Response of Durum Wheat to Foliar Application of Varied Sources and Rates of Iron Fertilizers

Authors
J. Razmjoo
H. Ghafari
Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, P. O. Box: 84156-83111, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran.
Abstract
Iron deficiency in soil reduces the quality of durum wheat leading to Fe deficiency in human. Thus, this experiment investigated the effects of foliar application of nano-iron oxide (2 and 4 g L-1), iron chelate (EDTA), (4 and 8 g L-1), iron sulfate (4 and 8 g L-1), and the control on grain yield and quality, yield components, chlorophyll and carotenoids contents, peroxidase (POX), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities of durum wheat D-85-15-5. Iron application increased activities of all leaf enzymes and chlorophyll of leaf, grain protein, iron and carbohydrate contents, grain carbohydrate, protein, iron yields, and grain yield. Iron source had no effects on enzymes activities, but the highest chlorophyll content, grain yield, grain iron (38%) and protein contents (58%), protein, iron, and carbohydrate yields were produced by application of 2 g L-1 of nano-iron oxide followed by 8 g L-1 iron sulfate. Harvest index, 1,000 gain-weight, and chlorophyll, grain yield, grain iron and protein contents, protein, iron, and carbohydrate yields increased. But, these parameters decreased at the higher rate of nano-iron oxide. Application of 2 g L-1 nano-iron oxide was more effective than the other Fe sources and rates, and is suggested for durum wheat production.

Keywords

1. Abbas, G., Khan, M. Q., Khan, M. J., Hussain, F. and Hussai, I. 2009. Effect of Iron on the Growth and Yield Contributing Parameters of Wheat (Triticum a estivum L.). J. Anim. Plant Sci., 19: 135-139.
2. Ali, E.A. 2012. Effect of Iron Nutrient Care Sprayed on Foliage at Different Physiological Growth Stages on Yield and Quality of some Durum Wheat (Triticum durum L.) Varieties in Sandy Soil. Asian. J. Crop Sci., 4: 139-149.
3. Amanullah, M. M., Archana, J., Manoharan, S. and Subramanian, K. S. 2012. Influence of Iron and AM Inoculation on Metabolically Active Iron, Chlorophyll Content and Yield of Hybrid Maize in Calcareous Soil. J. Agron., 11(1): 27-30.
4. Bergmeyer, N. 1970. Method of Enzymatic Analyses. Acad. Verlag. Berl., 1: 636-647.
5. Borowski, E. and Michalek, S. 2011. The Effect of Foliar Fertilization of French Bean with Iron Salts and Urea on some Physiological Processes in Plants Relative to Iron Uptake and Translocation in Leaves. Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum. Cultus., 10(2): 183-193.
6. Bradford, M. M. 1976. A Rapid and Sensitive Method for the Quantitation of Microgram Quantities of Protein Utilizing the Principle of Protein-dye Binding. Anal. Biochem., 72: 248-254.
7. Buyckx, M. 1993. The International Community's Commitment to Combating Micronutrient Deficiencies. Food Nutr. Agar., 7: 2-7.
8. Cakmak, I. 2008. Enrichment of Cereal Grains with Zinc: Agronomic or Genetic Biofortification? Plant Soil, 302: 1-17.
9. Fernandez, V., Orera, I., Abadia, J. and Abadia, A. 2009. Foliar Iron-fertilization of Fruit Trees: Present Knowledge and Future Perspectives. J. Hort. Sci. Bio., 84: 1-6.
10. Ghodsi, A., Astaraei, A. L., Emami, H. and Mirzapour, M. H. 2012. Effect of Nano-iron Oxide Powder and Urban Solid Waste Compost Coated Sulfur on Sunflower Yield and Yield Components in Saline-sodic Soil. Environ. Sci., 9(3): 111-118.
11. Ghorbani, S., Khiabani, B. N., Amini, I., Ardakani, M. R., Pirdashti, H. and Moakhar, S. R. 2009. Effect of Iron and Zinc on Yield and Components of Mutant Line, Wheat. Asian. J. Bio. Sci., 2: 74-80.
12. Habib, M., 2009. Effect of Foliar Application of Zn and Fe on Wheat Yield and Quality. Afr. J, Biotechnol., 8: 6795-6798.
13. Herzog, V. and Fahimi, H. 1973. Determination of Activity of Proxidase. Anal. Biochem., 55: 554-562.
14. Joseph, T. and Morrisson, M. 2006. Nanotechnology in Agriculture and Food. http://nanoforum.org
15. Kampfenkle, K., Montagu, M. V. and Inze, D. 1995. Effect of Iron Excess on Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Plants. Plant Physiol., 107: 725-735.
16. Lemonse-Silva, C. F., Kothe Milach, S. C., Anjos-e Silva, S. D. and Montero, C. R. 2008. Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) to Assess Protein and Lipid Contents in (Avena sativa L.). Crop Breed. Appl. Bio., 8: 127-133.
17. Lichtenthaler, H. K., 1994. Chlorophylls and Carotenoids Pigments of Photosynthetic. Methods Enzymol., 148: 350-382.
18. Liscano, J. F., Wilson, C. E., Norman-Jr, R. J. and Slaton, N. A. 2000. Zinc Availability to Rice from Seven Granular Fertilizers. AAES Res. Bull., 963: 1-31.
19. Liu, X. M., Zhang, F. D., Zhang, S. Q., He, X. S., Fang, R., Feng, Z. and Wang, Y. 2005. Effects of Nano-ferric Oxide on the Growth and Nutrients Absorption of Peanut. Plant Nutr. Fert. Sci., 11: 14-18.
20. Matsuo, R. R., Dexter, J. E. and MacGregor, A. W. 1982. Effect of Sprout Damage Durum Wheat and Spaghetti Quality. Cereal Chem., 59: 468-472.
21. Matsuo, R. R. 1996. Durum Wheat: Its Unique Pasta-making Properties. In: “Wheat production, properties and quality” (Eds): Bushuk, W. and Rasper, V. F., Chapman and Hall. London. PP. 169-178.
22. Mazaherinia, S., Astaraei, A. R, Fotovat, A. and Monshi, A. 2010. Nano-iron Oxide Particles Efficiency on Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu Concentrations in Wheat Plant. World Appl. Sci. J., 7: 36-40.
23. McGuire, J. 1993. Addressing Micronutrient Malnutrition. SCN News, 9: 1-10.
24. Monsef Afshar, R., Hadi, H. and Pirzad, A. 2012. Effect of Nano-iron Foliar Application on Qualitative and Quantitative Characteristics of Cowpea, under end Season Drought Stress. Intl. Res. J. Appl. Basic Sci., 3(8): 1709-1717.
25. Nakano, Y. and Asada, K. 1981. Hydrogen Proxide is Scavenged by Ascorbate-Specific Proxidase in Spinach Chloroplasts. Plant Cell Physiol., 22: 867-880.
26. Narimani, H., Rahimi, M. M., Ahmadikhan, A. and Vaezi, B. 2010. Study on the Effects of Foliar Spray of Micronutrient on Yield and Yield Components of Durum Wheat. Appl. Sci. Res., 2(6): 168-176.
27. Nestel, P. and Nalubola. R. 2000. Manual for wheat flour fortification with iron (Part 1) Guidelines for the development, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of a program for wheat flour fortification with iron. http://www.mostproject.org.
28. Prasad, T. N. V., Sudhakar, P., Sreenivasulu, Y., Latha, P., Munaswamy, V., Raja-Reddy, K., Sreeprasad, T. S., Sajanlal, P. R. and Pradeep, T. 2012. Effect of Nanoscale Zinc Oxide Particles on the Germination, Growth and Yield of Peanut. J. Plant Nutr., 35: 905-927.
29. SAS Institute., 2002. The SAS System for Windows: Released 9.1. SAS Inst. Cary, NC.
30. Schonherr, J., Fernández, V. and Schreiber, L. 2005. Rates of Cuticular Penetration of Chelated Fe(III): Role of Humidity, Concentration, Adjuvants, Temperature and Type of Chelate. J. Agri. Food Chem., 53: 4484-4492.
31. Sheykhbaglou, R., Sedghi, M., Tajbakhsh Shishevan, M. and Sharifi, S. R. 2010. Effects of Nano-iron Oxide Particles on Agronomic Traits of Soybean. NotulaeSci. Bio., 2: 112-113.
32. Sissons, M. 2008. Role of Durum Wheat Composition on the Quality of Pasta and Bread. Food Global Sci. Book, 2(2): 75-90.
33. Vansuyt, G., Lopez, F., UGent, D. I. and Briat, J. F. 1997. Iron Triggers a Rapid Induction of Ascorbate Peroxidase Gene Expression in Brassica napus. Febs Lett., 410: 195-200.
34. Welch, R. M. and Graham, R. D. 2002. Breeding Crops for Enhanced Micronutrient Content. Plant Soil, 245: 205-214.
35. Yip, P. 1997. Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Degree of Master of Arts. MSc. Thesis, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
36. Zeidan, M. S, Manal, F. and Hamouda, H. A. 2010. Effect of Foliar Fertilization of Fe, Mn and Zn on Wheat Yield and Quality in Low Sandy Soils Fertility. World J. Agric. Sci., 6: 696-699.
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
Volume 17, Issue 2
March and April 2015
Pages 321-331