Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Tobacco Seed Oil and its Comparison with Solvent Extraction Methods

Authors
1 Department of Chemistry, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
2 Department of Food Science and Technology, Tarbiat Modares University, P. O. Box: 14115-336, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
3 Department of Agronomy, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
Abstract
Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is an important industrial crop and its seeds contain significant amounts of oil. The extraction of oil components using solvent at high pressure, or supercritical fluid (SCF), has received much attention. In the present study, statistical analyses showed that the average extraction yield of seed oil of five tobacco varieties using SFE was 9.33%, which was higher than Sonication (7.75%) and DGF (Deutsche Gesellschaft f_r Fettwissenschaft) standard method B-I5(87) (8.48%), but lower than Soxhlet (13.72%). Also, fatty acids profile of each extracted oil was determined by gas chromatography. Various saturated and unsaturated fatty acids such as lauric (C12:0), myristic (C14:0), palmitic (C16:0), palmitoleic (C16:1), stearic (C18:0), oleic (C18:1), linoleic (C18:2), linolenic (C18:3) and eicosanoic (C20:0) acids were observed in the extracted oils.

Keywords


1. Antolin, G., Tinaut, F. V., Briceno, Y., Castano, V., Perez, C. and Ramirez, A. I. 2002. Optimization of Biodiesel Production by Sunflower Oil Transestrification. Bioresour. Technol., 83: 111-114.
2. Baydar, H. and Turgut, I. 1999. Variations of Fatty Acid Composition According to Some Morphological and Physiological Properties and Ecological Regions in Oilseed Plants. Turk. J. Agric. Foresty, 23: 81-86.
3. Bergeron, C., Gafner, S., Clausen, E. and Carrier, D. 2005. Comparison of the Chemical Composition of Extracts from Scutellaria iateriflora Using Accelerated Solvent Extraction and Supercritical Fluid Extraction Versus Standard Hot Water or 70% Ethanol Extraction. J. Agric. Food. Chem., 53: 3076-3080.
4. Bernardo, G., Antunes, P. and Empis, J. 2001. Extraction of Lipids from Cherry Seed Oil Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Eur. Food Res. Technol., 212: 170-174.
5. Bernardo, M. G., Grenha, J., Santos, J. and Cardoso, P. 2002. Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Characterization of Oil from Hazelnut. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol., 104: 402-409.
6. Bravi, M., Bubbico, R., Manna, F., Manna, F. and Verdone, N. 2002. Process Optimization in Sunflower Oil Extraction by Supercritical CO2. Chem. Eng. Sci., 57: 2753-2764.
7. Cao, X. and Ito, Y. 2003. Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Grape Seed Oil and Subsequent Separation of Free Fatty Acids by High-speed Counter-current Chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A, 1021: 117-124.
8. Chemat, F., Grondin, I., Shum Cheong Singh, A. and Smadja, J. 2004. Deterioration of Edible Oils during Processing by Ultrasound. Ultrason Sonochem., 11: 13-15.
9. De Castro, M. D. L., Variance, M. and Tena, M. T. 1994. Analytical Supercritical Fluid Extraction, Springer, Berlin.
10. Deng, B., Lu, J. And Yan, J. 1998. Separation of Alcohol-soluble Proteins from Tobacco Seeds by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis. J. Chromatogr. A, 803: 321-327.
11. Ogunniyi, D. S. and Odetoye, T. E. 2008. Preparation and Evaluation of Tobacco Seed Oil-modified Alkyd Resins. Bioresource Technol., 99: 1300-1304.
12. Eshetu, B. 2005. Nicotiana tabacum L. Seed Oil. http://ipp.boku.ac.at/pz/oilseed/eshetu.html
13. Giannelos, P. N., Zannikos, F., Stournas, S., Lois, E., and Anastopoulos, G. 2002. Tobacco Seed Oil as an Alternative Diesel Fuel: Physical and Chemical Properties. Ind. Crops Prod., 16: 1-9.
14. Hajimahmoodi, M., Heyden, Y. V., Sadeghi, N., Jannat, B., Oveisi, M. R. and Shabazian, S. 2005. Gas-chromatographic Fatty-acid Fingerprints and Partial Least Squares Modeling as a Basis for the Simultaneous Determination of Edible Oil Mixtures. Talanta, 66: 1108-1116.
15. Illes, V., Daood, H. G., Perneczki, S., Szokonya, L., and Then, M. 2000. Extraction of Coriander Seed Oil by CO2 and Propane at Super and Subcritical Conditions. J. Supercrit. Fluids, 17: 177-186.
16. Khajeh, M., Yamini, Y., Sefidkon, F., and Bahramifar, N. 2004. Comparison of Essential Oil Composition of Carum copticum Obtained by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction and Hydrodistillation Methods. Food Chem., 86: 587-591.
17. Lang, Q. and Wai, C. M. 2001. Supercritical Fluid Extraction in Herbal and Natural Product Studies: A Practical Review. Talanta, 53: 771-782.
18. Li, H., Pordesimo, L. and Weiss, J. 2004. High Intensity Ultrasound-assisted Extraction of Oil from Soybeans. Food Res Int., 37: 731-738.
19. Matthaus, B. and Bruhl, L. 1999. Comparison of a Supercritical Fluid Extraction Method for the Extraction of Oilseeds with the DGF Standard Method B-I 5(87). Fett-Lipid, 101: 203-206.
20. Metcalf, L. D., Schmitz, A. A., and Pelka, J. R. 1966. Rapid Preparation of Fatty Acid Esters from Lipids for Gas Chromatographic Analysis. Anal. Chem., 38: 514-515.
21. Papamichail, I., Louli, V. and Magoulas, K. 2000. Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Celery Seed Oil. J. Supercrit. Fluids, 18: 213-226.
22. Pourmortazavi, S. M., Ghadiri, M. and Hajimirsadeghi, S.S. 2005. Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Volatile Components from Bunium persicum Boiss. (Black Cumin) and Mespilus germanica L. (Medlar) Seeds. J. Food Compos. Anal., 18: 439-446.
23. Rajaei, A., Barzegar, M. and Yamini, Y. 2005. Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Tea Seed Oil and Its Comparison with Solvent Extraction. Eur. Food Res. Technol., 220: 401-405.
24. Roy, R. K. 1990. A Primer on the Taguchi Method. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
25. Stanisavljevic, I. T., Velickovic, D. T., Todorovic, Z. B., Lazic, M. L. and Veljkovic, V. B. 2009. Comparison of Techniques for the Extraction of Tobacco Seed Oil. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol., 111: 513-518.
26. Usta, N. 2005a. An Experimental Study on Performance and Exhaust Emissions of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Tobacco Seed Oil Methyl Ester. Energy Conver. Manag., 46: 2373-2386.
27. Usta, N. 2005b. Use of Tobacco Seed Oil Methyl Ester in a Turbocharged Indirect Injection Diesel Engine. Biomass Bioenergy, 28: 77-86.
28. Yermanos, D. M., Hemstreet, S. and Saleeb, W. 1972. Extraction of Oil Samples from Seed with Little Impairment of Viability. J. Agric. Food. Chem., 20: 1085-1086.
29. Yin, J., Wang, A., Wei, W., Liu, Y. and Shi, W. 2005. Analysis of the Operation Conditions for Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Seed Oil. Sep. Purif. Technol., 43: 163-167.