Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Zygophyllum album (L.) Essential Oil from Tunisia

Authors
M. Kchaou 1
H. Ben Salah 1
K. Mnafgui 2
R. Abdennabi 3
N. Gharsallah 3
A. Elfeki 2
M. Damak 1
N. Allouche 1
1 Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Substances, University of Sfax, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, P. B. “1171”, 3000, Sfax, Tunisia.
2 Laboratory of Animal Ecophysiology, University of Sfax, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, P. B. “1171”, 3000, Sfax, Tunisia.
3 Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology Applied to Crop Improvement, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, P. B. “1171”, 3000, Sfax. Tunisia.
Abstract
Regarding hemodialysis patients’ limitations in consuming different foods, providing them with a product with health-promoting effects is important. The objective of this study was to develop a functional food from whey protein for this disease condition and assess its sensory, chemical, and nutritional characteristics. Fermented and unfermented beverages were prepared as a mixture of whey protein concentrate (8.5%), permeate (1.4 % for fermented), mint flavor (0.01%), vitamin E (0.18%), and water. Ty17A starter was used for the fermented blend. After pasteurization, and homogenization, the blends were stored until the sensory, chemical, and nutritional evaluations were done. Data were analyzed by SPSS Software (version 16). The pH values of the fermented and unfermented beverages were 3.8 and 6.02, respectively. The medians of all sensory attributes were greater than 4 for the fermented and less than 3 for the unfermented beverages (except color). All sensory attributes other than the color were significantly different between beverages (P< 0.05). The overall acceptability of the unfermented beverage was less. No significant nutritional differences were seen between beverages. Some of the nutrients values in the beverages are desirable for hemodialysis patients (Protein: 7.9-8 g 100 g-1, Fat: 0.4%, Trans fatty acids: 2%, Saturated fatty acids: 56.15% Phosphorus: 9.25-9.35 mg 100 g-1, Potassium: 0.0295 %, Sodium: 62.5 mg 100 g-1, and vitamin E: 400 mg 220 mL-1). The microbial counts of both were safe. Vitamin E fortified fermented whey beverage might be a good recommendation for hemodialysis patients because of its protein quality, low fat, phosphorus, sodium, and potassium and high vitamin E contents.

Keywords

1. Adams, R. P. 2004. Identification of Essential Oils Components by Gas Chromatography/ Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry. Allured Publishing Corporation, Carol Stream III, USA.
2. Aderogba, M. A., Okoh, E. K. and Idowu, T. O. 2005. Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity of the Secondary Metabolites from Piliostigma reticulatum (DC.) Hochst. J. Biol. Sci., 5: 239-242.
3. Atta, A. H. and Mouneir, S. M. 2004. Antidiarrhoeal Activity of Some Egyptian Medicinal Plant Extracts. J. Ethnopharmacol., 92: 303-309.
4. Bagamboula, C. F., Uyttendaele, M. and Debevere, J. 2002. Acid Tolerance of Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri. J. Appl. Microbiol., 93: 479-486.
5. Bakkali, F., Averbeck, S., Averbeck, D. and Idaomar, M. 2008. Biological Effects of Essential Oils. Food Chem. Toxicol., 46: 446-75.
6. Batish, D. R., Singh, H. P., Kohli, R. K. and Kaur, S. 2008. Eucalyptus Essential Oil as a Natural Pesticide. Forest Ecol. Manage., 256: 2166-2174.
7. Beier, B. A., Chase, M. W. and Thulin, M. 2003. Phylogenetic Relationships and Taxonomy of Subfamily Zygophylloideae (Zygophyllaceae) Based on Molecular and Morphological Data. Plant System. Evol., 240: 11-39.
8. Bel Haj Khether, F., Ammar, S., Saidana, D., Daami-Remadi, M., Cheriaa, J., Liouane, K., Mahjoub, M. A., Helal, A. N. and Mighri, Z. 2008. Chemical Composition, Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Trichoderma sp. Growing in Tunisia. Ann. Microbiol., 58: 303-308.
9. Burt, S. 2004. Essential Oils: Their Antibacterial Properties and Potential Applications in Foods. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 94: 223-253.
10. Ceccarini, L., Macchia, M., Flamini, G., Cioni, P. L., Caponi, C. and Morelli I. 2004. Essential Oil Composition of Helianthus annuus L. Leaves and Heads of Two Cultivated Hybrids “Carlos” and “Florom 350”. Ind. Crops Prod., 19: 13-17.
11. Dorman, H. J. D., Peltoketo, A., Hiltunen, R. and Tikkanen, M. J. 2003. Characterisation of the Antioxidant Properties of Deodourisation Aqueous Extracts from Selected Lamiaceae Herbs. Food Chem., 83: 255-256.
12. Dorman, H. J. D., Surai, P. and Deans, S. G. 2000. In vitro Antioxidant Activity of a Number of Plant Essential Oils and Phytoconstituents. J. Essent. Oil Res., 12: 241-248.
13. Duh, P. D., Tu, Y. Y. and Yen, G. C. 1999. Antioxidant Activity of the Aqueous Extract of Harng Jyur (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.). Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft Technol., 32: 269-277.
14. Eskander, E. F. and Won Jun, H. 1995. Hypoglycemic and Hyperinsulinic Effects of Some Egyptian Herbs Used for the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus (Type II) in Rats. J. Pharm.Sci., 36: 331-342.
15. Gella, F. J., Gubern, G., Vidal, R. and Canalias, F. 1997. Determination of Total and Pancreatic α-Amylase in Human Serum with 2-Chloro-4-nitrophenyl-α-D- maltotrioside as Substrate. Clin. Chim. Acta, 259: 147-160.
16. Ghoul, J. E., Smiri, M., Ghrab, S., Boughattas, N. A. and Ben-Attia, M. 2012. Antihyperglycemic, Antihyperlipidemic and Antioxidant Activities of Traditional Aqueous Extract of Zygophyllum album in Streptozotocin Diabetic Mice. Pathophysiol., 19: 35-42.
17. Gutiérrez-Larraínzar, M., Rúa, J., Caro, Castro, C. D., Arriaga, D. D., García- Armesto, M. R. and Valle, P. D. 2012. Evaluation of Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Natural Phenolic Compounds against Foodborne Pathogens and Spoilage Bacteria. Food Control., 26: 555-563.
18. Güder, A., Gür, M. and Engin, M. S. 2015. Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Properties of Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus Linn.) Fruit and Their Chemical Composition. J. Agr. Sci. Tech., 17: 401-414.
19. Hanefeld, M. 2007. Cardiovascular Benefits and Safety Profile of Acarbose Therapy in Prediabetes and Established Type 2 Diabetes. Germany Cardiovascular Diabetology, 6: 20.
20. Hichri, F., Ben Jannet, H., Cheriaa, J., Jegham, S. and Mighri, Z. 2003. Antibacterial Activities of a Few Prepared Derivatives of Oleanolic Acid and of Other Natural Triterpenic Compounds. Comptes Rendus Chimie, 6 : 473-483.
21. Jaouhari, J. T., Lazrek H. B. and Jana, M. 2000. The Hypoglycemic Activity of Zygophyllum gaetulum Extracts in Alloxan-induced Hyperglycemic Rats. J. Ethnopharmacol., 69: 17-20.
22. Kaya, G. I., Ünver Somer, N., Konyalıoğlu, S., Yalcin, H. T., Nu, K. G. and Bozkurt, B. 2010. Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Ranunculus marginatus Var. Trachycarpus and R. sprunerianus. Turk. J. Biol., 34: 139-146.
23. Kavitha, P. and Richard A. H. 2010. Use of Natural Antimicrobials to Increase Antibiotic Susceptibility of Drug Resistant Bacteria. Int.J. Food Microbiol., 140: 164-168.
24. Keskes, H., Mnafgui, K., Hamden, K., Damak, M., El Feki, A. and Allouche, N. 2014. In vitro Anti-diabetic, Anti Obesity and Anti Oxidant Proprieties of Juniperus phoenicea L. Leaves from Tunisia. Asian Pac. J .Trop Biomed., 4: 4649-655
25. Ksouri-Megdiche, W., Medini, F., Mkadmini, K., Legault, J., Magné, C., Abdelly, C. and Ksouri, R. 2013. LC-ESI-TOF-MS Identification of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites Involved in the Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory and Anticancer Activities of the Edible Halophyte Zygophyllum album. Food Chem., 139: 1073-1080.
26. Madar, Z. 1989. The Effect of Acarbose and Miglitol (Bay-m-1099) on Postprandialglucose Levels Following Ingestion of Various Sources of Starch by Nondiabetic and Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats. Nutrit. Pharm. Toxicol., 119: 2023-2029.
27. Mastelic, J., Jerkovic, I., Blazevic, I., Poljak-Blazi, M., Borovic, S., Ivancic-Bace, I., Smrecki, V., Zarkovic, N., Brcic-Kostic, K., Vikic-Topic, D. and Muller, N. 2008. Comparative Study on the Antioxidant and Biological Activities of Carvacrol, Thymol, and Eugenol Derivatives. J. Agric. Food Chem., 56(11): 3989-3996.
28. McCue, P., Lin, Y. T., Labbe, R. G. and Shetty, K. 2005. Sprouting and Solid-state Bioprocessing by Dietary Fungi Increase the In vitro Antibacterial Activity of Aqueous Soybean Extracts against Helicobacter pylori. Food Biotechnol., 18: 229-249.
29. Meng, X. L., Riordan, N. H., Casciari, J. J., Zhu, Y., Zhong, J., Gonzlez, M. J., Miranda-Massari, J. R. and Riordan H. D. 2002. Effects of a High Molecular Mass Convolvulus arvensis Extract on Tumor Growth and Angiogenesis. PR. Health Sci. J., 21: 323-328.
30. Mnafgui, K., Hamden, K., Ben Salah, H., Kchaou, M., Nasri, M., Slama, S., Derbali, F., Allouche, N. and Elfeki, A. 2012. Inhibitory Activities of Zygophyllum album: A Natural Weight-lowering Plant on Key Enzymes in High-fat Diet-fed Rats. Evid.-Based Compl. Altern. Med., 1-9. Article ID 620384, doi:10.1155/2012/620384.
31. Mnafgui, K., Kaaniche, F., Derbali, A., Hamden, K., Derbali, F., Slama, S., Allouche, N. and Elfeki, A. 2013. Inhibition of Key Enzymes Related to Diabetes and Hypertension by Eugenol In vitro and in Alloxan-induced Diabetic Rats. Arch. Physiol. Biochem., 119: 1-9.
32. Mnafgui, K., Kchaou, M., Hamden, K., Slama, S., Nasri, M., Ben Salah, H., Allouche, N. and Elfeki, A. 2014. Inhibition of Carbohydrate and Lipid Digestive Enzymes Activities by Zygophyllum album Extracts : Effect on Blood and Pancreas Inflammatory Biomarkers in Alloxan-induced Diabetic Rats. J. Physiol. Biochem, 70: 93–106.
33. Nakai, M., Fukui, Y., Asami, S., Toyoda-Ono, Y., Iwashita, T. and Shibata, H. 2005. Inhibitory Effects of Oolong Tea Polyphenols on Pancreatic Lipase In vitro. J. Agric. Food. Chem., 53: 4593-4598.
34. Negi, P. S. 2012. Review Plant Extracts for the Control of Bacterial Growth: Efficacy, Stability and Safety Issues for Food Application. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 156: 7-17.
35. Ono, Y., Hattori, E., Fukaya, Y., Imai, S. and Ohizumi, Y. 2006. Anti-obesity Effect of Nelumbo nucifera Leaves Extract in Mice and Tats. Ethnopharmacol., 106: 238-244.
36. Özkan, A. and Erdoğana, A. 2011. Comparative Evaluation of Antioxidant and Anticancer Activity of Essential Oil from Origanum onites (Lamiaceae) and Its Two Major Phenolic Components. Turk. J. Biol., 35: 735-742.
37. Pérez, C., Agnese A. M. and Cabrera, J. L. 1999. The Essential Oil of Senecio graveolens (Compositae): Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity Tests. J. Ethnopharmacol., 66: 91-96.
38. Prieto, P., Pineda, M. and Aguilar, M. 1999. Spectrophotometric Quantitation of Antioxidant Capacity through the Formation of a Phosphomolybdenum Complex: Specific Application to the Determination of Vitamin E. Anal. Biochem., 269: 337-341.
39. Rajeswara Rao, B. R., Kaul, P. N., Syamasundar, K. V. and Ramesh, S. 2005. Chemical Profiles of Primary and Secondary Essential Oils of Palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii (Rox b.) Wats Var. Motia Burk.). Ind. Crop. Prod., 21: 121-127.
40. Rimbau, V., Cerdan, C., Vila, R. and Iglesias, J. 1999. Anti Inflammatory Activity of Some Extracts from North African Countries (II). Phytother. Res., 3: 128-132.
41. Ruberto, G. and Barata M. T. 2000. Antioxidant Activity of Selected Essential Oil Components in Two Lipid Model Systems. Food Chem., 69: 167-174.
42. Saïdana, D., Mahjoub, S., Boussaada, O., Chriaa, J., Mahjoub, M. A., Chéraif, I., Daami, M., Mighri, Z. and Helal A. N. 2008. Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of the Essential Oils of Two Saltcedar Species from Tunisia. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 85: 817-826.
43. Salmanian, S., Sadeghi Mahoonak, A. R., Alami, M. and Ghorbani, M. 2014. Phenolic Content, Antiradical, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Properties of Hawthorn (Crataegus elbursensis) Seed and Pulp Extract. J. Agr. Sci. Tech., 16: 343-354.
44. Sasmakov, S. A., Putieva, M. Zh., Saatov, Z., Kachala, V. V. and Shashkov, A. S. 2001. Triterpene Glycosides of Zygophyllum eichwaldii CAM. Chem. Nat. Compd., 37: 91-92.
45. Sheahan, M. C. and Chase, M. W. 2000. Phylogenetic Relationships within Zygophyllaceae Based on DNA Sequences of Three Plastid Regions, with Special Emphasis on Zygophylloideae. Syst. Bot., 25: 371-384.
46. Spiegelman, B. M. and Flier, J. S. 2001. Obesity and the Regulation of Energy Balance. Cell., 4: 531-543.
47. Tepe, B., Sokmen, M., Akpulat, H. A. and Sokmen, A. 2006. Screening of the Antioxidant Potentials of Six Salvia Species from Turkey. Food Chem., 95: 200-204.
48. Teuscher, E. 2006. Medicinal Spices. A Handbook of Vulinary Herbs, Spices, Spice Mixtures and Their Essential Oils. Med. pharm. GmbH Sci. Pub. Stuttgart, 29: 1470-1475.
49. Tigrine-Kordjani, N., Meklati, B. Y. and Chemat, F. 2006. Analysis by Gas Chromatography-mass Spectrometry of the Essential Oil of Zygophyllom album L., an Aromatic and Medicinal Plant Growing in Algeria. Int. J. Arom., 16: 187-191.
50. Tigrine-Kordjani, N., Youcef Meklatib, B. and Chemat, F. 2011. Contribution of Microwave Accelerated Distillation in the Extraction of the Essential Oil of Zygophyllum album L. Phytochem. Anal., 22: 1-9.
51. Yildirim, A., Mavi, A. and Kara, A. A. 2001. Determination of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Rumex crispus L. Extracts. J. Agric. Food. Chem., 49: 4083-4089.
52. Yildirim, A., Mavi, A., Oktay, M., Kara, A. A., Algur, O. F. and Bilaloglu, V. 2000. Comparison of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Tilia (Tilia argentea Desf. Ex. DC.), Sage (Salvia triloba L.) and Black Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) Extracts. J. Agric. Food. Chem., 48: 5030-5034.
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
Volume 18, Issue 6
November and December 2016
Pages 1499-1510