Identification of Antifungal Compounds from Solanum torvum Against Post Harvest Anthracnose of Banana

Document Type : Original Research

Authors
G. Jadesha
P. Velappagounder
Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore - 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India.
Abstract
The fungitoxic effect of 25 botanicals belonging to 17 different families was evaluated against Colletotrichum musae (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Arx causing banana anthracnose disease. Among all, Solanum torvum showed the maximum antifungal activity followed by the Allium sativum × Allium cepa (Zimmu) and Adenocalymma alliaceum. Post-harvest treatment of banana fruits with leaf extracts of S. torvum, zimmu, and A. alliaceum in room and cold storage condition significantly reduced the disease incidence and also de novo synthesis of defense related Peroxidase (PO) and PolyPhenol Oxidase (PPO) compounds. Of all the leaf extracts, S. torvum showed the least incidence of disease with highest activity of defense related compounds. An attempt was made to identify the antifungal compounds through chromatographic techniques like TLC and RP-HPLC. Different leaf extracts of S. torvum were obtained using different solvents and evaluated fungitoxic effect against the pathogen in vitro. Acetone was found the best in extracting the bioactive antifungal compounds from S. torvum. Further TLC analysis showed the presence of phenolic compound and development of blue spot at Rf 0.65 and eluted purified blue spot exhibited a maximum inhibition of the pathogen in vitro. The presence of syringic acid was evident from the RP-HPLC analysis. The results seem to be the new report for the presence of phenolic compounds in the leaf extract of S. torvum. The botanical Solanum torvum could be used as botanical fungicide, as an alternative to synthetic fungicides to manage the disease effectively.

Keywords

1. Akila, R., Rajendran, L., Harish, S., Saveetha, K., Raguchander, T., Samiyappan, R., 2011. Combined application of botanical formulations and biocontrol agents for the management of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) causing Fusarium wilt in banana. Biol. Control., 57: 175-183.
2. Anamika, Simon, S., 2011. Inhibitory effect of botanical extracts against Alternaria alternata of Aloe Vera dry rot. Arch. Phytopathol. Plant Prot., 44(15): 1462-1466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2010.505784
3. Anand, T., Bhaskaran, R., Raguchander, T., Samiyappan, R., Prakasam V., Gopalakrishnan, C., 2009. Defense responses of chilli fruits to Colletotrichum capsici and Alternaria alternate. Biol. Plantarum., 53(3): 553-559.
4. Aswini, D., Prabakar, K., Rajendran, L., Karthikeyan, G., Raguchander, T., 2010. Efficacy of new EC formulation derived from garlic creeper (Adenocalymma alliaceum Miers.) against anthracnose and stem end rot diseases of mango. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 26: 1107–1116.
5. Bautista-Banos, S., Barrera-Necha, L. L., Bravo-Luna, L., Bermud ez-Torres, K., 2002. Antifungal activity of leaf and stem extract from various plant species on the incidence of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides of papaya and mango fruit after storage. Mex. J. Phytopathol., 20(1): 8-12.
6. Bus, V. G., Bongers, A. J., Risse, L. A., 1991. Penicillum italicum resistance to benomyl, thiabenazole and imazalil on citrus fruit from different geographic origins. Plant Dis, 75: 1098-1100.
7. de Lapeyre de Bellaire, L., Chilin-Charles, Y., 2008. A laboratory method to evaluate the sensitivity of Colletotrichum musae to postharvest fungicides. Fruits, 63: 263-266.
8. Droby , S., 2006. Improving quality and safety of fresh fruits and vegetables after harvest and the use of biological control and natural materials. Acta Hortic., 709: 45-51.
9. Eckert, J. W., Sievert, J. R., Ratnnayake, M., 1994. Reduction in imazalil effectiveness against citrus green mould in califomian packing houses by resistant biotypes of Penicillium digitatum. Plant Dis, 78: 971-974.
10. Fawcett, G. H., Spencer, D. M., 1970. Plant chemotherapy with natural products. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol., 8: 403-418.
11. Girijashankar, V., Thayumanavan, D., 2005. Evaluation of Lawsonia inermis leaf extracts for their in vitro fungitoxicity against certain soil borne pathogens. Indian J. Plant Prot., 33: 111-114.
12. Gomez, K. A., Gomez, A. A., 1984. Statistical procedure for agricultural research. Wiley, New York.
13. Gottlieb, O. R., Borin, M. R., Brito, N. R., 2002. Integration of ethno-botany and photochemistry: dream or reality? Photochem., 60: 145-152.
14. Griffee, P. J., Burden, O.J., 1976. Fungi associated with crown rot of banana in the winward islands. Phytopathol., 85: 149-158.
15. Hernandez-Albiter, R. C., Barrera-Necha, L. L., BautistaBanos, S., Bravo-Luna, L., 2007. Antifungal potential of crude plant extracts on conidial germination of two isolates of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. And Sacc. Mex. J. Phytopatol., 25(2): 180-185.
16. IndiaStat.Com, 2017. India's comprehensive statistics information. Agricultural production, Horticulture. Retrieved April 26, 2018 from http://www.indiastat.com/agriculture/2/fruitsandnuts/17426/banana /17436/stats.aspx.
17. Jayaraman, K. S., Ramanuja, M. N., 1987. Changes in poly phenol oxidase and other endogenous factors during ripening of some banana varieties. J. Food Sci. Technol., 27: 67-70.
18. Khan, S. H., Aked, J., Magan, N., 2001. Control of the anthracnose pathogen of banana (Colletotrichum musae) using antioxidants alone and in combination with thiabendazole or imazalil. Plant Pathol., 50: 601-608.
19. Kosuge, T., 1969. The role of phenolics in host response to infection. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol., 7: 195-222.
20. Latha, P., Anand, T., Ragupathi, N., Prakasam, V., Samiyappan, R., 2009. Antimicrobial activity of plant extracts and induction of systemic resistance in tomato plants by mixtures of PGPR strains and Zimmu leaf extract against Alternaria solani. Biol. Control, 50(2): 85-93.
21. Lyon, G., 2007. Agents that can elicit induced resistance. In: Walters, D., Newton, A., Lyon, G. (ed.), Induced Resistance for Plant Disease Control: a Sustainable Approach to Crop Protection, 9–29. Blackwell Publishers, Oxford.
22. Mahadevan, A., 1982. Biochemical aspects of plant disease resistance (Part 1, Preformed inhibiting substances prohibition). Today and Tomorrow’s Publishers, New Delhi.
23. Mari, M., Neri, F., Bertolini, P., 2007. Novel approaches to prevent and control postharvest diseases of fruit. Stewart Postharvest Review 6(4): 1-6.
24. Mason, T. L., Wasserman, B. P., 1987. Inactivation of red beet beta glucan synthase by native and oxidized phenolic compounds. Phytochem., 26: 2197-2202.
25. Mauch, F., Mauch-Mani, B., Boller, T., 1988. Antifungal hydrolases in pea tissues II Inhibitor of fungal growth by combination of chitinase and β-1, 3 glucanase. Plant Physiol., 88: 936-942.
26. Murray, P. R., Baron, E. J., Pfaller, M. A., Tenover, F. C., Yolken, H. R., 1995. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. ASM Press, Washington DC.
27. Nalina, T., Rahim, Z. H. A., 2007. The crude aqueous extract of piper beetle L. and its antibacterial effect towards streptococcus mutans. Am. J. Biotechnol. Biochem., 3(1): 10-15.
28. Neela, F. A., Sonia, I. A., Shamsi, S., 2014. Antifungal activity of selected medicinal plant extract on Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtthe the causal agent of Fusarium wilt disease in tomato. Am. J. Plant Sci., 5: 2665-2671.
29. Ogbebor, N. O., Adekunle A. T., Enobakhar, D. A., 2007. Inhibition of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz) Sac. causal organism of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) leaf spot using plant extracts. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 6: 213-218.
30. Okwu, D. E., 2005. Phytochemicals, vitamins and minerals contents of two Nigeria medicinal plants. Int. J. Mol. Med. Adv. Sci., 1: 375–381.
31. Okwu, D. E., Okwu, M. E., 2004. Chemical composition of Spondias mombin Linn plant parts. J. Sustain. Agric. Env., 6: 140–147.
32. Pandey, D. K., Tripathi, N. N., Tripathi, R. D., Dixit, S. N., 1982. Fungitoxic and phytotoxic properties of essential oil of Hyptis sauveolens. Z. J. Plant Dis. Prot., 89(6): 344–349.
33. Paul, P. K., Sharma, P. D., 2002. Azadirachta indica leaf extract induces resistance in barley against leaf stripe disease. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol., 61: 3-13.
34. Rahman, M., Ahmad, S. H., Mohamed, M. T. M., Rahman, M. Z., 2011. Extraction of Jatropha curcas fruit for antifungal activity against anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) of papaya. Afr. J. Biotech., 10(48): 9796-9799.
35. Rangaswamy, G., 1958. An agar blocks technique for isolating soil microorganisms with special reference to Pythiaceous fungi. Sci. Cult., 24: 85.
36. Rashad R Al-Hindi., Ahmed R Al-Najada., Saleh, A. M., 2011. Isolation and identification of some fruit spoilage fungi: Screening of plant cell wall degrading enzymes. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res., 5(4): 443-448.
37. Richa, S., Manindra, M., Prashant, S., Syed, Z. H., Sanjay, G., Irshita, B., Rajendra, D., 2012. Chemical composition and antibacterial properties of the essential oil and extracts of Lantana camara Linn. from Uttarakhand (India). Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed., 2(3): 1407-1411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60426-2.
38. Sadasivam, S., Manickam, A., 1992. Biochemical methods for Agricultural Sciences. Wiley Eastern Ltd. Publishers, New Delhi.
39. Satya, V. K., Gayathiri, S., Bhaskaran, R., Paranidharan, V., Velazhahan, R. 2007. Induction of systemic resistance to bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum in cotton by leaf extract from a medicinal plant zimmu (Allium sativum L. × Allium cepa L.). Arch. Phytopathol. Plant Prot., 40(5): 309-322.
40. Sindhu, J. S., Ravi, S., Minocha, J, L., 1984. Peroxidase isozyme patterns in primary trisomics of pearl millet. Theor. Appl. Genet., 68: 179–182.
41. Singh, D., Sharma, R. R., 2007. Postharvest diseases of fruit and vegetables and their management. In: Prasad, D. (ed.), Sustainable Pest Management. 481-493. Daya Publishing House, New Delhi.
42. Spencer, D. M., Topps, J. H., Wain. R. I., 1957. Fungistatic properties of plant tissues. Nature, 179: 651-652.
43. Sutton, B. C., 1980. The Coelomycetes. Common Wealth Mycological Institute, Kew.
44. Sutton, B. C., 1992. The Genus Glomerella andits Anamorph Colletotrichum. In: Bailey, J. A., Jeger, M. J. (ed.), Colletotrichum Biology, Pathology and Control, 1-26. CAB International, Wallingford.
45. Thangavelu, R., Sundararaju, P., Sathiamoorthy, S., 2004. Management of anthracnose disease of banana caused by Colletotrichum musae using plant extracts. J. Horti. Sci. Biotech., 79: 664-668.
46. Tripathi, P., Dubey, N. K., 2004. Exploitation of natural products as an alternative strategy to control postharvest fungal rotting of fruit and vegetables. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 32: 235-245.
47. Vidhyasekaran, P., Ruby ponmalar, T., Samiyappan, R., Velazhahan, R., Vimala, R., Ramanathan, A., Paranidharan, V., Muthukrishnan, S., 1997. Host specific toxin production by Rhizoctonia solani the sheath blight pathogen. Phytopathol., 87: 1258-1263.
48. Velazhahan, R., Vidhyasekaran, P., 1994. Role of phenolic compounds, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase in resistance of groundnut to rust. Acta Phytopathol. Entomol. Hung., 29: 23-29.
49. Win, N. K., Jitareerat, P., Kanlayanarat, S., Sangchote, S., 2007. Effects of cinnamon extract, Chitosan coating, hot water treatment and their combinations on crown rot disease and quality of banana fruit. Postharvest Biol.Technol., 45: 333-340.
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
Volume 23, Issue 2
March and April 2021
Pages 457-471