Effect of Biochar Amendment and Irrigation Treatments on Biochemical Attributes and Morphological Criteria of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Using Central Composite Design

Document Type : Original Research

Authors
A. Noroozi 1
P. Rezvani Moghaddam 1
M. Hashemian 2
S. Khorramdel 1
1 Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P. O. Box: 91779 48974, Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran.
2 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran.
10.22034/jast.25.3.535
Abstract
Three different levels of biochar addition in soil (0, 1, 2 kg m-2) and simultaneous irrigation treatments (50, 85, and 120% of crop Evapotranspiration (ETc)) were applied to basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) for two consecutive years (2018 and 2019). Central Composite Design (CCD) was used as an experimental optimization method, and 13 given experiments were carried out. The study was performed at the research farm of the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. The effects of these treatments were evaluated on biochemical attributes (total chlorophyll, total phenol, and total soluble carbohydrates) and morphological criteria (biological yield, height, seed yield, and harvest index). Then, all the results were statistically analyzed. The results revealed that biochar amendment in the soil decreased all examined biochemical characteristics. Meanwhile, biochar in the soil strengthened the morphological properties of the basil plant. Also, the basil plant significantly responded to the amount of irrigation levels. High levels of water treatments reduced total phenol and total soluble carbohydrates and raised all other measured factors. Statistical analysis shows no significant relationship between 2-way-interaction (biochar×irrigation) and measured factors, except total soluble carbohydrates.

Keywords

Subjects

Ainsworth E. A., K. M. Gillespie (2007). "Estimation of total phenolic content and other oxidation substrates in plant tissues using Folin–Ciocalteu reagent." Nat. Protoc. 2(4):875-877.
Al-Huqail A., R. M. El-Dakak, et al. (2020). "Effects of Climate Temperature and Water Stress on Plant Growth and Accumulation of Antioxidant Compounds in Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) Leafy Vegetable." Scientifica. 2020. 3808909.
Al Abbasy D. W., N. Pathare, et al. (2015). Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oil isolated from Omani basil (Ocimum basilicum Linn.)." Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis. 5(8): 645-649.
Allakhverdiev S. I., H. Hayashi, et al. (2003). "Glycinebetaine protects the D1/D2/Cytb559 complex of photosystem II against photo-induced and heat-induced inactivation." J. Plant Physiol. 160(1): 41-49.
Allen R. G., L. S. Pereira, et al. (1998). "Crop evapotranspiration-Guidelines for computing crop water requirements-FAO Irrigation and drainage paper 56." Fao, Rome 300(9): D05109.
Aslan N. (2007). "Application of response surface methodology and central composite rotatable design for modeling the influence of some operating variables of a Multi-Gravity Separator for coal cleaning." Fuel 86(5-6): 769-776.
Bekhradi F., M. Luna, et al. (2015). "Effect of deficit irrigation on the postharvest quality of different genotypes of basil including purple and green Iranian cultivars and a Genovese variety." Postharvest Biol. Technol. 100: 127-135.
Caliskan O., D. Kurt, et al. (2017). "Effect of salt stress and irrigation water on growth and development of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)." Open Agric. J. 2(1): 589-594.
Chrysargyris A., M. Prasad, Et al. (2020). "Biochar type, ratio, and nutrient levels in growing media affects seedling production and plant performance." J. Agron. 10(9): 1421.
Chung I. M., J. J. Kim, et al. (2006). "Comparison of resveratrol, SOD activity, phenolic compounds and free amino acids in Rehmannia glutinosa under temperature and water stress." Environ. Exp. Bot. 56(1): 44-53.
Dickson R. W., , P. R. Fisher, et al. (2016). "Evaluating calibrachoa (Calibrachoa× hybrida Cerv.) genotype sensitivity to iron deficiency at high substrate pH." HortScience. 51(12): 1452-1457.
Ding Z., , Z. Zhou, et al. (2020). "Biochar impacts on NH3-volatilization kinetics and growth of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) under saline conditions." Ind. Crops. Prod. 157: 112903.
Ebrahimi M., M.K. Souri, et al. (2021). Biochar and vermicompost improve growth and physiological traits of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) under deficit irrigation. Chem. Biol. Technol. Agric. 8(1): 1-14.
Ebrahimi M., A. Mousavi, et al. (2021). Can vermicompost and biochar control Meloidogyne javanica on eggplant?. J. Nematol.1(aop): 1-12.
Ekren S., Ç. Sönmez, et al. (2012). "The effect of different irrigation water levels on yield and quality characteristics of purple basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)." Agric. Water Manag. 109: 155-161.
Foereid B. (2015) Biochar in nutrient recycling—the effect and its use in wastewater treatment. Open J. Soil Sci. 5(02):39.
Gomez L., E. Rubio, et al. (2002). "A new procedure for extraction and measurement of soluble sugars in ligneous plants." J. Sci. Food Agric. 82(4): 360-369.
Hsiao T. C. (1973). "Plant responses to water stress." Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 24(1): 519-570.
Huang L., M. Gu, et al. (2020). "Biochar and Vermicompost Amendments Affect Substrate Properties and Plant Growth of Basil and Tomato." J. Agron. 10(2): 224.
Izadiyan P. and B. Hemmateenejad (2016). "Multi-response optimization of factors affecting ultrasonic assisted extraction from Iranian basil using central composite design." Food Chem. 190: 864-870.
Jame L. G. (1988). Principles of farm irrigation systems design. John Wiley and Sons Limited, Chichester.
Kim H.-S., K.-R. Kim, et al. (2015). "Effect of biochar on heavy metal immobilization and uptake by lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) in agricultural soil." Environ. Earth Sci. 74(2): 1249-1259.
Lai Q.-x., Z.-y. Bao, et al. (2007). "Effects of osmotic stress on antioxidant enzymes activities in leaf discs of P SAG12-IPT modified gerbera." J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B 8(7): 458-464.
Lattanzio V., , P. A. Kroon, et al. (2008). Plant phenolics—secondary metabolites with diverse functions. Recent advances in polyphenol research. Oxford, U.K. ; Ames, Iowa : Wiley-Blackwell, ©2008. 1: 1-35.
Lehmann J., J. Gaunt et al. (2006). "Bio-char sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems–a review." Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. Glob. Chang. 11(2): 403-427.
Leng, L., H. Huang, et al. (2019). "Biochar stability assessment methods: a review." Sci. Total Environ. 647: 210-222.
Manukyan, A. (2011). "Effect of growing factors on productivity and quality of lemon catmint, lemon balm and sage under soilless greenhouse production: I. Drought stress." Open Access J. Medicinal Aromat. Plants 5(2): 119-125.
Nair, A. and B. Carpenter (2016). "Biochar rate and transplant tray cell number have implications on pepper growth during transplant production." Horttechnology 26(6): 713-719.
Nobile, C., J. Denier and et al. (2020). "Linking biochar properties to the biomass of basil, lettuce, and pansy cultivated in growing media." Sci. Hortic. 261: 109001.
Pandey, V., A. Patel et al. (2016). "Biochar ameliorates crop productivity, soil fertility, essential oil yield and aroma profiling in basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)." Ecol. Eng. 90: 361-366.
Pandit, N. R., J. Mulder, et al. (2018). "Multi-year double-cropping biochar field trials in Nepal: Finding the optimal biochar dose through agronomic trials and cost-benefit analysis." Sci. Total Environ. 637: 1333-1341.
Pérez-López, U., C. Pinzino, et al. (2014). "Phenolic Composition and Related Antioxidant Properties in Differently Colored Lettuces: A Study by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Kinetics." J. Agric. Food Chem. 62(49): 12001-12007.
Pirbalouti, A. G., F. Malekpoor, et al. (2017). "Exogenous application of chitosan on biochemical and physiological characteristics, phenolic content and antioxidant activity of two species of basil (Ocimum ciliatum and Ocimum basilicum) under reduced irrigation." Sci. Hortic. 217: 114-122.
Purushothaman, B., R. Prasanna Srinivasan, et al. (2018). "A comprehensive review on Ocimum basilicum." J. Nat. Remedies 18(3): 71-85.
Singh, Y., H. S. Jat et al. (2021). Chapter 15 - Wheat productivity enhancement through climate smart practices. Improving Cereal Productivity Through Climate Smart Practices. S. Sareen, P. Sharma, C. Singh et al., Woodhead Publishing: 255-268.
Sohi, S., E. Lopez-Capel, et al. (2009). "Biochar, climate change and soil: A review to guide future research." CSIRO Land and Water Science Report 5(09): 17-31.
Şükran, D., T. Güneş et al. (1998). "Spectrophotometric determination of chlorophyll-A, B and total carotenoid contents of some algae species using different solvents." Turk. J. Bot. 22(1): 13-18.
Sun, Z., E. W. Bruun, et al. (2014). "Effect of biochar on aerobic processes, enzyme activity, and crop yields in two sandy loam soils." Biol. Fertil. Soils 50(7): 1087-1097.
Unkovich, M., J. Baldock et al. (2010). Chapter 5 - Variability in Harvest Index of Grain Crops and Potential Significance for Carbon Accounting: Examples from Australian Agriculture. Advances in Agronomy. Academic Press. 105: 173-219.
Wang, J., X. Pan, et al. (2012). "Effects of biochar amendment in two soils on greenhouse gas emissions and crop production." Plant Soil. 360(1-2): 287-298.
Zhang, X., H. Wang, et al. (2013). "Using biochar for remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals and organic pollutants." Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 20(12): 8472-8483.
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
Volume 25, Issue 3
May and June 2023
Pages 535-550