Study of the Structure of Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) Flowers

Document Type : Original Research

Author
S. Basay
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bursa Uludag, 16059 Gorukle, Bursa, Turkey.
Abstract
This study reports the arrangement of the flower head and the structure of the floral organs of the artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) cultivar ‘Bayrampaşa’, which is a very popular variety in Turkey. The structure of flower of this cultivar was investigated under a stereomicroscope, light microscope, and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Additionally, the flower development stages were examined. The flower heads contain multiple flowers attached to a single receptacle. The flowers on the flower head are arranged in the form of a disc. The maturation of the flowers starts from the outer part of the head and continues towards the center. The number of flowers per head was determined to be 800-1200. The flowers exhibited hermaphroditism, and one flower was found to have five rudimentary petals, five stamens, and one pistil. The ovary was the inferior type. The style was of the closed type and was very long. The stigma was very long and had two portions, with one portion shorter than the other. The stamen had one theca with two lobes. The pollen was lifted up and distributed at the outer sides of the stigma, which is the secondary pollen presentation system. The pollen grains of this cultivar were circular in shape and trizonocolporate. The pollen surface was echinate with spin projections. The pollen grain length was 54.33 µm and the spin length was 5 µm in the examined cultivar. The different stages of flower development were seen in the flower head. The flowers were divided into four different stages of development and they have Measuremented in these stage.

Keywords

Subjects

Allen, A.M, Thorogood, C.J., Hegarty, M.J., Lexer, C. and Hiscock, S.J. 2011. Pollen–pistil interactions and self-incompatibility in the Asteraceae: new insights from studies of Senecio squalidus (Oxford ragwort). Annals of Botany 108: 687–698.
Baggio, M.I, Palla, F., Boscardin, D.S., Mantovani, N., Grando, M.F., Augustin, L., Suzin, M., Donida, B., Lombardo, S. and Mauromicale, G. 2011. Floral biology of globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus) 'Nobre-UPF', a Brazilian cultivar, Acta Horticulturae, (942), 297- 302.
Başay, S. and Tokuşoglu, O. 2013. The proximate composition and quality characteristics in artichoke (Cynara Scolymus L.) varieties developed with clonal selection. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment 11: 584-587.
Bekheet, S. and Sota, V. 2019. Bıodıversıty And Medıcınal Uses Of Globe Artıchoke (Cynara Scolymus L.) Plant. J. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 5(1).
Bello, A., Alvarez, I., Torice, R. and Fuertes-Aguilar, J. 2013. Floral development and evolution of capitulum structure in Anacyclus (Anthemideae, Asteraceae). Annals of Botany 112: 1597–1612.
Dawa, K.K., El-Saady, W.M., El-Denary, M. and Abo-Elglagel, I. M. 2018. In Vıtro Mıcropropagatıon Of Globe Artıchoke Plant (Cynara Scolymus L.): 1-Effect Of Sodıum Hypochlorıte Concentratıons, Cytokınıns And Subcultures Number On Shoots Multıplıcatıon Rate. J. Plant Production, Mansoura Univ., Vol. 3 (7): 2237 - 2248, 2012.
Duistermaat, H. 1996. Monograph of Arctium L. (Asteraceae): generic delimitation (including Cousinia Cass. p.p.), revision of the species, pollen morphology, and hybrids. Rijksherbarium/Hortus Botanicus, Leiden University, s.143.
Duarte, P., Figueiredo, R., Pereira, S. and Pissarra, J. 2006. Structural characterization of the stigma-style complex of Cynara cardunculus (Asteraceae) and immunolocalization of cardosins A and B during floral development. Can. J. Bot. 84: 737–749.
Ekbiç, E. 2005. Sakız Enginar Çeşidinde Meydana Gelen Dönüşüm Üzerinde Araştırmalar. Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. (Doktora Tezi) s.96.
El Sohaimy, S.A. 2014. Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potential of Artichoke. The Open Nutraceuticals Journal, 2014, 7, 15-20.
Erbar,, C. and Leins, P. 2015. Diversity of styles and mechanisms of secondary pollen presentation in basal Asteraceae—New insights in phylogeny and function. Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants Volume 217, November 2015, Pages 109-130
Eşiyok, D. 2018. Enginar Yetiştiriciliği ve Enginar Çeşitleri.12-27s. "Enginar Kalbi Olan Lezzet ve Sağlık Sebzesi" İzmir Ticaret Borsası. Yayın No: 97. Tükelmat A.Ş. Çınarlı-Konak/İzmir. Eds: D. Esiyok, E. Akçiçek, B. Öztürk
Falco, B., Incerti, G., Amato, M. and Lanzotti, V. 2015. Artichoke: botanical, agronomical, phytochemical, and pharmacological overview. Phytochemistry Reviews 14(6).
FAOSTAT 2020. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Janick, J. 1994. Plant Breeding Reviews. Purdue University. John Willey&Sons,Inc. 605Third Avenue, Newyork.
Keleş, D. and Eti, S. 2005. Sakız Enginar Çeşidinde (Cynara scolymus L.) Döllenme Biyolojisi ve Kendileme Yoluyla Tohum Elde Edilmesi. Alatarım, 4 (2): 18-26.
Ki Hong, J., Kim, J.A., Kim, J., Kim, J.S., Lee, S.I., Koo, B.S. and Lee, Y.H. 2012. overexpression of Brassica rapa shı-related sequence genes suppresses growth and development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biotechnol Lett 34;1561-1569.
Lo Bianco, C., Saccardo, F., Olimpieri, I., Mazzucato, A. and Crinò, P. 2012. Floral Biology in Male Sterile Clones of Globe Artichoke [Cynara cardunculus subsp. scolymus (L.) Hegi]. Acta horticulturae, January 2012.
Macua, J.I, Lahoz, I. and Santos, A. 2000. Agronomic and qualitative influence of different artichoke cultivars in sucker fields with one-year and multi-year crops. IV International Congres on Artichoke, October 17-21. Valenzano- Bari, Italy, 2000. Abstract.
Mert, C. (2010). Anther and Pollen Morphology and Anatomy in Walnut (Juglans regia L.). Hortscıence 45(5):757–760.
Mert, C. 2012. Studies on the Structure of Flowers and Inflorescences of Cornelian Cherry (Cornus mas L.). Not Bot Horti Agrobo, 40(2): 53-57.
Negro, D., Montesano, V., Grıeco, S., Crupı, P., Sarlı, G., De Lısı, A. and Sonnante, G. 2012. Polyphenol compounds in artichoke plant tissues and varieties. J. Food Sci., 77, 244–252.
Nouraei, S., Rahimmalek, M. and Saeidi, G. 2016. Study of self-pollination and capitula characteristics in globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus Hayek L.) under different irrigation regimes. 6th International Symposium Breeding Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, BREEDMAP 6, Quedlinburg, Germany, June 19-23.
Pádua Teixeira, S., Marina F.B. Costa, J. P. Basso-Alves, F. Kjellberg, Rodrigo A.S. Pereira. 2018. Morphological diversity and function of the stigma in Ficus species (Moraceae). Acta Oecologica, Elsevier, 2018, 90, pp.117-131. ff10.1016/j.actao.2018.02.008ff. ffhal-02333104f
Pagnotta, M.A. 2010. Genetic resources of Cynara spp. an AGR GEN RES European Project CYNARES, Kew Bulletin, 65(4), 555-560.
Pérez-Esteve, E., Salata, A., Barat, JM., Stepniowska, A., López-Galarza, S., Nurzyńska-Wierdak and R. 2018. Polyphenolıc Composıtıon Of Spanısh Cultıvars Of Globe Artıchoke (Cynara cardunculus L. var. Scolymus (L.) Fiori). Acta Sci. Pol. Hortorum Cultus, 17(2) 2018, 177–184.
Rossi, V. and De Paoli, G. 1992. Micropropagation of Artichoke (Cynara scolymus). In: Bajaj Y.P.S. (eds) High-Tech and Micropropagation III. Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry, vol 19. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Ryder, E.J., Devos, N.E. and Barı, M.A. 1983. The Globe Artichoke (Cynara Scolymus L.). Hortscience, Vol. 18(5): 646-653.
Salata, A. and Gruszecki, R. 2010. The Quantıtatıve Analysıs Of Polıphenolıc Compounds In Dıfferent Parts Of The Artıchoke (Cynara Scolymus L.) Dependıng On Growth Stage Of Plants. Acta Sci. Pol., Hortorum Cultus 9(3) 2010, 175-181.
Sałata, A., Gruszecki, R. and Dyduch, J. 2013. The Effect Of Gıbberellıc Acıd Ga3 On Morphologıcal Features Of Artıchoke (Cynara Scolymus L.). Modern Phytomorphology 4: 87–90.
Salem, M.B., Ksouda, K., Dhouibi, R., Charfi, S., Turki, M., Hammami, S. Ayedi, F., Sahnoun, Z., Zeghal, K.M. and Affes, H. 2019. LC-MS/MS Analysis and Hepatoprotective Activity of Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) Leaves Extract against High Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in Rats. Hindawi BioMed Research International Volume 2019, Article ID 4851279, 12 pages.
Sekara, A., Kalisz, A., Gruszecki, R., Grabowska, A. and Kunicki, E. 2015. Globe artichoke–a vegetable, herb and ornamental of value in central Europe. J. Hortic. Sci. Biotech., 90, 365–374.
Shipunov, A. 2018. Introduction to Botany. December 7, 2018 version. 184 pp.
Süslü, İ., Pehlivan, S., Ekni, M. and Şenel, E. 2010. Türkiye’nin Çeşitli Ballarına Kaynak Oluşturan Composıtae (Asteraceae) Familyasında Inula Türlerinin Polen Morfolojilerine İstatistiksel Bir Yaklaşım. Tübav Bilim 3(2) 2010 182-187.
Tekdal, A. 2018. Bazı Yerli Enginar Çeşitlerinin Döllenme Biyolojileri ve Tohum Verimleri Üzerine Araştırmalar. Ege Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). s.86.
Tuik 2020. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. http://www.tuik.gov.tr
Yıldırım, A., Başay, S. and Türker, A.U. 2020. A Comparison Of Organically And Conventionally Grown Artichokes: Phenolic Constituents, Antioxidant And Antibacterial Activities. Acta Alimentaria. Vol.1
Zeipiņa. S., Alsiņa, I. and Lepse, L. 2015. Influence Of Agroecologıcal Factors On Artıchoke Yıeld And Qualıty: Revıew. Research For Rural Dev Elopmen T 2015, Volume 1.
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
Volume 24, Issue 4
July and August 2022
Pages 913-924