Evapotranspiration, Yield Components, and Some Quality Attributes of Subsurface Drip Irrigated Broccoli under Three Soil-water Depletion Levels

Authors
S. Öztekin 1
N. Geboloğlu 2
T. Öztekin 3
1 Middle Black Sea Transition Zone Agricultural Research Station, 60000 Tokat, Turkey.
2 Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Gaziosmanpaşa University, 60240 Tokat, Turkey.
3 Department of Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Gaziosmanpaşa University, 60240 Tokat, Turkey.
Abstract
This experiment aimed to determine evapotranspiration, and responses of some yield and quality parameters of subsurface drip irrigated broccoli (Brassica oleraceae L.). Treatments included water application when available soil moistures were depleted 30, 40, and 50% during both spring and autumn cultivations. Under a semi-arid climatic condition of Tokat, Turkey, the experiment was carried out with a randomized complete block design in clay and clay loam soils during, respectively, 2011 and 2012. The mean measured soil-water depletion levels of 39, 49, and 59% (irrigation treatments) yielded statistically significant results among the seasonal actual evapotranspirations with a range from 210 to 294 mm. The determined crop coefficients (Kc) during the initial growth stage of broccoli for the autumn cultivations did not follow those of standard recommendations. Furthermore, we could not find any statistically significant difference in the yield and quality components among the irrigation treatments, but among the cultivation seasons.

Keywords

1. Allen, R. G., Pereira, L.S., Raes, D. and Smith, M. 1998. Crop Evapotranspiration: Guidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements: Paper No. 56. FAO Irrigation and Drainage, FAO, Rome, Italy.
2. Anonymous. 1960. Irrigation. 15: Trickle Irrigation. 7. In: “USDA-SCS National Engineering Handbook”, USA.
3. AOAC. 1970. Official Methods of Analysis. 11th Edition, Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC, USA.
4. Camp, C.R. 1998. Subsurface Drip Irrigation: A Review. T. ASAE, 41: 1353-1367.
5. Doorenbos, J. and Kassam, A. H. 1979. Yield Response to Water: Paper No. 33. FAO Irrigation and Drainage, FAO, Rome, Italy.
6. Erdem, T., Arın, L., Erdem, Y., Polat, S., Deveci, M., Okursoy, H. and Gültaş, H.T. 2010. Yield and Quality Response of Drip Irrigated Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) under Different Irrigation Regimes, Nitrogen Applications and Cultivation Periods. Agr. Water Manage., 97: 681-688.
7. Freed, R. D., Eisensmith,S. P., Everson, E. H., Webber, M., Paul, E. and Islieb, D. 1988. User’s Guide to MSTAT-C a Software Program for the Design, Management, and Analysis of Agronomic Research Experiment, MSU, USA.
8. Gutezeit, B. 2004. Yield and Nitrogen Balance of Broccoli at Different Soil Noisture Levels. Irri. Sci., 23: 21-27.
9. Howell, T. A., Cuenca, R. H. and Solomon, K. H. 1992. Crop Yield Response. 5. In: “Management of Farm Irrigation Systems”, (Eds.): Hoffman, et al., ASAE, St. Joseph, MI, USA.
10. Kaur, C. and Kapoor, H. C. 2002. Anti-oxidant Activity and Total Phenolic Content of Some Asian Vegetables. Int. J. Food Sci. Tech., 37: 153-161.
11. Klein, B. P. and Perry, A. K. 1982. Ascorbic Acid and Vitamin A Activity in Selected Vegetables from Different Geographical Areas of the United States. J. Food Sci., 47: 941-945.
12. Klute, A. 1986. Methods of Soil Analysis. Part I. “Physical and Mineralogical Properties”. 2nd Edition, ASA-SSSA Agronomy No. 9, Madison, WI.
13. Lopez-Urrea, R., Montoro, A., Lopez-Fuster, P. and Fereres, E. 2009. Evapotranspiration and Responses to Irrigation of Broccoli. Agr. Water Manage., 96: 1155-1161.
14. Lukicheva, E. L. 1968. The Changes in Some Oxidation-reduction Enzymes of Spring Wheat in Drought: English Summary. Tr. Inst. Bot. Akad. Nauk. Azerb. Kaz. SSR, 25: 23-29.
15. Page, A. L., Miller, R. H. and Keeney, D. R. 1982. Methods of Soil Analysis. Part II. “Chemical and Microbiological Properties”. 2nd Edition, ASA-SSSA Agronomy No. 9, Madison, WI.
16. Pruitt, W. O. and Doorenbos, J. 1977. Empirical Calibration: A Requisite for Evapotranspiration Formulae Based on Daily or Longer Mean Climatic Data?. In Proceedings of the International Round Table Conference on “Evapotranspiration”, International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage, Budapest, Hungary, 20 PP.
17. Reich, D., Godin, R., Chavez, J. L. and Broner, I. 2012. Subsurface Drip Irrigation (SDI). Fact Sheet No. 4.716, Colorado State University Extension, 12/01. Available at: www.ext.colostate.edu
18. Sikora, E., Cieslik, E. and Topolska, K. 2008. The Sources of Natural Antioxidants. Acta Sci. Pol. Technol. Aliment., 7: 5-17.
19. Soil Survey Staff. 1999. Keys to Soil Taxonomy. 8th Edition, US Department of Agriculture-Soil Conservation Service, Washington, DC, USA.
20. Thompson, T. L., Doerge, T. A. and Godin, R. E. 2002. Subsurface Drip Irrigation and Fertigation of Broccoli. I. Yield, Quality, and Nitrogen Uptake. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 66: 186-192.
21. Toivonen, P. M. A., Zebarth, B. J. and Bowen, P. A. 1994. Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on Head Size, Vitamin C Content and Storage Life of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. Italica). Can. J. Plant Sci., 74: 607-610.
22. TSMS. 2012. Turkish State Meteorological Service. Available at: http://www.dmi.gov.tr
23. Vallejo, F., Tomas-Barberan, F. and Garcia-Viguera, C. 2003. Health-promoting Compounds in Broccoli as Influenced by Refrigerated Transport and Retail Sale Period. J. Agr. Food Chem., 51: 3029-3034.
24. Vinson, J. A., Hao, Y., Su, X. and Zubik, L. 1998. Phenol Antioxidant Quantity and Quality in Foods: Vegetables. J. Agr. Food Chem., 46: 3630-3634.
25. Yoldas, F., Ceylan, S., Yagmur, B. and Mordogan, N. 2008. Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Yield Quality and Nutrient Content in Broccoli. J. Plant Nutr., 31: 1333-1343.
26. Zaicovski, C. B., Zimmerman, T., Nora, L., Nora, F. R., Silva, J. A. and Rombaldi, C. V. 2008. Water Stress Increases Cytokinin Biosynthesis and Delays Postharvest Yellowing of Broccoli Florets. Postharvest Biol. Tec., 49: 436-439.
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
Volume 17, Issue 4
July and August 2015
Pages 963-976