DD using the Ikemoto model, respectively. Among the nonlinear models, Performance-2, Beta, Janisch/Kontodimas, Analytis-1, and Analytis-3/Kontodimas were the best models to describe the temperature-dependent development rate of the parasitoid. The estimated Tfast values by Performance-2 and Janisch/Kontodimas models were 33.2 and 31.4 °C, respectively, closely were the closest to Tfast observed (32.5 °C). Our findings can help to gain new and valuable insights into the biology of E. larvarum and provide essential information that can be incorporated into forecasting models of this parasitoid. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_27583.html This study investigated the aphicidal activity of both pure and nanoencapsulated Bunium persicum (Boiss.) Fedtsch Essential Oils (EO) against Brevicoryne brassicae L.. The EO obtained through hydrodistillation and analyzed by Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrophotometry (GC-MS), contained γ-terpinen (36.62%), ρ-cymene (18.41%), carvacrol (13.60%), and cuminaldehyde (13.50%) as its major components. Nanocapsules were synthesized via in situ polymerization of an oil-in-water emulsion and characterized by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), revealing spherical particles with a median diameter of 10.88 nm and a low Polydispersity Index (PDI) of 0.057. Bioassays demonstrated that the nanoencapsulated formulation exhibited significantly higher toxicity than the pure EO, with lower contact LC50 and LC90 values of 365.43 and 1908.46 µL L-1 water, respectively, compared to the pure EO (1030.40 and 3977.08 µL L-1 water). Similarly, the fumigant LC50 and LC90 values for the nanocapsules (23.15 and 59.49 µL L-1 air) were significantly lower than those of the pure EO (35.07 and 79.59 µL L-1 air). The findings suggest the potential of nanoencapsulated B. persicum EO in integrated pest management for controlling cabbage aphid. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_24091.html The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of predicting variables of quality of life (hexagonal capitals, place attachment, benefiting of governmental services) and psychological coping strategies of Iranian farmer families facing climate variability. The method this research was survey, and the current research was analyzed using structural equation modeling. The participants were all farmer families living in the villages. The data were collected with a questionnaire and a stratified random sampling method. Findings revealed that variables of the proposed model were able to explain 69% of the changes quality of life under climate variability conditions. The results demonstrated that hexagonal capitals and place attachment had a positive and significant impact on psychological coping strategies and quality of life of farmer families. The implementation of specific interventions with the aim of farmers’ capitals reinforcement, paying attention to rural infrastructures and psychological interventions in order to enhance the resistance capacity of farmer families against climate variability has been recommended. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_16855.html Traditional farming faces significant challenges to sustainable development due to climate change, water scarcity, and environmental, social, and economic threats. Adopting complementary activities like agritourism can help address these challenges and promote sustainable village development. This study examines farmers' behavioral intentions and willingness to participate in agritourism as a supplementary activity. Data were collected through questionnaires using stratified random sampling with proportional assignment from farmers in five agriculturally diverse villages in Marvdasht County, Fars Province, Iran. The data were analyzed using the extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), which explained 78.8% of farmers' behavioral intentions and 61.8% of their actual behavior. The results show that attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control—traditional TPB constructs—significantly influence farmers' intentions to adopt agritourism. Additionally, self-identity, social capital, environmental values, and the perception of farmer’s risks enhance the predictive power of farmers' behavioral intentions. However, perceived behavioral control did not significantly impact farmers' actual behavior, while their intentions had the strongest positive influence on agritourism adoption. These findings suggest that promoting farmers' attitudes, beliefs, and self-confidence through training and information campaigns can increase their engagement in agritourism. Policymakers should implement cultural programs, incentives, and social networks to enhance agritourism's occupational value and encourage collaboration within the agricultural sector. Furthermore, measures should ensure agritourism aligns with environmental goals and educate farmers about the risks of traditional farming practices. Such efforts can foster sustainable development and strengthen the role of agritourism as a complementary activity to traditional farming. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_24112.html This study presents an innovative framework for optimizing Iran’s dairy exports by integrating machine learning and multi-criteria decision-making techniques. Utilizing a comprehensive 20-year dataset spanning 2003 to 2022, sourced from credible international databases, four machine learning models, Bagging Regression, CatBoost Regression, Gradient Boosted Regression, and Extreme Gradient Boosting, were employed to forecast dairy export values. The CatBoost Regression model demonstrated superior predictive accuracy, achieving a coefficient of determination of 0.93. To enhance interpretability, SHAP analysis was applied, revealing population, economic size, and trade potential as the most influential factors driving export performance. Concurrently, the TOPSIS method was used to prioritize potential export markets based on economic and trade-related criteria, identifying Turkey, Iraq, and Pakistan as the top destinations due to their proximity, market demand, and trade compatibility. This dual approach combines predictive analytics with strategic market ranking, offering actionable insights for policymakers and exporters aiming to bolster Iran’s non-oil economy. The findings highlight the critical role of regional markets and trade infrastructure in enhancing dairy export competitiveness. By leveraging advanced analytics, this research supports sustainable agricultural development and economic diversification in Iran, addressing the vulnerability of its oil-dependent economy. The methodology and results provide a robust foundation for future export strategies, emphasizing the synergy between data-driven forecasting and systematic decision-making in agricultural trade optimization. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_27771.html This study evaluated the impact of different nutrient supply levels on the growth, flowering, and biochemical responses of two rose (Rosa hybrida L.) cultivars, ‘Samurai’ and ‘Jumilia’, under soilless culture. The aim was to optimize fertilizer use for improved flower quality and sustainability. A factorial experiment with four Hoagland nutrient solution levels (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) was conducted in a completely randomized design. Increasing nutrient concentrations improved flower diameter, stem length, leaf area, and vase life, while root length declined. Application of 75% nutrient solution increased chlorophyll a content by 38.44% and stem length by 11.19%, and also enhanced nutrient accumulation in roots and leaves, particularly in ‘Samurai’. At this level, antioxidant enzyme activities in ‘Samurai’ rose increased, with superoxide dismutase (SOD) rising by 3.57%, catalase (CAT) by 20%, and peroxidase (POD) by 12.53%. The 100% solution resulted in the highest nitrogen and magnesium levels in ‘Jumilia’ leaves, with 1.34- and 1.57-fold increases, respectively. Lower concentrations (25% and 50%) reduced chlorophyll content and membrane stability. The 75% Hoagland nutrient supply offered optimal growth, flower quality, and resource efficiency, supporting sustainable floriculture, profitability, and export-quality production while reducing fertilizer use and environmental impact. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_27844.html Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), a bioactive, fat-soluble compound with potent antioxidant and therapeutic properties, plays an essential role in cellular energy production and protection against oxidative stress. In this study, dark chocolate was selected as a promising vehicle for CoQ10 delivery. Standard dark chocolate manufacturing processes were employed, and different concentrations of CoQ10 (0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8%) were added to the chocolate formulation. The products were stored at 25°C for 90 days, and the physicochemical properties and stability of formulated samples were evaluated during storage. The peroxide value (PV) increased with higher CoQ10 concentrations during storage, peaking at 6.74 meq peroxide/kg of oil (in the sample containing 0.8% of CoQ10) after 60 days, which was influenced by the dark chocolate’s matrix ingredients. HPLC analysis indicated that CoQ10 content was 27.0% and 82.7% in samples containing 0.4% and 0.6% CoQ10, respectively. Colorimetric assessments showed visual changes, while sensory evaluation revealed no significant differences in texture, flavor, or overall acceptability between fortified and control samples, suggesting consumer acceptance at all CoQ10 levels. This study confirms the feasibility of utilizing dark chocolate as a delivery system for CoQ10, despite certain processing and storage limitations. Future research should prioritize enhancing CoQ10 stability, examining its long-term health benefits, and evaluating its effectiveness in promoting consumer health. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_27845.html The selection of export target market is not only based on marketing-mix elements its also effected by internal factors such as market share, expected profits or long-term strategy and external economic, political and environmental factor. Target‐market selection is a strategically critical decision for companies, and this decision‐making process can be conducted more systematically and objectively using multi‐criteria decision‐making (MCDM) techniques. In this context, MCDM methods offer an analytical approach that enables the selection of the most suitable alternative based on multiple criteria. In this study, an integrated MCDM model is proposed for companies to analyze their target markets. The empirical setting comprises 89 agricultural machinery enterprises exporting from Konya. Within the decision process, the importance weights of nine criteria were determined using the Best–Worst Method, revealing that Current Market Volume, Economic Structure and Future Expectations, and Agricultural Land and Climate are the most critical criteria in that order. Potential target‐market alternatives were then evaluated using the WASPAS (Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment) method. According to the analysis results, Russia emerged as the most suitable target market for the study region. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_27846.html Forecasting the future production is a critical tool that enables strategic decision-making in agricultural planning and policy development processes. The sunflower is strategically important due to its use in oil production, the food industry, and animal husbandry. In this study, sunflower seed production data from 1961 to 2023 are analysed using autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) to forecast production levels in major producing countries for the period 2024–2028. The results indicate a continued upward trend in global production, reaching approximately 63.7 Mt (million tonnes) by 2028. Among countries, Russia is projected to lead with 19.7 Mt, followed closely by Ukraine (11.8 Mt) and the combined "Other producers" category (approximately 11.7 Mt). According to the rankings, Argentina leads with 4.7 Mt, followed by China with 2.9 million tonnes, Türkiye and France with 2.4 Mt each, Romania with 2.3 Mt, and Bulgaria with 2.1 Mt. While production growth is projected, the widening of forecast confidence intervals reflects continued susceptibility to climatic variability, geopolitical uncertainties, and market volatility. To enhance food security, policymakers must prioritise adaptive agricultural strategies, robust risk management tools, and improved institutional cooperation. This study presents a country-level ARIMA-based forecast of sunflower production through 2028, offering insights into both global production dynamics and the resilience profiles of individual producing countries. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_27868.html Improved crop varieties are crucial for enhancing global agricultural productivity. This study investigated the factors influencing the adoption of new varieties of irrigated cereals and oilseed crops (released between 2015 and 2022) among Iranian farmers. Data were collected from 1001 respondents using a multistage sampling procedure and analyzed via descriptive statistics and a probit regression model. The results revealed that 58% of the respondents had not adopted the improved varieties introduced during this period. Probit estimates identified several significant factors affecting adoption of new varieties including education, average annual income, access to improved seeds, seed supply system, participation in training courses, communication with pioneer farmers, communication with extension agents, use of social media, attitude towards the superiority of new varieties over the old ones, relative advantage, observability, and compatibility of improved varieties with the region conditions. To enhance the adoption of new varieties, implementation of enlightenment programs through competent extension services—such as participatory variety selection (PVS) farms or model farms—along with effective training courses is recommended. The availability of high-quality seeds at the right time for farmers can also increase the likelihood of adopting new varieties. The significant influence of training and extension agents underscores the vital role of structured outreach and education. Furthermore, the importance of varietal compatibility with regional conditions highlights the need to consider climate adaptability in breeding programs. Understanding these adoption factors can provide relevant research institutions with valuable feedback on their released varieties and insights into barriers to widespread adoption. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_27869.html The Third Mission has gained more attention worldwide in higher education but developing world universities face multiple entrenched barriers that prevent them from engaging with their communities. In Iran agricultural faculties still wrestle with building lasting partnerships with farming communities and the industrial sector. The aim of this research is to pinpoint, confirm and assess the elements of the Third Mission while also probing the long‑standing gap that separates the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources at the University of Tehran from the broader agricultural community using a longitudinal analysis that spans from 1992 to 2022. This study adopted a sequential exploratory mixed-methods approach. TM indicators were first identified via a three-round Delphi process involving 16 experts from academia, research, industry, and agriculture. In the second phase, six dimensions were validated through a 20-item questionnaire completed by 160 randomly selected faculty members (from a population of 232), with data analyzed using SmartPLS 3. Finally, a panel of 30 senior faculty members assessed TM performance over time using a 0–10 rating scale. Findings showed that during the second decade the overall Third Mission index rose by roughly 18 % only to ease back by about 2 % in the third decade. By contrast commercialization and entrepreneurial pursuits leapt by 63 % from the first to the third decade. That swing appears to signal a loosening of ties with the farming community even as market‑oriented and entrepreneurial initiatives gain momentum. The validated model provides an empirical foundation for reshaping incentive structures and steering university policy toward sustainable agriculture and rural development. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_27911.html Cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) is regaining popularity in North East India for its nutritional value and adaptability to local agro-climatic conditions. To enhance its yield and nutritional properties, this study investigated the genetic basis of key traits through a half-diallel cross involving ten genetically diverse parental lines. A total of 45 F₁ hybrids were evaluated for 18 morphological, yield-related, and biochemical traits, including β-carotene, lycopene, and ascorbic acid content. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes for most traits, with high genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation for yield per plant (YP), fruit weight (FW), and number of fruits per cluster (NFC). Combining ability analysis showed the predominance of non-additive gene action, suggesting the effectiveness of heterosis breeding. Hybrids such as CT 2 × CT 7 exhibited significantly better-parent heterosis and specific combining ability effects for yield and nutritional traits. The potence ratio analysis indicated a spectrum of dominance, including partial to over-dominance for some traits such as plant height and lycopene content. Parental lines CT 2, CT 4, CT 7, and CT 10 were identified as superior general combiners for yield and quality traits. The study highlights the potential of exploiting hybrid vigor for developing high-yielding, nutrient-rich cherry tomato cultivars suitable for commercial cultivation in the North East region. These findings provide a foundation for targeted hybrid development, although further validation across multiple seasons and environments is recommended to ensure the stability and adaptability of promising hybrids. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_27977.html This study examines the impact of rural credit on household migration in the Sistan region. Data were collected through questionnaires administered to 522 rural households, and the analysis employed a propensity score matching (PSM) model. The results indicate that credit access had a significant negative effect on the migration propensity of rural households across all three matching algorithms: kernel, nearest neighbor, and radial. Specifically, the Average Treatment Effect on the Treated (ATT) for migration propensity among households receiving credit was, on average, 24.22 to 24.25 points lower than that of the control group. This corresponds to a 34.29 to 34.31 percent reduction in migration propensity for recipient households compared to non-recipient households. These findings suggest that rural credit effectively supports the development of households' agricultural enterprises and consumption expenditures, thereby reducing the incentive to migrate. In particular, credit facilitates investment in household-based businesses, generating sustainable income, enhancing savings capacity, and strengthening rural livelihood resilience. Based on these results, it is recommended that government institutions prioritize credit allocation to rural areas and develop comprehensive plans to ensure adequate resource provision. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_27982.html This study developed advanced gluten-free (GF) pasta formulations using alternative flours (quinoa, rice, corn) and hydrocolloids (xanthan gum and β-glucan) to optimize technological and nutritional quality for individuals with celiac disease or gluten intolerance. Xanthan gum acted as a viscoelastic binder mimicking gluten structure, while β-glucan, a soluble fiber with recognized health benefits, enhanced the nutritional and functional profile. Twenty formulations were evaluated for starch digestibility (rapidly digestible starch [RDS], slowly digestible starch [SDS], resistant starch [RS]), fiber content, prebiotic activity, texture (firmness), and cooking quality (water absorption and cooking weight), compared with conventional wheat pasta. Higher levels of quinoa and hydrocolloids improved firmness and water absorption, whereas increased quinoa, corn, and xanthan gum reduced cooking time. The formulation containing 10% quinoa, 50% rice, 40% corn, 0.5% β-glucan, and 2% xanthan gum (Sample 4) showed the lowest RDS, highest RS (49.41%), and superior prebiotic activity, attributed to hydrocolloid-mediated enzyme inhibition and restricted starch accessibility. The synergistic effect between amylose-rich quinoa starch, β-glucan viscosity, and xanthan gum diffusion-limiting properties contributed to reduced starch hydrolysis and enhanced RS formation. Statistical optimization (one-way ANOVA with quadratic cost function) identified formulations balancing technological performance and nutritional quality. The optimized GF pasta demonstrated comparable or superior quality to wheat pasta, with potential as a functional food supporting improved glycemic control and gut health. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_27983.html A two-year field experiment evaluated the impact of three inter-crops on the agronomic performance of Fragaria × ananassa cv. ‘Lycia’ in an organic farming system. The multiple linear regression model indicated that the flower strip (a mixture of selected annual and perennial flowering plants grown on one side along the edge of the crop) and the flower islands (the same mixture grown as smaller patches within the strawberry rows) increased the cumulative marketable strawberry yield by 5.2 (95% CI: 0.6-9.9) and 5.4 (95% CI: 0.7-10.1) t ha⁻¹ respectively, over the yield for the traditional management system of 6.5 (95% CI: 3.2-9.8) t ha-1. Both practices also reduced the incidence of fruit damage. However, the white clover living mulch did not significantly improve the strawberry yield, while delaying fruit ripening and increasing the proportion of damage by slugs and pathogenic rot. Neither the average fruit weight nor fruit colouration were affected by the inter-cropping.   https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_28048.html Amid persistent economic shocks over the past decade, this study investigates the influence of price risk on beef marketing margin dynamics in Iran, incorporating structural breaks from April 2014 to March 2024. Price risk was estimated using the GARCH model, and the Fourier approximation was used to evaluate its effects on marketing margins while accounting for non-linear structural shifts. Findings from three estimation frameworks—markup, marketing cost, and relative margin—indicate that retail price risk positively contributes to the total beef marketing margin. In contrast, slaughterhouse-level price risk and slaughtering costs had an adverse effect on the farm-to-wholesale margin. Retail price risk and wholesale-to-retail marketing costs also increased the wholesale-to-retail margin. These results highlight the necessity of reevaluating retail-level price-setting mechanisms and strengthening risk management tools to shield producers from wholesale price volatility. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_28084.html Verticillium dahliae is a soilborne fungal pathogen that causes a vascular wilt disease in numerous economically significant crops and ornamentals worldwide. In this study, a partial genomic DNA fragment encoding eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma was amplified from V. dahliae using degenerate primers design based on the local alignment search method. To identify homologous proteins in closely related species, the NCBI GenBank database was queried using the HomoloGene program and a target keyword. The aligned part of the selected sequences revealed two conserve motifs, which facilitated the design of a pair of degenerate primers. Using Touchdown PCR, a 503-bp genomic DNA from V. dahliae was successfully amplified and sequenced, designated as VdeIF4G. This fragment contained two open reading frames (ORFs), encoding a total of 135 amino acids, separated by a 97-nucleotide intron. The intron-exon junction adhered to the GU-AG rule. At the nucleotide level, taxonomic analysis of VdeIF4G revealed three matches within the genus Verticillium, covering 81% of overlapping regions with sequence similarity ranging from 97.99 to 100%. Phylogenetic analysis at the protein level showed that VdeIF4G was identical to V. dahliae but exhibited divergence from V. nonalfalfae and V. alfalfae with the lowest genetic distance between these sequences being 1.8%. Furthermore, the presence of small and polar amino acids, along with a glycine-rich domain suggests potential involvement in host interactions and may contribute to fungal virulence. Degenerate primers designed using a local alignment search method effectively amplified homologous sequences of the corresponding eIF4G domain-containing protein from V. dahliae. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_28109.html Chia seed mucilage coatings enriched with cell-free supernatant (CFS) from Lactococcus lactis LBM15 effectively delayed spoilage of refrigerated ostrich meat for 10 days. Compared with the control, the 2% CFS coating notably limited microbial growth and oxidative spoilage: total viable counts increased to 9.50 ± 0.14 log CFU/g in the control but to only 6.80 ± 0.11 log CFU/g with the 2% CFS treatment. Similarly, peroxide values rose to 7.85 ± 0.13 meq O₂/kg in the control but remained at 3.10 ± 0.09 meq O₂/kg with the 2% CFS. Color retention was improved, with smaller declines in redness and a reduced overall color difference (ΔE). Sensory evaluations for odor, color, texture, and overall acceptance were also higher in coatings enriched with CFS. Meat slices were treated with a chia coating alone or with 1% or 2% CFS, along with an untreated control, and assessed for microbial counts, lipid oxidation, color metrics, texture, pH, moisture, and sensory attributes. Overall, combining chia mucilage with L. lactis CFS shows potential as a clean-label method to extend the shelf life of high-value ostrich meat. This study investigates the application of Support Vector Regression (SVR) to the simultaneous prediction of 12 key laboratory parameters. Model performance was evaluated using Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and coefficient of determination (R²). Results demonstrated strong predictive performance, with test R² values ranging from 0.93 to 0.99 and MAPEs below 8% across all targets, confirming SVR’s effectiveness in modeling complex, nonlinear relationships in food-quality data.   https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_28110.html Water scarcity and energy insecurity threaten sustainable agriculture in semi-arid regions such as Iran, underscoring the need for innovations like agrovoltaic (AV) systems. This study was conducted in Fariman County, a water-stressed agricultural region in northeastern Iran, and investigates the determinants of Iranian farmers’ behavioral intention to adopt AV technology based on survey data collected from 215 large-scale irrigated farmers using a face-to-face questionnaire. The study employs a mixed-method approach that integrates Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA). Grounded in the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), the study examines key behavioral and contextual factors influencing farmers’ behavioral intentions to adopt Agrovoltaic systems. SEM results indicate that perceived benefits, ease-of-use considerations, and social influences significantly shape behavioral intentions, explaining a substantial proportion of variance in behavioral intention (R² =0.58), while risk perceptions weaken the impact of perceived benefits. fsQCA identifies three alternative pathways leading to high behavioral intention, all characterized by low perceived risk and strong social influence. The findings emphasize that psychological and social factors are as critical as technical and economic ones. Policy efforts should therefore focus on reducing perceived risks and leveraging social networks to accelerate AV adoption in water-stressed agriculture. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_28111.html This research aimed to identify markers related to morphological and biochemical traits in pomegranate using 15 SCoT and 6 pairs of SSR markers. Based on the results obtained from association analysis using mixed linear modeling (MLM) method, a total of 169 markers related to the studied traits were identified among which 149 were based on SCoT markers and 20 relied on SSR markers. The obtained results showed that SCoT351200 loci associated with vitamin C, titratable acidity, peel soluble solid and aril, PGCT001100 associated to fruit juice pH, titratable acidity, aril soluble solid, peel soluble solid and total aril total phenolic content. In addition, SCoT11800, SCoT21100, SCoT5900, SCoT23900, PGCT001105 and PGCT0020200 loci were highly associated only with fruit diameter, fruit crown length, fruit crown diameter, titratable acidity, seed hardness and fruit juice pH, respectively, which could be considered as informative markers in breeding programs for pomegranate. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_28112.html Seven Iranian populations of Orius albidipennis Reuter (Hem.: Anthocoridae) from Gorgan, Varamin, Yazd, Shiraz, Karaj, Mashhad, and Shahrud were examined on two diets: Mediterranean flour moth (MFM) (Ephestia kuehniella Zeller, Lep.: Pyralidae) egg and all stages of bulb mite (Rhizoglyphus robini Claparède, Acari.: Acaridae). Life-table experiments were conducted to compare the populations and diets in terms of the egg hatch rate, developmental time, fecundity, and adult longevity, while Ephestia egg was generally the superior diet, responses varied among populations. Lifetime fecundity ranged between 46.9±10.4 and 104.1±12.1 eggs/female on MFM, and 2.5±1.5 and 16.4±4.0 on bulb mite. The Shiraz and Yazd populations exhibited the highest lifetime fecundity on MFM (104.1 and 102 eggs/female, respectively), whereas the intrinsic rate of increase was greatest in the Shiraz and Karaj populations (r =0.1899 ± 0.0096 and 0.1824 ± 0.0146 d⁻¹, respectively) on the same medium. The Yazd population displayed the highest r-value on bulb mite (0.0821±0.0149) along with favorable nymphal survival (80%) and female fertility rate (91%). Although bulb mite significantly reduced growth rates compared to MFM (r= -0.10-0.08 vs. o.13-o.19 d-1, respectively), it secured predation efficiency of O. albidipennis on two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch). The findings suggest that O. albidipennis producers may exploit inter-population variation to select superior biocontrol agents. Certain populations exhibited adequate performance on bulb mite, which, according to our economic analysis, is a cost-effective alternative to Ephestia egg, reducing expenses by 7-9%.  Further work is required to achieve an adequately rich and affordable diet for mass rearing.    https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_28212.html This study aimed to extend the shelf life of oleaster (Elaeagnus angustifolia), which faces postharvest challenges such as weight loss, texture changes, and sensory degradation. The effects of heat (45, 55, and 65°C for 15, 30, and 60 minutes) and cold treatments (-18°C for 30, 60, and 90 minutes) combined with different packaging atmospheres (normal air, vacuum, and nitrogen) were evaluated in terms of physicochemical and sensory attributes during storage. Samples were stored for 10 months, and parameters such as weight loss, moisture content, firmness, color indices (a*, b*, L*), and sensory attributes were measured. Using response surface methodology, numerical optimization was applied to estimate conditions associated with improved quality retention under each packaging atmosphere. The model-based optimization suggested that heat treatment at 45°C for 15 minutes (normal atmosphere), 45°C for 25 minutes (vacuum), and 45°C for 29 minutes (nitrogen), as well as cold treatment at -18°C for 90 minutes combined with nitrogen packaging, could be favorable in terms of selected quality indicators. In a second phase, samples prepared under the predicted optimal conditions were stored for 6 months under warehouse conditions. The validation results indicated that nitrogen-packaged, heat-treated samples generally exhibited lower firmness and higher sensory acceptance compared with untreated controls, whereas vacuum-packaged samples showed lower appearance scores. Overall, the findings indicated that the combined application of mild thermal pre-treatment (45°C for 29 minutes) and modified atmosphere packaging (70% Nitrogen) had the potential to improve the storage performance of oleaster. Further studies are required to confirm these effects under commercial conditions.   https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_28213.html Challenges facing water, sustainable agriculture, and food security highlight the need for effective water governance. This study used the Delphi technique to identify practical steps for sustainable water governance in the agricultural basin of Lake Urmia. 17 experts from academic, organizational, and local backgrounds were purposefully selected through snowball sampling. Three Delphi rounds were conducted (17, 17, and 14 participants, respectively), with consensus defined as at least 70% agreement. The study uniquely applies Delphi to the hydro-social context of Lake Urmia basin, combining insights from diverse experts. Consensus was reached on 51 indicators across six components, emphasizing “Integrated and basin-based policy-making”, “Establishing and developing participatory structures”, “Institutional monitoring, transparency, and accountability”, “Innovative sustainability-oriented directions”, “Education, extension, and development of sustainable agricultural practices” and “Justice-centered, rule of law and legal strategies”. Limitations include the small sample size and the potential challenge of generalizing findings beyond the studied basin. These results provide a foundation for future water management decisions and public awareness initiatives. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_28215.html Conventional tillage and crop stubble burning are usual practices across the rice-wheat cropping system (RWCS) in India. These could aggravate soil sickness, threatening food and environmental safety. Thus, the main aim of this study was to establish improved crop management following the Conservation Agriculture (CA). Accordingly, the objectives to determine prospects of CA protocols (a) zero tillage and (b) retention of crop stubbles were studied in the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi from 2022 to 2025. Six treatments - retention of crop stubbles (+ CS) at zero tillage (ZT+ CS), minimum tillage raised bed (RB+ CS) and conventional tillage (CT+ CS) stands were compared with burning crop stubbles (- CS) at corresponding tillage stands (ZT-CS, RB-CS and CT-CS). Results showed higher soil porosity (39.45%), soil organic carbon (SOC) (0.360 %), available soil moisture (12.78%), residual N, P and K (272.6, 18.36 and 254.8 kg ha-1) content, root mass density (14.75 mg cm -3) and root volume density (6.1 x 10-3 cm3 cm- 3) at (ZT+CS) stands. This stand also recorded higher wheat productivity (5.64-5.94 t ha-1) throughout all the years, which was statistically significant than other stands (RB+ CS) and (CT+CS). While grain yields declined to 5.56-5.65 t ha-1 at (ZT-CS), 5.53-5.57 t ha-1 at (RB-CS), and 5.24-5.25 t ha-1 at (CT-CS) stands. Therefore, implications of the study may envisage the stewardship of CA that does not incur additional cost of production. Thus, farmers could be advocated for transitioning from conventional farming to CA-based farming for sustainable wheat production.   https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_28216.html The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of salinity on the morpho-physiological response of maize. The experiment was conducted in a glazed greenhouse located at the Higher Institute of Agronomy of Chott Mariem, Sousse, Tunisia, with two maize cultivars (Aristo, Arper), and four salinity levels (0, 3.4, 6.8, 10.2 dS m-1). A total of 30 traits were evaluated, including agronomic, gas exchange, leaf anatomy, osmotic adjustment (OA), photosynthetic pigments, nitrogen (N) and soluble carbohydrates by gas chromatography. Results revealed significant decline of fresh and dry weight of leaves, stems and roots with salinity. The higher growth, OA, carbohydrates level, leaf water content (LWC), and reduced cuticular transpiration (CT) have contributed to salinity tolerance in Arper cultivar. The findings highlight the 34 Mm salinity tolerance threshold in maize. The reduction of stomatal aperture, stomatal exchange surface (SE), stomatal conductance (gs) and photosynthesis (Pn) by salinity revealed that closing pores when internal [CO2]i is high is a key function for maize to conserve water under salt stress. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_28350.html In this study, the physicochemical properties and oxidative stability of 10 commercial (A–K) and one laboratory-produced (M) cold-pressed black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) oils were evaluated. Analyses included peroxide value, free fatty acidity, fatty acid composition, and thymoquinone (TQ) content. Among the samples, sample C had the highest peroxide value (88.57 meq O₂/kg) and thymoquinone concentration (19.79 mg/g oil), whereas the highest free fatty acidity was observed in sample K (18.53%). Oxidative stability was assessed using the Rancimat method and an accelerated oven storage test at 65 °C over 30 days. During storage, peroxide values ranged from 9.84 to 124.54 meq O₂/kg, showing both increases and decreases depending on the sample. Induction times determined by Rancimat varied between 1.76 and 15.82 hours, indicating an approximately eightfold difference in oxidative resistance among oils. Fatty acid analysis revealed that the oils were rich in linoleic acid (48.30–57.85%) and oleic acid (25.69–42.10%), with palmitic acid ranging from 5.32 to 10.91%. Significant variations in TQ content (0.11–19.79 mg/g oil) were detected, which may be attributed to factors such as seed origin, harvest time, extraction methods, and potential adulteration. These findings demonstrate that the quality of cold-pressed black cumin oils on the market can vary substantially, with some products already exceeding international peroxide and FFA limits or showing unusually low TQ content. This variability highlights the need for standardized production practices and regulatory quality criteria to ensure product safety, authenticity, and consistency. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_28613.html Nowadays, drought stress is creating new challenges in agricultural production. The almond tree a crucial agricultural component with commercial importance and widespread cultivation, is considered a drought-tolerant species due to its pomological and physiological characteristics. To investigate the pomological, physiological and molecular responses in the field and greenhouse conditions and the effects of drought stress on new almond genotypes (11-10, D-11,  B-6,  D-7,  A-33, 100-2-8,   TT100,  SU, 7-11 , 100-1-4,  B-3,  M-S-13,  B-551,  D-12, and  D-5) grafted onto GF677 rootstock, an experiment was conducted with two irrigation period (every 5 (normal) and 10 (drought stress) days) in Karaj, Iran. In field conditions, pomological and physiological traits results showed that the TT100, SU, 7-11, 100-1-4, and D-12 genotypes exhibited the most appropriate responses to drought stress. In greenhouse conditions, 15 almond genotypes were studied under two irrigation levels with 100 ml of water applied to each pot. Screening based on the chlorophyll fluorescence index indicated that genotypes D-12, B551, and 11-10 were classified as resistant, semi-resistant, and sensitive, respectively, under drought stress conditions. Under applied stress, the leaf relative water content (RWC) (13.75%) and leaf chlorophyll content (3.80%) were decreased. Enzyme activity of catalase (108.3% in genotype 11-10) and superoxide dismutase (676.25% in genotype D-12) increased with the intensity of stress. Gene expression analysis of catalase under stress showed that only the D-12 cultivar exhibited the highest increase in gene expression, with a 206.8% increase. QRT-PCR analysis of miR159 expression revealed that in genotypes 11-10, a significant decrease in miR159 expression was observed under drought stress. The D-12 genotype was tolerant under applied drought stress conditions and could be useful in almond development projects in arid regions. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_28614.html Barley silage is a cornerstone of sustainable livestock feed, yet its production faces mounting pressure from water scarcity and variable growing conditions. The objective of this study was to explore how soil moisture conditions (50% and 85% soil-water depletion) and nitrogen (N) fertigation (0 and 62.5 kg N/ha as urea, 46-0-0) shape the dry forage yield (DFY) and silage quality of 10 barley cultivars across two distinct planting environments (E1: 22 October 2017; E2: 4 March 2018). Conducted in field trials in 2017 and 2018, our results reveal a major finding of a striking duality: N fertigation boosted dry matter yield (DMY) by 1474 kg/ha under well-watered conditions, yet reduced it by 399 kg/ha under drought stress. This interaction also influenced silage quality, with drought stress elevating silage dry matter (SDM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and propionic acid while diminishing digestibility (DIG), relative feed value (RFV), and lactic acid content, whereas N fertigation lowered NDF and, under adequate moisture, enhanced DIG and RFV. The applied implication is that these insights enable optimized N management strategies to enhance barley silage yield and quality in water-limited regions. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_28615.html Antifungal and cytotoxic effects of thiram (THR) were investigated on Fusarium graminearum PH-1 and F. culmorum FcUK99, and mouse fibroblast cell line L929, respectively. THR’s minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against PH-1 and FcUK99 was 165 μg/mL. The MIC25, MIC50, and MIC75 significantly decreased the linear growth rates (LGRs) of both strains (P<0.0001) and reduced cell viability by 18.30%, 32.06%, and 45.45% in PH-1 and 33.53%, 51.68%, and 76.1% in FcUK99, respectively. The dose-dependent increase in intense green fluorescence observed in both Fusarium strains after 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate staining, indicated oxidative stress. The apoptosis-like process was visualized through the increase in orange fluorescence emissions with acridine orange/ethidium bromide dual staining. THR reduced deoxynivalenol (DON) and 15-ADON production in PH-1 while DON and 3-ADON production in FcUK99. THR doses (0.32-165 μg/mL corresponding to 1.34-686.24 μM) decreased cell viability of the L929 cells by 4.56% (P<0.0001)-97.95% (P>0.05) at 24th hour and from 4.88% (P>0.05)-88.68% (P<0.0001) at 48th hour. The MIC did not significantly affect (P> 0.05) the germination rates of wheat seeds, root and plantlet lengths, and water loss. Although THR decreased the growth and mycotoxin production of phytopathogens and didn’t adversely affect plant development, because of its inhibitory effect on the cell line, it must be evaluated as a potential risk to public health, and its utilization ought to be regulated through legislation. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_28616.html Understanding pest population genetics is vital for management strategies. This study examines the genetic diversity and structure of Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus, 1758) a major global pest, across eight rapeseed-producing provinces in Iran, where comprehensive national-scale data are currently lacking. A total of 72 individuals from 24 sampling sites in eight major rapeseed (Brassica napus) producing provinces were analyzed based on a 509-bp fragment of the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene. A total of 20 distinct haplotypes were identified, indicating high haplotype (Hd= 0.975) and nucleotide diversity (π= 0.01276). Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that the majority of genetic variation was distributed within populations (56.9%), while the remaining variation was attributed to differences among populations within provinces (14.8%) and among provinces (28.3%). The relatively high fixation index (FST= 0.43) indicated significant genetic differentiation among populations. Isolation-by-distance analysis showed a weak correlation between genetic and geographic distances (R²= 0.126), implying that factors other than simple geographic distance may influence population structure. However, because mitochondrial markers cannot distinguish between natural dispersal and human-mediated movement, inferences regarding gene flow should be made cautiously. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the genetic diversity and population structure of P. xylostella in Iran and highlights the need for future studies incorporating nuclear markers or genome-wide approaches to better understand dispersal dynamics and resistance evolution. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_28617.html Acceptable limits of quantitative/qualitative damages in rice yield induced by stink bugs have recently become more stringent worldwide. Here, population growth, phenology, and yield loss caused by Eysarcoris ventralis were examined in paddy fields (Eshkik village, Guilan). The same-aged eggs were clip-caged, and the life history was recorded. The collected adults of the first spring generation were transferred under mesh cages, and phenological experiments continued until harvesting of ratoon. Furthermore, different pest densities were released on rice plants. After harvesting, the total, empty, filled, and pecky kernels were counted. The head (perfect) and broken rice were also recorded after milling process. The developmental time was 24.24±0.20 days, and fecundity was 65.60±10.84 eggs laid on the flag leaf, kernel surface, and awns. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) was 0.0904±0.006 day-1. The phenological survey showed that the first spring generation completed three other generations, then the fourth-generation adults overwintered. Based on damage assessment, the mean number of pecky rice ranged from 6.67±0.88 to 25.00±2.81 kernels per panicle in control and infestation with nine pests, respectively. The lowest number of non-pecky kernels was 78.36±1.33 kernels in an infestation of nine pests. The mean weight of head rice was inversely related to pest density. Due to a higher number of pecky rice inducing grain breakage, the lowest milling efficiency for head rice was 36.99±0.63% in an infestation with nine pests. Evaluated potential for population increase, together with yield loss even at low pest density, would justify the economic importance of E. ventralis. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_28668.html As a practical approach, spray-drying microencapsulation is employed to protect probiotic cultures from intense thermal treatments and physiological stresses in the gut. Nonetheless, ensuring the survival of Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 remains a significant concern when subjected to industrial-scale drying at high inlet temperatures (140–150°C). This study investigated the protective effects of Alyssum homolocarpum seed (AHS) gum, combined with two wall systems: low methoxyl pectin/β-glucan and sodium alginate/maltodextrin. Fabrication of the microcapsules involved a spray-dryer operating with a feed-in temperature of 140–150°C, while the discharge air was maintained at 80–85°C. The findings indicated that AHS gum significantly boosted both encapsulation efficiency (EE %) and the resilience of probiotic cells. Specifically, the survival rate of these microencapsulated strains improved from 68.4% up to 82.6% when exposed to thermal stress (55–75 °C) for periods of 1 to 10 minutes. Furthermore, SEM images revealed that the addition of AHS gum resulted in smoother microcapsule surfaces with reduced porosity (mean diameter: 18.5–22.3 μm). Under simulated gastrointestinal conditions, the LMP/β-glucan/AHS formulation retained 79.8% viability after 120 min in SIF, significantly higher than the control (28.0%). These findings confirm that AHS gum acts as an effective co-wall material, enhancing both the physical stability and probiotic resilience during processing and storage  https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_28669.html Inefficiencies in Iran's red meat value chain have led to skyrocketing prices, the exclusion from the food basket of vulnerable groups, and systemic bottlenecks in production and distribution. To address this issue, this study measures the efficiency of the red meat value chain in Iran. For this purpose, value chain performance indicators were first identified using the Delphi technique by a panel of 23 experts (selected through snowball sampling) familiar with Iran's national red meat supply chain. Subsequently, these indicators were weighted by applying the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) within the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) framework. This study contributes by providing a comprehensive, nation-level efficiency measurement using an integrated BSC-AHP-Delphi framework, which has not been previously applied to Iran's red meat value chain. The results showed that the criteria for measuring the efficiency of Iran’s red meat value chain include 79 secondary sub-indicators, 15 sub-indicators and 3 main indicators. Also, among the BSC dimensions, executive processes, growth dimension, financial dimension and consumer dimension are important, respectively. Furthermore, the value chain efficiency in "planning processes" and "enabling processes" was evaluated as low, and in "executive processes" as medium. In addition, the main sub-indices of "design and planning of the entire chain" and "distribution and sales process" had the lowest and highest efficiency, respectively, and efficiency of entire Iran’s red meat value chain was evaluated as low. Finally, in order to increase the value chain efficiency of the examined product, it was suggested to form a "policy council for Iran’s red meat value chain". https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_28671.html This study examines the impact of weather variables, CO2 emissions, and agricultural inputs on food production in Cameroon, using annual time series data spanning from 1961 to 2023. The independent variables representing these factors are average maximum temperature and precipitation as weather variables, alongside agricultural land, and fertilizer usage as agricultural inputs. To assess the long- and short-run asymmetrical effects of these variables on food production, we employ the Non-linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) model. The results confirm the existence of a long-run cointegration relationship among the variables. Long-run estimates reveal that both positive and negative shocks to maximum temperature and precipitation adversely affect food production, with effects of -7.74% and -2.94%, respectively. In contrast, carbon emissions exhibit an asymmetric but positive long-run relationship with food production. Positive and negative shocks to CO2 emissions have a positive impact of 0.87% and 0.44%, respectively. Furthermore, agricultural inputs do not show a statistically significant long-run effect. The findings underscore the need for climate-sensitive and food-oriented agricultural policies in Cameroon, emphasizing targeted input support, planned production systems, and climate-resilient adaptation strategies to enhance long-term food security. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_28808.html This study analyzes the factors influencing Iran's horticultural exports from 2001 to 2023, focusing on market characteristics, trade costs, regional trade agreements, and external economic shocks. Utilizing a gravity framework combined with the two-stage Helpman–Melitz–Rubinstein (HMR) approach, the study distinguishes between the extensive margin (market entry probability) and the intensive margin (export values). Key findings reveal that higher per capita income and larger populations in destination countries positively impact both margins, while increased geographical distance adversely affects both margins. Furthermore, development gaps specifically hinder the extensive margin by limiting market entry. Additionally, economic sanctions and the global financial crisis hinder the extensive margin, affecting new market access, while showing a marginally significant positive association with deeper exports within existing relationships. Regional trade agreements particularly bolster both margins in Asian markets. To ensure sustainable export growth, policymakers should implement three concrete actions: subsidizing first-time export certifications and establishing alternative payment systems to counteract the negative effect of sanctions on the extensive margin; deepening Regional Trade Agreements to reduce non-tariff barriers; and investing heavily in cold-chain logistics to mitigate distance-related trade costs. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_28809.html Background & Problem: Diabetes and oxidative stress-related diseases are escalating global health concerns, driving the need for safe, natural alternatives to synthetic drugs which often have adverse side effects. However, conventional protein extraction methods from seaweed often suffer from low efficiency, high energy consumption, or degradation of heat-labile bioactive compounds. Objective: Therefore, this study aimed to extract and characterize protein from Sargassum ilicifolium by comparing conventional (aqueous and alkaline) extraction with enzymatic methods using five specific enzymes: Alcalase, Termamyl, Viscozyme, Celluclast, and AMG. Furthermore, the study sought to evaluate their antioxidant and antidiabetic properties to identify the most effective extraction protocol. Methods: Protein was extracted using aqueous, alkaline, and five enzymatic treatments. To optimize recovery, the extracts were precipitated at two distinct ethanol concentrations: 30% and 70%. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH, ABTS, and metal chelation assays. Antidiabetic potential was assessed through α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition assays. Key Results: Comparative analysis revealed that alkaline extraction yielded the highest total protein content (14.7%), but enzymatic extraction with Termamyl (30% alcohol precipitation) achieved a significant protein yield of 7.3%. Notably, enzyme-assisted extraction showed higher overall efficiency (18.4% for Alcalase) compared to conventional methods, highlighting its sustainability and selectivity. Regarding bioactivity, Termamyl (70% alcohol) exhibited the highest DPPH radical scavenging (44.32 μg Trolox/ml) and metal chelation (74.78 μg EDTA/ml). Viscozyme (70% alcohol) showed the strongest ABTS inhibition (199.57 μg Trolox/ml). In terms of antidiabetic potential, Termamyl (30% alcohol) demonstrated the highest α-glucosidase inhibition (IC₅₀ = 4.15 μg/ml), while Termamyl (70% alcohol) showed 75.93% α-amylase inhibition. Significance & Novelty: Unlike previous studies that focused on single enzymes or methods, this study provides a comprehensive comparison of multiple enzyme types (proteases vs. carbohydrases) on S. ilicifolium. This study demonstrates that enzymatic extraction is a promising, sustainable alternative for producing bioactive peptides with dual antioxidant and antidiabetic properties. These findings offer valuable insights for the development of nutraceuticals, functional foods, and aquaculture feeds, addressing the challenge of finding efficient, eco-friendly ways to harness marine bioactive compounds. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_28811.html Rain-fed agricultural productivity is increasingly threatened by rising temperatures and shifting precipitation patterns. This study evaluates the current and future suitability of rain-fed cropland in Qazvin Province, Iran—a region where such an assessment has not been previously conducted. Although Qazvin Plain comprises only 1% of Iran's land area, it contributes approximately 4% of national agricultural production. The study employs the Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) model, integrating topographic and climatic factors to identify determinants of rain-fed cropland suitability. Suitability was assessed under optimistic (SSP1-2.6) and pessimistic (SSP5-8.5) scenarios using historical data (1985–2014) and future projections (2021–2040) from three CMIP6 models (MPI-ESM1-2, ACCESS-ESM1-5, IPSL-CM6A-LR) and their ensemble. The model demonstrated high predictive accuracy (AUC = 0.67 training, 0.715 testing). Key factors included mean annual temperature, spring and autumn precipitation, slope, soil class and TRASP. Currently, 26.7% of the provinces are unsuitable, while 31.7% is highly suitable. Under future scenarios, unsuitable areas are projected to expand. The ensemble projects suitable area (Moderate, High, Very High) decreasing from 56.1% (baseline) to 50.7% under SSP1-2.6 and 52.0% under SSP5-8.5. However, substantial uncertainty exists across models under SSP1-2.6 (suitable area range: 44.5–52.9%; SD = ±3.1%), while model agreement is tighter under SSP5-8.5 (SD = ±1.0%). The greatest reduction is projected by MPI under SSP1-2.6 (−20.8%). These findings provide essential insights for adaptive strategies including crop redistribution, supplemental irrigation, and rainwater harvesting. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_28812.html Rose (Rosa × hybrida) is a highly appealing floral species characterized by a diverse spectrum of colors primarily due to anthocyanin pigments. Anthocyanins are the nutraceutical pigments that are present in roses, having various health-promoting and pharmaceutical properties due to their high antioxidant activities. Contemporary plant tissue culture methods can serve as an alternative for in vitro production of these natural pigments to mitigate seasonal fluctuations. In the present study, efforts were directed toward enhancing anthocyanin pigment production in callus cultures of Rosa × hybrida cv. Ashwini through the application of different concentrations of sucrose, abscisic acid (ABA), and their combinations. When rose petals were cultured on solid MS medium supplemented with 6.0 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in complete darkness, early and prolific callus induction was observed. In rose petal calli, the initial pigment induction, enhancement, and increased anthocyanin accumulation were noted when the Euphorbia millii (EM) medium contained 80g/l sucrose. Anthocyanin accumulation was augmented in petal-derived rose calli in response to ABA at specific concentrations (30 µM). Increased ABA concentration in the EM medium diminished pigment accumulation. A statistically significant positive correlation was observed between the response coefficient and anthocyanin content (r = 0.960). https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_28844.html The rising uncertainties in agricultural production have led nations to adopt new planning approaches to ensure food security and sustainability of resources. In this regard, the new planned agricultural production approach adopted by Türkiye needs to be empirically assessed, especially in terms of the producers’ preferred crops. This research work uses a hybrid approach of Multi-Criteria Decision Making techniques that combine Fuzzy AHP and Fuzzy VIKOR methods based on data collected from 383 agricultural enterprises in Konya province. The findings show that Product Price (23.54%) and Labor Requirements (17.99%) are the most significant criteria in crop selection. Among the alternatives, wheat was found to be the most appropriate crop with the lowest compromise ranking value (Q = 0.000), followed by maize (Q = 0.161) and potatoes (Q = 0.169). The results form an empirical foundation for improving the new production planning approach in Türkiye by enhancing support structures and taking into account resource efficiency. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_28884.html The cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae) is a polyphagous plant pest which causes great damage to tomato crops worldwide. This study evaluated the combined effects of four tomato cultivars (Monalisa, Super-Chef, King-Star, and Falat-111) and four gut-acting insecticides (spinosad, chlorantraniliprole, indoxacarb, and lufenuron), on digestive α-amylase activity and selected biological parameters of H. armigera. Larvae from the third to sixth instars were fed leaf discs treated with LC₃₀ concentrations of each insecticide, and α-amylase activity, larval mortality, larval developmental period, final-instar weight, and adult fecundity were assessed. Notably, the highest inhibition of larval digestive α-amylase activity (75.02%) was recorded in the Super-Chef×chlorantraniliprole combination at the 3rd instar, whereas the lowest (19.38%) was observed in the Monalisa×lufenuron treatment at the 6th instar. Similarly, the combination of the Super-Chef cultivar with chlorantraniliprole and spinosad exhibited the strongest effects on the biological traits. In the Super-Chef×spinosad treatment, final larval weight was reduced to 98.37 mg compared with 341.77 mg in the Monalisa×control, while adult fecundity declined from 426.33 to 84.67 eggs in the Super-Chef × chlorantraniliprole treatment. The larval developmental period was extended to 29.12 days in Super-Chef×spinosad, while the shortest duration was observed in Monalisa×control. The highest level of larval mortality was recorded in Super-Chef×chlorantraniliprole, whereas the lowest was observed in Monalisa×lufenuron. Overall, the combination of the Super-Chef cultivar with chlorantraniliprole or spinosad provided the strongest suppression of H. armigera, indicating that integrating resistant tomato cultivars with effective insecticides can enhance pest control and support sustainable integrated pest management programs. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_28885.html Saffron, as the world’s most valuable spice, holds strategic importance in non-oil trade and sustainable agricultural development. This study evaluates Iran’s alignment with global demand dynamics in saffron exports using the Constant Market Share model, which decomposes export changes into scale, competitiveness, and second-order effects. Based on ITC export data from 2013 to 2022, the analysis focuses on Iran’s major markets—UAE, Spain, China, and Afghanistan. The findings reveal that fluctuations in export volume were largely driven by competitiveness, especially in the volatile Chinese market. Additionally, the negative second-order effect in most years and destinations highlights Iran’s limited responsiveness to structural changes in global demand. These results emphasize the need to revise marketing strategies and enhance Iran’s saffron competitiveness through improved branding, product quality, and packaging. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_28886.html Population growth in developing countries, along with the rise of food insecurity and increasing pressure on limited resources, has increased the demand for affordable protein sources, particularly chicken meat. However, the rise in production expenses and economic fluctuations has created serious challenges for the cost of broiler production. In this context, identifying the determinants of the cost of broiler production is of great importance. This study investigates the effects of production capacity, feed conversion ratio (FCR), capacity utilization, and climatic conditions on the cost of broiler production in Iran. The dataset was obtained from the National Statistical Center of Iran and includes information on 4,643 broiler farms located in major producing provinces in 2015 and 2020. After data cleaning and outlier removal, variables including production capacity, climate, FCR, capacity utilization, end-of-period chicken ratio, ownership structure, energy consumption, and hatching frequency were analyzed using a cross-sectional model for 2020 and a pooled regression model for 2015 and 2020, with robust regression estimation. The results showed that production capacity, capacity utilization, end-of-period chicken ratio, and hatching frequency had negative and significant effects on the cost of broiler production, whereas FCR and energy consumption increased it. The findings also indicated that the cost of broiler production was significantly lower in humid regions than in arid, semi-arid, and moderate regions. Therefore, it is recommended that productivity evaluation should rely on performance-based indicators rather than nominal capacity alone. Moreover, support policies should be designed based on climatic conditions, effective capacity utilization, FCR improvement, flock survival, and energy management in broiler production units. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_28887.html This study provides a comprehensive characterization of “Majhoul” dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.) from four major growing regions of Drâa-Tafilalet area Morocco (Boudnib, Erfoud, Goulmima, and Zagora). The research aimed to evaluate the impact of local conditions on fruit quality through integrated physicochemical, biochemical, and microbiological analyses. Significant variations were observed across localities: moisture content ranged from 20.59 % to 25.00 %, water activity (aw) from 0.618 to 0.766, and total sugars from 72.23% to 75.87%. These compositional differences directly influenced microbial stability, with higher moisture correlating with increased microbial risks. Biochemically, protein content varied significantly (1.74%-1.98 %), while lipid content remained consistently low (0.1 %). Microbiological assessment revealed excellent hygienic quality with the absence of pathogenic bacteria (E. coli, Salmonella, Listeria) but showed elevated fungal mesophilic aerobic thermophilic loads in Zagora samples (4×10⁶ colony-forming units per gram (CFU)/g), indicating the need for optimized postharvest management. The findings demonstrate that local factors significantly determine Majhoul date quality and underscore the importance of controlled drying and storage conditions for enhancing preservation, safety, and marketability of this economically important variety. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_28889.html Iran is in a severe water shortage crisis and the agricultural sector is the primary contributing sector. However, farmers do not have an active and decisive role in water resources management. The present study investigates the effect of existing institutional capacities on farmers' participation in meeting the water shortage challenge of Shahriar County. To this end, the required data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 20 experts at local, county, and provincial levels, then coded and analyzed using ATLAS.ti software. Findings show that the hierarchical governance approach—focusing on public administration and centralized planning—has led to the uncontrolled growth of formal institutions, such as laws, administrative structures, and bureaucratic frameworks of government organizations. This situation lacks the necessary flexibility, adaptability, and capacity to support informal institutions. Consequently, local governance, informal laws, and community-based organizations have become weak and inefficient. In this context, strengthening farmers' participation requires reforming formal institutions to support local organizations and customary laws, as well as institutionalizing participatory planning. Drawing on institutional theory (North, 1990; Ostrom, 2005), we argue that without formal recognition of informal governance mechanisms—such as local water norms and traditional organizations—participatory reforms remain ineffective in centralized water governance systems. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_28902.html Despite the use of the SMART partial equilibrium model in similar studies, none of the studies conducted inside Iran have utilized the WITS-SMART model to simulate trade relations and other trading partner countries. While this study simulates the economic effects of Iran's membership in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) using the WITS-SMART model with data from 2023.Two scenarios with different levels of tariff reduction (a 25% and 50% reduction) were examined. The results show that reducing tariffs will increase imports of agricultural products to Iran, driven by trade creation and diversion effects. The total trade effect is estimated to be $125.9 million and $251.9 million in the two scenarios. India has the highest trade effect index, followed by Pakistan, China, and other member countries. The analysis by product category indicates that chapter 8 (edible fruits) have the highest potential for increased imports. The income effect is estimated to be $32.7 million and $75.5 million, with a projected increase in social welfare of $16.5 million and $28.6 million. In general, the effects of reducing import tariffs on agricultural products vary among the members of the SCO and for different products, necessitating targeted policymaking. Based on the results, it is recommended that import priorities, under conditions of tariff reduction, be in the order of India, Pakistan, China, Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Belarus, and Uzbekistan. In terms of commodity, chapters 8, 12, and 9 are prioritized, followed by chapters 17, 21, 10, and other chapters. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_28903.html Low production efficiency and land fragmentation are two of the most pressing challenges facing the agricultural sector in Iran. Given the importance of tomato production and Iran’s role in this crop, this study evaluates the technical efficiency of tomato farmers in Kamyaran County, Kurdistan Province, with an emphasis on integrated land management. Data were collected from 200 tomato farmers during the 2023–2024 agricultural year using simple random sampling. A Cobb–Douglas stochastic frontier production function was employed to estimate technical efficiency. The results indicate that labor, number of irrigation events, and cultivated area had positive and significant effects, whereas the use of chemical fungicides had a negative and significant effect on tomato production and technical efficiency. The number of cultivated plots, as an indicator of land fragmentation, had a negative and significant effect on tomato production, reflecting higher management costs and reduced input-use efficiency in fragmented farms. Although the effects of cultivated area and number of plots in the technical efficiency function were not statistically significant, their coefficient signs were consistent with theoretical expectations and the production function results. The analysis of technical efficiency distribution shows that average technical efficiency in large-sized farms is considerably higher than in medium and small farms. Farmers’ age had a negative effect, while farming experience had a positive and significant impact on technical efficiency. Based on the results, to enhance technical efficiency, optimal input management through targeted training, implementation of land consolidation policies, participatory agriculture, and improvement of farm management structures are recommended. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_28904.html Promoting sustainable, healthy, and nutritious diets is essential for improving public health and transitioning toward more sustainable food systems. A global shift from animal-based to plant-based proteins is increasingly recognized as a key strategy in this regard. However, empirical evidence on the main determinants of plant-based protein consumption at the global level remains scarce. This study investigates the key factors associated with plant-based protein consumption across 165 countries over the period 2001–2022, using a fixed-effects panel data model with Driscoll–Kraay standard errors. The results indicate that income, population aging, internet access, and globalization are positively associated with plant-based protein consumption, while inflation and animal protein consumption show negative associations. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that urbanization and income act as barriers to plant-based consumption in high-income countries, whereas population growth has a negative association in low- and middle-income countries. A series of robustness checks, including Winsorization, lagged specifications, and quadratic and regional controls, confirm the stability of these findings. These results highlight the context-dependent nature of dietary transitions and underscore the need for targeted, income-specific policy approaches. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_28973.html Papaver somniferum L. represents an esteemed medicinal flora that encompasses benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs), such as codeine, morphine, berberine, sanguinarine, and papaverine. The expression levels of three pivotal genes (T6ODM, COR, and CODM) implicated in the morphine biosynthetic pathway were scrutinized in capsule cells subjected to varying degrees of drought stress. Poppy seeds were cultivated in pots within a greenhouse environment, and drought treatments were instituted during the flowering phase. Capsules were collected at distinct drought stress gradients, encompassing field capacity (FC) of 100% (control), FC 80%, FC 60%, FC 40%, and FC 20% (stress treatment). This investigation was executed employing a completely randomized design with three replications. The experimental treatments encompassed differing intensities of drought stress, and the parameters evaluated included gene expression and alterations in morphine concentration within poppy capsule cells. RNA was isolated from the specimens, and complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized. The expression of the T6ODM gene exhibited a significant elevation after stress at 40% FC compared with control specimens (p< 0.01). In contrast, the expression levels of the COR and CODM genes declined across all drought stress conditions when juxtaposed with control specimens (p< 0.01). The variation in morphine concentration in capsule cells under disparate drought stress conditions paralleled the expression of the T6ODM gene, demonstrating an uptick in morphine following stress at 40% FC (p< 0.01). Furthermore, Pearson correlation analysis disclosed a substantial correlation between morphine content and the expression of the T6ODM gene (p< 0.01) in the capsule cells. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_28974.html Balancing agricultural productivity with groundwater conservation remains a critical challenge in water-stressed regions. The current study attempted to provide a quantitative framework to evaluate agricultural water conservation policies, shifting the focus from administrative mandates to technological advancement. Using a calibrated Positive Mathematical Programming (PMP) model, we evaluated groundwater management strategies in Iran’s Safiabad district. Three controlled scenarios were evaluated: progressive crop restrictions (5%-30%), low-pressure irrigation coupled with cropping pattern optimization, and irrigation modernization with fixed cropping patterns. The results reveal shifting the technological production frontier significantly outweighs managerial reallocations along the existing frontier. Under the assumptions of our calibrated PMP model and the specific conditions of the Safiabad case study, a decomposition of the policy gains suggests irrigation modernization accounts for approximately 93% of total productivity improvements—achieving a simultaneous +26.7% increase in profit and a 65.4% reduction in water use. Conversely, cropping pattern re-optimization contributed only about 7%, despite requiring a mean absolute adjustment of 17.84% across eight crops. This model-dependent 13:1 technology-to-management contribution ratio indicates that, in this context, relying solely on behavioral restrictions or cropping shifts may be insufficient for achieving substantial water conservation without economic losses. Based on these findings, sustained groundwater conservation while maintaining rural livelihoods would likely benefit from expanding production possibilities through targeted infrastructure investments, though further research is needed to test the generalizability of these results. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_28975.html Commercializing innovative ideas and transforming agricultural research results into economic value constitute a comprehensive, system-oriented, and customer-centered approach that fosters the practical utilization of agricultural education and research. Despite increasing global attention to research commercialization, the issue has not received adequate focus within Iran’s agricultural domain, where persistent challenges hamper the achievement of commercialization objectives. This study was conducted to design a value-creation model for the commercialization of agricultural research outputs in Iran. The research adopts a descriptive–analytical design and employs a mixed-methods approach that incorporates qualitative and quantitative phases. In the qualitative phase, thirty-one experts were selected through purposive sampling using the snowball sampling technique. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews and analyzed using a grounded theory approach; For quantitative evaluation, structural equation modeling (SEM) was applied using Smart PLS4 software. All path coefficients were positive and statistically significant, confirming the robustness of the proposed model. The findings suggest that value creation in the commercialization process of agricultural research in Iran is shaped by specific conditions grouped into three major categories: causal conditions (emergence of innovative ideas, institutional framework, and economic incentives), contextual conditions (communication and structural infrastructure), and intervening conditions (key stakeholders). Strategic components include interaction and communication management, business project administration, and the monitoring and evaluation of commercialization processes. The resulting outcomes encompass social, economic, political, and environmental dimensions, highlighting the multifaceted impact of effective commercialization on sustainable agricultural development. Overall, the results confirm that the proposed value-creation model provides a coherent and empirically supported framework for strengthening the commercialization of agricultural research in Iran. Accordingly, its implementation can help bridge the gap between research production and practical application, leading to more sustainable and economically impactful agricultural development. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_29003.html The beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a major pest of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) worldwide, causing substantial quantitative and qualitative yield losses. In this study, we examined the life history and demographic parameters of S. exigua on four commercial sugar beet cultivars ('Arta', 'Karta', 'Nika', and 'Rubina') under controlled laboratory conditions. Population parameters were estimated using the age-stage, two-sex life table approach. The egg incubation period did not differ significantly among cultivars (approximately 2.00 days; P > 0.05). However, the total preadult developmental time (egg to adult emergence) differed significantly among cultivars and was shortest on 'Karta' and longest on 'Arta'. Fecundity varied markedly among cultivars, reaching its highest value on 'Arta' (382.97 eggs/female) and lowest on 'Nika' (132.37 eggs/female). A similar pattern was observed for key demographic parameters: the net reproductive rate (R0) ranges from 56.72 offspring/individual on 'Nika' to 169.67 offspring/individual on 'Arta'. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) varied significantly among cultivars, ranging from 0.152 day⁻¹ on 'Nika' to 0.209 day⁻¹ on 'Arta'. Taken together, these results suggest that cultivar 'Nika' is less suitable for population growth of S. exigua under laboratory conditions, whereas 'Arta' appears more favorable. Slower population growth on cultivars such as 'Nika' may contribute to reduced pest pressure, although this would need to be confirmed under field conditions. Accordingly, 'Nika' could be considered a potentially useful component within IPM programs, rather than a fully resistant cultivar per se. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_29004.html Global temperature rise increasingly exposes crops to heat stress, leading to oxidative damage and reduced productivity. The present study investigated the effects of seed priming with a silicon-based formulation on antioxidant defense mechanisms and biochemical responses in two cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars (Bukhara-8 and Bukhara-102) under short-term heat stress (45 °C for 6 h). Seeds were primed with the commercial silicon-based formulation Aminosid-Silicon (170 mg Si L⁻¹) and evaluated using a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial experimental design. Heat stress increased oxidative damage, whereas treatment with the silicon-based formulation enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities. The greatest response was observed for POD activity, which increased from 22.0 to 29.6 U mg⁻¹ protein in Bukhara-102, while H₂O₂ content decreased from 158.2 to 119.4 nmol g⁻¹ FW under heat stress. The silicon-based formulation also promoted proline accumulation, and Pearson correlation analysis revealed coordinated relationships among antioxidant enzymes, oxidative stress markers, and proline. Overall, the results indicate that seed priming with the silicon-based formulation enhanced biochemical protection against acute heat stress by strengthening antioxidant defense and reducing oxidative damage in cotton seedlings. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_29005.html Phytoseiid mites are essential natural enemies in integrated pest management (IPM) programs, offering eco-friendly alternatives to chemical control strategies. Amblyseius swirskii (Athias-Henriot) is a commercially significant predatory mite extensively used against soft-bodied pests, including spider mites, thrips, and whiteflies. This study determined the sublethal effects of two concentrations (LC5 and LC8) of a mixture of abamectin and thiamethoxam on the demographic traits of A. swirskii progeny (F1 generation) produced by parents (F0 generation) treated using the age-stage, two-sex life table theory at a constant environmental condition (25 ± 1°C, 75±5% RH, and a 16:8 [L:D] photoperiod). The experiments employed the age-stage, two-sex life table approach, with the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) serving as prey. Female life span was significantly shorter at LC₈ (9.49 days) than at LC₅ (10.29 days), whereas male life span did not differ significantly between LC₅ (9.38 days) and LC₈ (9.27 days). Net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (r), and finite rate of increase (λ) were significantly lower in both pesticide treatments than in the untreated control, whereas no significant differences were detected between LC₅ and LC₈. In contrast, the mean generation time (T) differed significantly among all treatments. These findings suggest that even low concentrations of this product can compromise key life history traits of A. swirskii, potentially limiting its efficacy in biological control programs. Therefore, evaluating the compatibility of acaricides with natural enemies is critical prior to their inclusion in IPM strategies. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_29023.html Tillage practices influence soil structure and biological activity in semi-arid agroecosystems. This study aimed to determine how conventional tillage, minimum tillage for 5 years, and minimum tillage for 10 years affect soil aggregate size distribution and soil enzyme activities in a semi-arid region, and whether long-term reduction in tillage intensity improves soil structural and biological properties. Soil samples were collected from the 0–30 cm layer with three replicates under each tillage system. Soil texture, organic matter, pH, and electrical conductivity were determined, and aggregate size distribution was assessed using the dry-sieving method. Catalase, urease, and alkaline phosphatase activities were measured in different aggregate-size fractions. Results showed that tillage systems significantly affected both soil aggregate size distribution and enzyme activities (p < 0.05). Conventional tillage increased the proportion of macroaggregates (0.425–2.00 mm), whereas minimum tillage, particularly after 10 years, significantly increased the proportion of microaggregates (0.02–0.425 mm). Enzyme activities were significantly higher under minimum tillage than under conventional, with the highest catalase (69.62 ml O₂ 3 min⁻¹ g soil⁻¹), urease (5.81 μg N g soil⁻¹ h⁻¹), and alkaline phosphatase activities (53.94 μg p-nitrophenol g soil⁻¹ h⁻¹) recorded in the 10-year minimum tillage. Enzyme activities also varied significantly among aggregate-size classes. Findings demonstrate that long-term minimum tillage promotes the formation of microaggregates and enhances enzymatic activity, thereby improving soil structure, biological functioning, and overall soil quality. The study highlights reduced tillage as an effective and sustainable soil management strategy for semi-arid agricultural systems. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_29024.html This study investigated the seasonal occurrence and abundance of the Citrus rust mite, Phyllocoptruta oleivora Ashmead (Acari: Eriophyidae), on leaves and fruits, and its directional preferences on different citrus species in Adana, Türkiye from 2019 to 2021. The research was conducted in two orchard types: a commercial, sprayed orchard with lemon (Citrus limon cv. Interdonato), orange (C. sinensis cv. W. Navel), mandarin (C. reticulata cv. W. Murcott), and grapefruit (C. paradisi cv. Riored), and a minimally sprayed experimental orchard with lemon (cv. Meyer), orange (cv. W. Navel), and mandarin (cv. Okitsu). Among the citrus species examined in both orchard types, lemon exhibited the highest mean population density of P. oleivora. The mean total density of P. oleivora on lemon leaves was 0.757 and 1.899 all stages/cm² in the commercial and experimental orchards, respectively. In the commercial orchards, no mite population development was observed on the fruits. However, in the experimental orchards, the mean population density reached 4.680 all stages/cm² on lemon. In the experimental orchards, P. oleivora was first observed in May on lemon and reached its peak in August on the same host. In contrast, in the commercial orchards, the mite was first detected in September on lemon, and peaked in November. Directional preferences varied between orchard types. In the commercial orchards, no directional differences were detected except on lemon, where P. oleivora densities were higher in the west and north. In the experimental orchards, P. oleivora densities were highest in the west and north across all citrus species. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_29025.html While the limitations of Iran’s centralized agricultural extension system are well-documented, there is a critical lack of a prioritized, evidence-based framework to guide the transition toward a functional pluralistic model. This study was designed to critically assess the status of the key components and requirements for establishing a pluralistic agricultural extension system in Iran. Employing a quantitative, descriptive-survey design, this research targeted a statistical population of senior extension managers and experts nationwide (N=227). Based on Bartlett et al.’s (2001) table, a sample size of 155 was required. To mitigate non-response bias, 170 participants were initially recruited through simple random sampling via a random number generator. A total of 155 valid questionnaires were obtained, representing a 91.2% response rate. Data were collected using a researcher-developed questionnaire and were analyzed through one-sample t-tests and the Friedman test. Findings revealed a paradoxical picture. While three components—“content and subjects,” “organizational structure,” and “audiences”—were assessed above average, the system faces substantial deficiencies. Eight other components, including “approaches,” “policies and strategies,” and “financial resources,” along with nine of the ten fundamental requirements, such as “networking and coordination among actors” and “reduction of government intervention,” were rated below average level. The “approaches” component and its corresponding requirement, “attention to diverse extension approaches,” received lowest ranks. These findings reveal a profound implementation gap between the envisioned goals of a pluralistic extension system and its operational realities in Iran, where systemic weaknesses in policy, financing, and coordination jeopardize the transition. By providing the first systematic mapping of readiness and requirements for pluralistic extension in a highly centralized context, this study contributes both a theoretical understanding of transition barriers and a strategic diagnostic framework for policymakers to restructure agricultural governance toward a collaborative innovation ecosystem. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_29077.html In Iran's arid and semi-arid regions, ensuring wheat production while reducing pressure on natural resources is a major challenge. This study evaluates the technical and environmental efficiency of irrigated wheat production across 377 Iranian counties during the 2023 cropping season. Technical efficiency was estimated using an input-oriented Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model under variable returns to scale, while environmental efficiency was assessed by incorporating undesirable agrochemical inputs through an inverse transformation approach. To capture agrochemical-related environmental pressure, an Environmental Performance Index (EPI) was constructed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of fertilizer and pesticide use, where higher values indicate lower environmental pressure. Counties were grouped by hierarchical clustering based on environmental efficiency and EPI, and provincial benchmarking was conducted using an equal-weighted TOPSIS framework. The novelty of this study lies in integrating DEA, PCA, hierarchical clustering, spatial analysis, and TOPSIS within a unified framework applied to 377 counties, providing one of the first nationwide county-level assessments of technical and environmental efficiency in Iran's irrigated wheat sector. The average technical and environmental efficiency scores were 0.744 and 0.929, respectively, indicating considerable potential for input savings while maintaining current production levels. Nitrogen fertilizer was identified as the main driver of environmental pressure, and substantial spatial disparities were observed across counties. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of region-specific strategies that improve environmental sustainability while maintaining agricultural productivity. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_29108.html This study aimed to formulate and evaluate biscuits produced from refined and whole wheat flour fortified with vitamin D and cinnamon. Four formulations were prepared using refined or whole wheat flour, with and without the addition of 0.6 g cinnamon and 666 IU vitamin D per biscuit. The vitamin D level was adjusted to compensate for an estimated 40% loss during baking. The products were analyzed for vitamin D content via LC/MS, color attributes through digital imaging, and texture by a three-point bending test. Sensory evaluation was performed by a trained panel of twelve assessors. Statistical comparisons were made using ANOVA and t-tests. Fortification with vitamin D and cinnamon resulted in a decrease in lightness (L from 71.77 in the control to 58.00 in the most enriched sample), an increase in redness (a from 6.11 to 13.11), higher yellowness (b* up to 33.66), and a significant increase in total color difference (ΔE*), indicating noticeable visual changes. Textural analysis showed a reduction in hardness from 1125.55 g to 552.83 g. Sensory assessment revealed that overall acceptability was highest in enriched samples (scores of 6.83 for refined and 6.42 for whole wheat biscuits), while the control whole wheat biscuit had the lowest acceptability (score 4.92). Vitamin D exhibited high stability (>97% retention) after 60 days of storage at room temperature. These findings suggest that fortification of biscuits with vitamin D and cinnamon can improve sensory quality while maintaining micronutrient stability, highlighting the potential of such products as functional bakery foods. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_29109.html This study proposes an innovative framework for mapping absolute flood resilience potential in socio-hydrological units of the Sang Sefid region, Iran, by integrating theoretical benchmark alternatives into a TOPSIS-based assessment. Using a dual-scale approach (relative and absolute), managerial-institutional flood resilience was assessed through 16 expert-validated indicators across five dimensions: institutional collaboration, education and awareness, performance and public satisfaction, prevention and reconstruction, and participatory planning. Data were collected via Likert-scale surveys from 663 household heads, with questionnaire reliability confirmed (α = 0.768). Resilience was quantified using TOPSIS with hypothetical minimum/maximum scenarios as benchmarks. Results revealed significant spatial variability: relative resilience ranged from very low (S-int3, R=0.00) to very high (S9, R=0.99), while absolute resilience ranged from very low (S-int3, R=0.05) to high (S9, R=0.75) with no "very high" category, highlighting critical distinctions between the two approaches. Model validation through Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis (AUC = 0.917) and Cronbach's alpha (α = 0.857) confirmed outstanding performance and reliability. This framework enables systematic intra- and inter-regional resilience comparisons and temporal monitoring, serving as a replicable tool for multi-scale mapping to enhance adaptive governance and sustainable flood management in socio-hydrological systems. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_29110.html In the context of increasing water scarcity and drought, the participation of local groups and stakeholders in water resource management has become increasingly important. Water User Associations (WUAs), as one of the most significant outcomes of this participatory approach, play an effective role in the sustainable and efficient agricultural water management. By facilitating users’ involvement in the planning, operation, maintenance, and financing of irrigation networks. This study employed a descriptive survey approach combined with a SWOT-based strategic analysis framework to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats affecting WUAs and to formulate strategic recommendations in the southwestern region of East Azerbaijan Province, located within the Lake Urmia Basin. Employing purposive sampling, 60 key stakeholders were selected, and data were collected through a structured questionnaire. To achieve the study’s objective, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of WUAs were analyzed. The results of the SWOT analysis indicated that the mean scores for the Strength–Opportunity (SO), Weakness–Opportunity (WO), Strength–Threat (ST), and Weakness–Threat (WT) strategies were 3.60, 3.52, 3.25, and 3.17, respectively. The findings revealed that four strategic orientations were proposed: competitive/aggressive (SO), reformative (WO), diversification (ST), and defensive (WT). The implementing these strategies can strengthen the institutional capacity, operational efficiency, and social legitimacy of WUAs. Ultimately, the results of this study can assist policymakers and planners in improving and reforming the role of WUAs toward better water governance, sustainable resource management, and greater stakeholder participation in the Lake Urmia Basin. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_29126.html Iran's poultry industry plays a critical role in national food security but remains highly dependent on imported feed inputs. Exchange rate volatility, economic sanctions, and disruptions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic has imposed significant pressures on production costs, profitability, and sectoral sustainability. This study employs a system dynamics approach, using time-series data obtained from the Iran Customs Administration, the World Bank, the Ministry of Agriculture-Jihad, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and the Central Bank of Iran for the period 2018–2023, to analyze the combined effects of exchange rate shocks and the COVID-19 pandemic on Iran's broiler industry. Two policy scenarios were evaluated: a phased increase in the preferential exchange rate and its complete elimination, each under pre- and post-pandemic conditions. The simulation results indicate that exchange-rate depreciation, rising feed costs, and inflation were the principal drivers of increasing broiler meat prices. Under the dual-shock scenario combining the complete removal of the preferential exchange rate with COVID-19-related disruptions, broiler meat prices are projected to increase by approximately 2,107% from 2018 to 2026. The findings demonstrate that gradual subsidy reform, combined with targeted producer support, strategic feed reserves, and investment in domestic feed crop production, would substantially improve the resilience of Iran's broiler industry while mitigating the adverse effects of exchange-rate shocks and future external crises. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_29142.html Shifting chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivation from spring to autumn is a promising strategy to escape terminal drought and maximize yield potential in semi-arid regions; however, success depends on identifying genotypes with suitable phenology and yield performance. This study evaluated 332 desi chickpea genotypes (330 landraces, two checks) over two seasons (2021–2022) under autumn-sown rainfed conditions in western Iran, using Linear Mixed Models (LMM), Genotype × Yield × Trait (GYT) biplots, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), and the Multi-Trait Genotype-Ideotype Distance Index (MGIDI). Results revealed trait-dependent genetic variation, with heritability highest for hundred-seed weight (H² = 94.9%) and moderate for plant height (H²= 40.6%) and days to flowering (H²= 35.1%), while seed yield showed no detectable genotypic variance under the single-replicate design. No genotype excelled across all GYT combinations, though G313 ranked highest for yield × hundred-seed weight in both years, a promising parental candidate. SEM identified plant height as the dominant trait underlying agronomic performance in both seasons, with a direct positive association with seed yield emerging in 2022, while the top genotype for the yield–height combination shifted between years (G33 in 2021, G49 in 2022). Integrating both seasons, MGIDI ranked 114 landraces above the better commercial check, with G5 first overall, confirming its identification as a GYT winner. Plant height should be one component of a broader selection strategy rather than a standalone target, given genotype × year variability and lodging risk. The identified superior landraces (G5, G313) offer valuable genetic resources for breeding climate-resilient chickpea cultivars. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_29143.html Given the escalating threats of soil-borne diseases to global agriculture, this study investigates the biocontrol potential of Bacillus species against peanut southern blight (caused by Sclerotium rolfsii) and wheat crown rot (caused by Fusarium pseudograminearum). Strains of Soil 1-2, Soil 1-3, Soil 1-59, and Soil 2-93 were isolated from wheat rhizosphere soil and demonstrated strong antagonistic activity against both pathogens, with inhibition rates exceeding 53% in dual-culture assays. Based on morphology, biochemical characteristics, and molecular evolution analyses, the strains were identified as B. velezensis, B. subtilis, B. atrophaeus and B. pumilus, respectively. Further experiments revealed that cell-free filtrates of these strains exhibited significant antifungal activity, particularly against S. rolfsii, with complete inhibition at 72 hours. The strains also showed broad-spectrum antagonism against other fungal pathogens. Pot trials indicated that cell-free filtrates of Soil 1-2 and Soil 1-59 significantly reduced peanut southern blight severity and enhanced plant fresh weight and defense-related enzyme activities. Antifungal mechanisms included the production of volatile organic compounds, extracellular enzymes (protease, cellulase, amylase), and crude proteins. This study confirms the potential of specific Bacillus strains as effective biocontrol agents and highlights their multifaceted modes of action, providing a foundation for future development of sustainable disease management strategies. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_29144.html Given the importance of the sericulture in income diversification for villagers and the fluctuations in the number of sericulturists, the issue of sustainability of this agricultural activity should be seriously considered. This research seeks to design a model for identifying and exploiting entrepreneurial opportunities of sericulture activity in Iran. The present study was conducted with a quantitative approach and the structural equation modeling (SEM) technique was used to analyze the research variables. Considering the number of sericulturists in Mazandaran province (2196 people), 327 sericulturists were surveyed using a random stratified sampling method. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by asking experts for their opinions, and the reliability was confirmed with the help of Cronbach's alpha. Identified factors (including individual, social, organizational, economic, and environmental factors) explain about 73% of the changes in the recognition of entrepreneurial opportunities in sericulture. Individual were the most effective factor and environmental factors were the last effective factor in identifying the entrepreneurial opportunity of sericulturists. Also, social and economic factors with a negative path coefficient had an inverse relationship with the recognition of entrepreneurial opportunities. Therefore, since individual and organizational factors play an important role in fostering entrepreneurial opportunities, while strong social ties and a false sense of security resulting from maintaining economic conditions have limited risk-taking and the expansion of entrepreneurship, issues such as reducing social barriers through digital integration, strengthening social networks, institutionalizing economic support and policy coordination, increasing market competitiveness and digital presence, and advancing longitudinal environmental research are suggested. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_29145.html Oak forests in Iran’s Zagros region are undergoing severe decline due to environmental stress and increasing pest outbreaks. This study examined the overwintering survival mechanisms of two major acorn pests, the beech moth Cydia fagiglandana (Zeller) and an acorn weevil (Curculio sp.), by comparing populations from stressed Zagros forests with those from stable oak forests in Switzerland. We evaluated two key biomarkers of cold tolerance during the coldest months: thermal hysteresis, measured using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and hemolymph trace element concentrations (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mg), quantified by ICP-OES. Additionally, EDS–SEM analysis was conducted to assess the spatial distribution of selected internal elements semi-quantitatively. A distinct thermal hysteresis of approximately 4 °C between melting and freezing points was observed exclusively in Zagros Curculio larvae. In most samples, metal ion concentrations increased in January, with Zn showing a nearly fourfold increase in the Zagros acorn weevil (170–585 ppb). Elemental mapping by EDS–SEM further showed higher Cu and Zn contents and a shift from uniform to aggregated elemental distribution in overwintering larvae. This study provides new insights into the overwintering physiology of two major acorn-feeding insects under contrasting climatic conditions. These findings contribute to predicting pest responses to environmental change and support future conservation and management of oak forest regeneration. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_29183.html Climate change increasingly threatens the livelihoods of smallholder farmers by reducing agricultural productivity and intensifying food insecurity, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. Although gender is widely recognized as an important dimension of climate vulnerability, empirical evidence remains limited regarding how gender shapes farmers' risk perception, vulnerability, and adaptation in Middle Eastern agricultural systems. This study examined gender differences in climate change risk perception, vulnerability, and adaptation strategies among smallholder farmers in Tehran Province, Iran. A cross-sectional survey of 350 male- and female-headed farming households was conducted using a multistage stratified random sampling design. Vulnerability was assessed using the IPCC framework, which conceptualizes vulnerability in terms of exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. Independent-samples t-tests and composite vulnerability indices were used to compare gender groups. The results showed no significant gender differences in perceived climate change impacts or overall vulnerability. Both groups identified increasing temperatures, rainfall variability, drought, and water scarcity as the principal climate-related challenges. Although male-headed households exhibited significantly higher sensitivity, they also demonstrated greater adaptive capacity, resulting in comparable overall vulnerability. Likewise, no significant gender differences were observed in the adoption of major on-farm and off-farm adaptation strategies. These findings suggest that climate vulnerability and adaptation are shaped primarily by the interaction of environmental and socioeconomic conditions rather than by gender alone in the study area. The study contributes empirical evidence from an underrepresented semi-arid context and highlights the importance of context-specific, multidimensional vulnerability assessments for informing evidence-based climate adaptation policies. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_29188.html Iran depends heavily on imports of livestock and poultry feed, making domestic food production vulnerable to disruptions in international markets. Maize, soybean meal, and barley were selected because they account for approximately 80% of Iran’s feed imports during the study period. This study applies Portfolio Theory to decompose import portfolio risk into systematic and specific components. Systematic risk was estimated using OLS regression between Iran’s import prices and world prices, while specific risk was calculated from residual variance adjusted by partner-specific risk profiles derived from the International Country Risk Guide (ICRG). An additional OLS model was estimated to identify the determinants of specific risk, including import concentration measured by the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI), exchange rate movements, oil revenues, economic complexity, and domestic livestock production. The results show that systematic risk follows global price volatility, whereas specific risk is the main source of portfolio vulnerability. Among the selected commodities, maize exhibits the highest import risk due to its larger import volume and higher residual variance. The specific risk index reached its lowest level in 2020, reflecting a more balanced distribution of imports among major producers and relatively low-risk suppliers. Higher import concentration and exchange rate depreciation significantly increase specific risk, whereas higher oil revenues reduce it. The findings suggest that import policies should move beyond simple supplier expansion toward risk-aware diversification and a more balanced distribution of import shares across trading partners to enhance feed supply resilience and national food security. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_29189.html One of the key concerns of higher education institutions is the professional status and employability of students. Therefore, the concept of student employability has become the center of attention and needs to be examined. This study aimed to investigate the factors affecting the perceived employability of agricultural students at Lorestan University. To achieve this purpose, the modified CareerEDGE model was used. The statistical population of the study was agricultural students at Lorestan University. A proportionally allocated multi-stage stratified sample of 270 students was selected. Data were collected using a questionnaire developed from the relevant literature. The content validity of the instrument was rigorously assessed by a panel of subject-matter experts, consisting of faculty members from the Faculty of Agriculture at Lorestan University, representing diverse academic disciplines. Following their feedback, the questionnaire was refined to ensure its relevance to the agricultural context. The pilot study, conducted with 30 respondents, demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency, with Cronbach’s alpha coefficients ranging from 0.715 to 0.833. A comparative analysis of structural models revealed that the direct effects model provides a more robust and parsimonious explanation of perceived employability than the mediation model. This conclusion is supported by the direct model’s superior explanatory power (R²= 0.516) and the non-significant mediating role of self-efficacy, indicating that the exogenous constructs are associated with perceived employability primarily through direct pathways. The findings provide educational policies and suggestions for improving students' employability. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_29226.html In semi-arid regions, where water scarcity limits cereal production, tillage practices significantly influence soil properties and root development in durum wheat (Triticum durum). This study evaluated the effects of conventional tillage (CT) and direct seeding (DS) on the root system under rainfed conditions over three growing seasons (2017-2021) in the northeastern part of Algeria. The experimental site was characterized by clay loam soil, low organic matter content, and a semi-arid climate, with an average annual rainfall ranging from 200 to 400 mm. The objectives aimed to understand how root density (RD) and root surface area (RSA) are influenced by, and related to soil properties: soil moisture content (SMC), soil penetration resistance (SPR), soil porosity (SP), and infiltration rate (IR) under conventional tillage (CT) and direct seeding (DS) systems. Soil parameters were measured at key growth stages (emergence, tillering and heading). Statistical analyses were performed using Python and statsmodels, including Pearson correlations and multivariate linear regression. The DS generally maintained higher SMC during dry periods, reducing water stress compared to CT. SPR was higher under DS, indicating compaction, but SP and IR improved progressively under CT, enhancing aeration and water absorption. By the way, RD was stable under CT but increased under DS at tillering. By the way, RSA expanded more under DS over time, particularly at the heading stage, correlating positively with SMC (r= 0.74) and negatively with SPR (r= -0.55). Regression confirmed SMC as a key driver for both RD and RSA under DS (p< 0.01). https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_29227.html Accurately predicting the future trends of beef production is essential for production planning and food safety policy making. In this study we utilized 64 years of data from 1961 to 2024 to project global and leading-country beef production levels for the period 2025–2030, using ARIMA models applied to FAOSTAT data inside the SAS statistical framework. These results show that the leading beef-producing countries will continue to account for a substantial share of global production throughout the forecast period. During 2025–2030, the United States is projected to contribute 17.72% of global beef production, followed by Brazil (16.07%), China (10.75%), Argentina (4.55%), Australia (3.57%), and Mexico (3.28%). Compared with the average of the previous six years, the shares of the United States and Argentina are expected to decline slightly, whereas Brazil, China, Australia, and Mexico are projected to increase their shares. Although the remaining producing countries account for smaller individual shares, together they continue to make an important contribution to global beef production and supply. These projections suggest that the future growth of global beef production will increasingly depend on the performance of both the major producing countries and the broader group of emerging producers. This pattern is consistent with previous studies reporting a gradual shift in the distribution of global beef production over time. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_29228.html Trichogramma euproctidis (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), an economically important biocontrol agent of lepidopterous pests, was continuously reared on Ephestia kuehniella Zeller for 50 generations. The effects of continuous rearing on this host were evaluated by comparing biological parameters among different generations (G1–G50). The number of E. kuehniella eggs parasitized by T. euproctidis was significantly affected by generation. Female preadult developmental time was significantly different among consecutive generations, ranging from 9.66 (at G1) to 12.18 d (at G10). Significant differences were detected in female longevity of T. euproctidis among subsequent generations and the highest longevities were found in G5 and G30. However, no significant difference was found in adult emergence rate (survival rate) and sex ratio (female%) among different generations. The highest intrinsic rate of increase (r = 0.373 day⁻¹), finite rate of increase (λ = 1.452 day⁻¹), and net reproductive rate (R₀ = 91.57 females/female) were recorded in G30, whereas lower values were observed after prolonged rearing. Our results indicate that T. euproctidis colonies maintained acceptable biological quality under laboratory rearing conditions for up to 30 generations, whereas a decline in some performance parameters was observed after prolonged rearing. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_29229.html Industrial dairy farms in semi-arid regions face multiple risks, including water scarcity, feed price volatility, animal diseases, and institutional constraints, which can undermine production efficiency and economic sustainability. This study identifies and prioritizes risk management strategies for industrial dairy farms in Mashhad County, northeastern Iran, using a fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making framework. A total of 31 risk management strategies, grouped into five categories—operational management, animal health and biosecurity, financial resilience, environmental sustainability, and institutional adaptation—were assessed against three criteria: productivity improvement, long-term sustainability, and profitability. The fuzzy Best–Worst Method (F-BWM) was used to determine criterion weights, while the fuzzy Evaluation based on Distance from Average Solution (fuzzy EDAS) was used to prioritize strategies based on judgments from 15 industrial dairy producers, veterinarians, and technical advisors. Criterion weights were relatively balanced (0.35, 0.34, and 0.31), indicating that no single criterion dominated the assessment. Professional consultancy ranked first, followed by implementation of a feed management program, monitoring feed quality and supply, diversification of genetic resources, and regular health monitoring. These findings underscore the importance of specialized expertise, feed management and quality control, genetic diversification, and preventive animal health management in strengthening farm-level risk management. In contrast, financial, environmental, and institutional strategies generally received lower priorities, which may reflect differences in perceived urgency, accessibility, and implementation constraints. Overall, strengthening farm-level technical and managerial capacity while improving the accessibility and credibility of supporting financial, environmental, and institutional mechanisms could enhance risk management and long-term sustainability in semi-arid dairy farming. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_29266.html Milk production lies at the intersection of food science, agricultural economics and animal science. Work across these fields concerns milk quality, yield, sustainability and animal welfare. This study aimed to estimate the daily milk yield of cows on dairy farms in the Eastern Anatolia region using routinely collected production and reproductive variables. The final dataset comprised 8,128 individual cows and included breed, lactation number, age, fertility status, days in milk, days pregnant, and insemination count. Seven regression algorithms were applied: Decision Tree Regression (DTR), Linear Regression (LR), Random Forest Regression (RFR), Gradient Boosting Regression (GBR), Lasso Regression, Ridge Regression (RR), and Support Vector Regression (SVR). Age Category, Pregnancy Status, and Weighted Milk Yield (WMY) were evaluated as engineered features. On the primary test split, GBR produced the lowest errors, with an MAE of 3.985 L/day, an RMSE of 4.992 L/day, a MAPE of 22.741%, and an R² of 0.438. Across 100 additional predefined 80:20 partitions, GBR achieved a mean MAE of 4.100 ± 0.072 L/day and ranked for MAE, RMSE, and R² in all 100 partitions. Although WMY ranked highly in the model-based feature-importance analysis, its incremental contribution was very small: MAE changed from 3.989 L/day without WMY to 3.985 L/day with WMY, and paired-bootstrap confidence intervals for the performance differences included zero. These findings indicate that GBR provided the best predictive performance among the evaluated algorithms, while WMY should be interpreted as a study-specific engineered predictor rather than as a feature with a demonstrated independent improvement in predictive performance. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_29267.html Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a globally important vegetable crop whose quality and yield are affected by tomato leaf curl Palampur virus (ToLCPalV; Begomovirus solanumpalampurense). This study investigated the effectiveness of foliar applications of Trichoderma zelobreve T20 and Bacillus subtilis 6m, applied individually and in combination, in enhancing resistance of two tomato cultivars, Moneymaker and Tabas, to ToLCPalV under greenhouse conditions. Although responses varied considerably with cultivar and application timing, B. subtilis consistently reduced relative viral DNA accumulation in both cultivars. In Moneymaker, T. zelobreve was the most effective treatment, reducing ToLCPaLV DNA accumulation by up to 99.9%. By comparison, B. subtilis reduced viral levels by up to 89.2% in Tabas relative to virus-inoculated controls. The combined treatment did not improve protection in Moneymaker and offered only limited additional benefit in Tabas. Induced resistance was associated with increased antioxidant enzyme activity, including guaiacol peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and catalase, as well as increased proline accumulation, maintenance of chlorophyll content, and improved plant growth in plants treated with either T. zelobreve or B. subtilis, compared with infected controls. Re-isolation of T. zelobreve and B. subtilis from newly emerged upper leaves after spraying indicated their presence in distal tissues and suggested a possible contribution to systemic defense responses. These results highlight the potential of foliar microbial priming as a sustainable strategy for managing ToLCPalV, with efficacy dependent on host genotype and treatment timing. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_29268.html Accurate district-level forecasting of sugarcane yield is critical for effective planning and management of this important crop. This study develops a novel hybrid Hidden Markov Model–Random Forest (HMM–RF) framework for forecasting sugarcane yield across India. The framework integrates hidden agro-climatic production regimes identified using a Gaussian Hidden Markov Model with the nonlinear predictive capability of Random Forest regression. The model was developed using 16,172 district-year observations covering 1966–2017 across 311 districts and 20 states. Historical productivity, climatic, agronomic, irrigation, fertilizer, infrastructure, and economic variables were used as predictors, together with temporal features derived exclusively from preceding observations. Model evaluation employed leakage-free chronological validation, with 1966–2010 used for training and 2011–2017 reserved for testing. The proposed HMM–RF achieved the best testing performance, with R² = 0.9754, RMSE = 5.56 tonnes per hectare MAE = 1.55 tonnes per hectare and MAPE = 4.11%. Compared with the benchmark Random Forest model, HMM–RF reduced RMSE by 22.1% and MAE by 41.6%. Statistical validation further confirmed significant performance differences among the evaluated models. SHAP analysis showed that historical productivity variables were the dominant predictors, while HMM-derived production regimes, climatic variables, and management-related factors provided complementary predictive information. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_29269.html Science diplomacy is increasingly promoted as a mechanism for fostering international cooperation to address global challenges. However, most existing literature remains focused on normative and instrumental framings, leaving unexamined the unequal power relations, geopolitical biases, and epistemic exclusions that science diplomacy may reproduce within agricultural innovation systems. This study critically examines the conceptual evolution of science diplomacy through a mixed‑method design combining bibliometric analysis of 690 Web of Science documents (1975–2024) with grounded theory‑based qualitative analysis of 50 purposively selected documents. Bibliometric findings reveal four thematic clusters: (1) historical and institutional foundations, (2) international relations, resource governance, and agricultural policy, (3) operational challenges, and (4) environmental and agricultural governance. Qualitative analysis identifies three unresolved tensions relevant to agriculture and food systems: (a) whether science diplomacy should be evaluated by process (e.g., signed agreements) versus outcomes (e.g., technology transfer to smallholders); (b) who legitimately represents "agricultural science" in diplomatic negotiations—public researchers, agribusiness, or farmer organizations; and (c) how science diplomacy can avoid reproducing colonial patterns in seed systems, intellectual property regimes, and agricultural extension services. We conclude that science diplomacy is not a uniformly benign force but a contested arena where power, knowledge, and justice must be actively negotiated for equitable international agricultural cooperation. Our study contributes a novel tripartite analytical framework integrating power asymmetries, epistemic justice, and technology transfer, advancing both theoretical understanding and practical guidance for agricultural diplomacy. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_29299.html This study investigated the physiological responses of juvenile Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) to short-term feed deprivation, focusing on changes in digestive and antioxidant enzyme activities. A total of 150 fish (mean initial weight 5.80 ± 0.06 g) were divided into six 300-L circular fiberglass tanks with two groups including a control group (fed) and a starvation group (feed-deprived) for 8 days. Sampling was performed on days 2, 4, 6, and 8 to evaluate the activities of digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase, protease, and alkaline phosphatase) and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT], glutathione reductase [GR]) along with malondialdehyde [MDA] content in the liver. The obtained results showed the amylase activity in the starvation group showed a significant decrease on day 8 compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Moreover, alkaline phosphatase activity was reduced on day 4 in the starved group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Lipase and protease activities were not significantly affected by starvation (p> 0.05). Among antioxidant parameters, GR in the starvation group showed significant decrease on day 6 compared to the control group (p < 0.05). However, SOD and CAT activities in the starved group increased significantly on days 6 and 4, respectively compared to the control group (p < 0.05). MDA levels remained consistently lower in starved fish compared to the control fish throughout the experiment (p < 0.05). These findings indicate that short-term starvation induces selective changes in digestive and antioxidant parameters in juvenile Asian seabass, with decreased activities of amylase and alkaline phosphatase and differential modulation of antioxidant responses. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_29300.html Hawthorn (Crataegus elbursensis) is extensively utilized in both pharmaceutical and food-related applications due to its abundance of bioactive compounds. However, its application is restrained due to its relative instability. Microencapsulation is a good approach for overcoming this challenge. In the present study, the total phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents of the hydroalcoholic hawthorn fruit extract (HFE) were investigated, and its antioxidant capacity was evaluated by the DPPH free radical scavenging method. The HFE was encapsulated with combined hydrocolloids (Sage-Basil, Sage-Balangu, and Balangu-Basil), and the in vitro release profile of the HFE was examined. The results showed the total phenol and anthocyanin content of HFE to be 17.9 ± 3.78 mg GAE/g DW and 10.6 ± 0.1 mg cyanidin/g DW, respectively. Additionally, the highest amount of anthocyanin release was observed in the SIF (pH 7.4), with a maximum release value of 98.16 ± 3.23% for Sage-Balangu after 48 h. In general, the results showed that combined hydrocolloid carriers, especially Sage-Balangu, can effectively encapsulate and control the release of HFE for medicinal purposes. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_29301.html Heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils threatens crop productivity and medicinal plant safety. This study evaluated the physiological performance, osmoprotective adjustments, antioxidant machinery, and metal partitioning in Satureja bachtiarica Bunge exposed to varying cadmium (Cd: 0–10 mg L⁻¹) and lead (Pb: 0–40 mg L⁻¹) concentrations. Elevated metal levels caused dose-dependent growth impairments; maximal exposure (10 mg L⁻¹ Cd and 40 mg L⁻¹ Pb) reduced stem dry weight by 48.0% and 46.5%, and root dry weight by 59.0% for both metals, respectively. Concurrently, photosynthetic pigments, including chlorophyll a and b, declined significantly under extreme toxicity. To mitigate stress, S. bachtiarica activated robust biochemical defenses. Free proline accumulated predominantly in roots, increasing ~4.0-fold under Cd and 4.3-fold under Pb. Soluble/reducing carbohydrate pools expanded, and shoot ascorbic acid nearly doubled (~94% increase) under maximum Cd stress. Enzymatic defense was also stimulated, with foliar catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities significantly upregulated. Crucially, over 90% of absorbed Cd and Pb was compartmentalized in root tissues (up to 98% and 97%, respectively). While the bioaccumulation factor (BF) remained below 0.43, the translocation factor (TF) declined markedly with increasing toxicity (Cd: 0.125 to 0.021; Pb: 0.117 to 0.025; 𝑇𝐹≪1), preventing toxic ion transport to shoots. These findings demonstrate that S. bachtiarica combines strong antioxidant/osmoprotective competence with root-mediated metal exclusion, highlighting its potential as an effective phytostabilizer in Cd- and Pb-contaminated soils. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_29302.html Water scarcity and climate change threaten agricultural productivity in North Africa, particularly Tunisia. This study examines how smallholder farmers’ perceptions and farm-related conditions influence current use and future intention to use ammonium nitrate fertilizer. Survey data from 671 farmers were analysed using logistic regression. While 45.2% of respondents currently use ammonium nitrate, 66.3% intend to use it in the future. Current use is associated with access, financial capacity, perceived skills, information support, and exposure to shocks. Reporting bad and very bad access is associated with 61.9% and 71.6% lower odds of current ammonium nitrate use, respectively. Higher perceived skills and ability to pay increase the odds of current use by 37.3% and 31.5%, respectively. Information obtained through NGOs or government services is associated with approximately 5.5 times higher odds of current use. Hail exposure reduces current use, whereas wind shocks increase it. Future intention is shaped more strongly by prior experience, perceived benefits, constraints, and economic shocks. Each additional year of ammonium nitrate use increases the odds of future intention by 16.2%. Expected higher yields (OR = 17.05), drought resistance (OR = 16.74), and negotiability (OR = 26.80) significantly increase intention. Conversely, limited land (OR = 0.071), limited information (OR = 0.087), and lack of labour (OR = 0.332) significantly reduce future intention. Livestock loss, input-price increases, higher household consumption costs, and broader economic shocks also reduce farmers’ intentions to use ammonium nitrate. Policies should strengthen extension, improve affordability and access, and link fertilizer management with climate-resilient soil and water practices. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_29334.html This study comprehensively evaluated the mortality effects of two sulfur-based formulations, wettable sulfur and Thiovit Jet, against adult females of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), and fifth nymphs of the common pistachio psyllid, Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), due to their economic importance as key pests and their documented resistance to conventional acaricides/insecticides, through various methods, including direct contact, fumigation, exposure of pests to the dry sulfur residues on the leaf surface, and ovicidal activities under controlled laboratory conditions. Based on preliminary tests, contact assays used 1000–5000 mg/L, while other tests used 1000–20000 mg/L to evaluate the potential effects of sulfur formulations under laboratory conditions. Contact assays showed 100% mortality for both formulations at 5000 mg/L after 72 h against both pests. Fumigation tests at 20000 mg/L caused 93–94% mortality in T. urticae and 88% in A. pistaciae for both formulations. The effects of dried sulfur residues on the leaf surface and ovicidal activity were negligible. Maximum mortality caused by dried sulfur residues on the leaf surface was ≤13.33% and egg hatching >75% across all treatments. These findings indicate that sulfur acts primarily through direct contact and fumigant modes of action, with limited activity of dried sulfur residues on the leaf surface and ovicidal activity. This efficacy profile supports the strategic use of sulfur formulations in integrated pest management (IPM) programs targeting mobile stages of these pests. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_29336.html Climate change poses significant challenges to Iran's agricultural sector, characterized by high evapotranspiration rates and increasing climatic variability. This study examines the dynamic effects of climate change shocks on key macroeconomic variables in Iran's agriculture using the Structural Vector Autoregression (SVAR) model. Unlike conventional approaches that rely on raw temperature or precipitation data, this research employs the De Martonne Climate Aridity Index and the absolute value of the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (|SPEI|) to capture the magnitude of climate deviations from normal conditions—whether drought or extreme wetness—both of which are detrimental to Iran's semi-arid agriculture. The analysis is based on quarterly data spanning the period 1988–2023, with annual macroeconomic variables temporally disaggregated using the Denton Proportional Method. The results reveal that a one-standard-deviation increase in |SPEI| (representing increased climate variability) reduces agricultural value added by a maximum of 0.319 units, net capital stock by 0.272 units, agricultural labor by 0.243 units, and trade openness by 0.197 units, with peak impacts occurring in the third quarter following the shock. These findings underscore the significant adjustment lags in Iran's agricultural sector and highlight the urgent need for anticipatory policy measures. It is recommended to implement index-based crop insurance linked to |SPEI| thresholds (e.g., automatic payouts when |SPEI| exceeds 1.5), develop climate-risk financial products that trigger automatic payouts during extreme climate events, and promote drought- and flood-resistant crop varieties alongside modern climate monitoring technologies. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_29337.html Conservation-oriented management practices, such as reduced soil disturbance, diversified crop rotations, and biochar application, have been increasingly considered as potential approaches to reduce the environmental impact of cereal production systems. This study evaluated the effects of tillage system, crop rotation, and biochar application on soil carbon and estimated greenhouse gas balance in a rainfed wheat agroecosystem in Khosroshahr, northwestern Iran. A split–split plot experiment was conducted during 2020–2023 using three tillage systems (conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT), and no-tillage (NT)), three crop rotations (continuous wheat, wheat–fallow–wheat, and wheat–grass pea–wheat), and three biochar rates (0, 5, and 10 t ha⁻¹). Climate impacts were quantified using IPCC Tier 1 emission factors with management-specific adjustments. Management practices significantly affected soil carbon, grain yield, and estimated greenhouse gas balance. Soil organic carbon was 19.5 to 28.7 t C ha⁻¹, while estimated GWPnet varied from −11053 to +466 kg CO₂-eq ha⁻¹ across treatments. Conservation-oriented systems, particularly NT and RT combined with biochar application, generally produced more negative estimated GWPnet values than CT systems. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_29437.html This study evaluated the economic performance and efficiency of replacing conventional forage (alfalfa hay and barley straw) with dried triticale forage in diets of fattening male Grey Shirazi lambs in Fars Province, Iran. Thirty-two weaned male lambs (initial weight: 33.2 ± 1.6 kg; age: 120 ± 15 days) were assigned to four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. The treatments included T0 (control), T33, T66, and T100, corresponding to 0%, 33.33%, 66.66%, and 100% substitution of conventional forage with triticale on a dry-matter basis. The results showed that the highest total weight gain occurred in T0 (19.37 kg), while the lowest was observed in T33 (16.24 kg). However, the difference between T0 and T100 was not statistically significant. Increasing the proportion of triticale forage in the diet reduced feed intake but improved feed use efficiency (FUE), and the feed conversion ratio (FCR). Economically, T100 yielded the lowest feeding cost, the highest return per 100 monetary units of feed, and the highest benefit–cost ratio. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) showed that T100 had the highest allocative efficiency (0.88) and cost efficiency (0.74), whereas T0 achieved the highest technical efficiency (0.94). Although T100 had lower technical efficiency than T0, its higher allocative efficiency reflected a more cost-effective input mix given input prices, contributing to its higher cost efficiency. Overall, incorporating triticale forage at full replacement (T100), reduces production costs and improve economic and efficiency indicators, providing a strategy for livestock production under water scarcity and climate change conditions. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_29438.html Analysis of early responsive gene promoters provides tools for engineering plant disease resistance. Ascochyta blight, caused by the fungus Ascochyta rabiei, is a major constraint to chickpea cultivation. The CaDRRG gene was previously identified as an early responsive gene showing more than 11-fold increased expression within 3 hours of A. rabiei inoculation. In this study, the CaDRRG-Pro promoter was functionally characterized using stable transgenic tobacco plants. The binary vector pCaDRRG-Pro-Gi, containing a 772 bp CaDRRG-Pro fragment fused to an intron-containing GUS reporter gene, was transferred to Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Stable transgenic lines were generated, and a hierarchical GUS assay identified a high-expressing line (code 1-5) from 30 regenerated plantlets with 63% savings in assays. The promoter was rapidly induced by methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid, with detectable GUS activity at 1 hour and maximum induction within 6 hours, reaching levels comparable to the constitutive CaMV 35S promoter. The promoter also responded to crude mycelial extracts from A. rabiei pathotypes, with clear induction at 3 hours. Direct fungal inoculation resulted in delayed induction (120 hours) with vascular-associated expression patterns. No basal expression was observed in stable transgenic lines under non-induced conditions. The intron-containing GUS reporter prevented prokaryotic expression in Agrobacterium, ensuring specificity. These results provide functional validation of the CaDRRG-Pro promoter, demonstrating its rapid inducibility by defense hormones and fungal elicitors, and position it as a valuable tool for pathogen-inducible expression of resistance genes in chickpea breeding programs. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_29439.html Challenges such as perishability, low prices, rising production costs, and market fluctuations reduce producers’ ability to set prices effectively. However, demand driven by Agritourists’ willingness to pay plays a crucial role in determining equilibrium prices. Agritourism, by enabling tourists to visit orchards and directly harvest products themselves (pick‑your‑own method), allows farmers to sell products directly and potentially capture higher prices. The present study aims to estimate the willingness to pay of Agritourists for grape products (seedless white and seedless red varieties), as well as to evaluate the added value generated by Agritourism in Takestan County, Iran. Data were collected through a combination of literature review and a field survey with 140 questionnaires completed by tourists attending the Takestan Grape Festival and transit tourists passing through roadside shops in the region during the September 2024 harvest season. A convenience sampling approach was used, and the Contingent Valuation Method with a double-bounded dichotomous choice (DBDC) design was estimated in Stata17 using the doubleb command. Results revealed mean willingness‑to‑pay values per kilogram of white seedless grape and red seedless grape as $1.02 and $1.19, respectively. There were significant positive correlations between WTP and the variables of age, income, and the intention to stay overnight. Intermediary prices for the same period were $0.27 and $0.33 per kilogram, respectively, implying stated gross price premium of approximately 3.8 and 3.6 times the intermediary price. This difference represents a stated gross price premium, not net value added. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_29449.html Energy consumption in Iran has risen sharply in recent decades, with the transportation sector as one of the largest consumers due to weak public transit and high reliance on gasoline. Limited refining capacity, sanctions, and rapid demand growth have widened the gap between production and consumption, making accurate forecasts critical for planning, budgeting, and policy design. This study forecasts monthly gasoline consumption in Iran using univariate seasonal time series models and data from April 1998 to March 2024. Seasonal unit root tests by Beaulieu–Miron and Taylor indicated a nonseasonal unit root but no seasonal unit roots, implying the need for first order differencing. Two models were then estimated: an autoregressive regression with monthly dummies and a seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA). out-of-sample forecasts (April 2023–March 2024) show that SARIMA outperformed the regression model with a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 2.15% compared to 18.34%. Forecasts for April 2024–March 2027 indicate cumulative growth of 6.5% in gasoline consumption, averaging 2.15% annually over 115% higher than global energy growth projected by the International Energy Agency. These findings highlight the urgency of strengthening refining capacity, improving fuel efficiency, expanding public transport, and implementing rational pricing policies.