Water Deficit Decreases Gas Exchange Parameters and Marketable Quality of Rosa hybrida ‘Club-Nika’ Irrespective of Training Systems

Document Type : Original Research

Authors
A. Dolatkhahi 1
M. Shoor 1
M. Bannayan 2
A. Tehranifar 1
A. Alizadeh 3
1 Department of Horticultural Science and Landscape Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran.
2 Department of Agrotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran.
3 Department of Water Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran.
Abstract
The present study was carried out to investigate biochemical, morphological, and physiological processes involved in the adaptive processes of cut roses grown in arching and high-rack culture systems under water deficit condition. Rose plants ‘Club-Nika’ were subjected to three water regimes [control (100% of irrigation needs), moderate water stress (75%), and severe water stress (50%)] factorially combined with two training systems defined as arching and high-rack systems. Water deficit significantly reduced morphological and qualitative traits as well as water relations of cut roses. Water deficit significantly reduced Net CO2 assimilation rate (PN), transpiration rate (E), and stomatal conductance (gs), whereas it did not affect Water Use Efficiency (WUEi) and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci). Surprisingly, water deficit did not affect chlorophyll content [chl a, chl b and total chl (a + b)] and proline accumulation of leaves. Considering the lack of change in intercellular CO2 concentration, it seems likely that both stomatal closure and metabolic impairment limit photosynthetic CO2 assimilation under water deficit. Regardless of irrigation regimes, rose plants trained with high-rack culture system showed a superiority for most of the qualitative and quantitative attributes compared to those trained with arching system. The high-rack system resulted in 60% higher extra-quality stems (> 60 cm) compared with the plants trained with arching. It can be concluded that cut roses respond to water deficit through adaptive changes in physiological and morphological levels to reduce water loss without any negative impact at biochemical level.

Keywords

Subjects

Alvarez, S., Banon, S. and Sanchez-Blanco, M.J. 2013. Regulated deficit irrigation in different
phenological stages of potted geranium plants: Water consumption, water relations and ornamental quality. Acta Physiol. Plant., 35:1257–1267.
Bahadoran, M. and Salehi, H. 2015. Growth and flowering of two tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) cultivars under deficit irrigation by saline water. J. Agr. Sci. Tech., 17(2): 415-426.
Baille, A. 1999. Energy cycle. In: Ecosystems of the World—20—Greenhouse ecosystems (Stanhill G; Encoch H. Z. eds): pp 265–286.
Balibrea, M. E., Rus-Alvarez, A. M., Bolarin, M. C. and Perez-Alfocea, F. 1997. Fast changes in soluble carbohydrates and proline contents in tomato seedlings in response to ionic and non-ionic iso-osmotic stresses. J. Plant Physiol., 151: 221-226.
Bates, L. S., Waldren, R. P. and Teare, I. D. 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for water- stress studies. Plant and Soil, 39: 205-207.
Bolla, A., Voyiatzis, D., Koukourikou-Petridou, M. and Chimonidou, D. 2010. Photosynthetic parameters and cut-flower yield of rose ‘Eurored’(H.T.) are adversely affected by mild water stress irrespective of substrate composition. Sci. Hortic., 126: 390-394.
Buckley, T.N. 2005. The control of stomata by water balance. New Phytologist. 168: 275-292.
Büssis, D., Kauder, F. and Heineke, D. 1998. Acclimation of potato plants to polyethylene glycol-induced water deficit I. Photosynthesis and metabolism. J. Exp. Bot., 49:1349-1360.
Cameron, R.W.F., Harrison-Murray, R.S., Atkinson, C.J. and Judd, H.L. 2006. Regulated deficit irrigation: a means to control growth in woody ornamentals. J. Hort.Sci.Biotechnol., 81:435–443.
Campos, H., Trejo, C., Peña-Valdivia, C. B., García-Nava, R., Conde-Martínez, F. V. and Cruz-Ortega, M. R. 2014. Stomatal and non-stomatal limitations of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants under water stress and re-watering: delayed restoration of photosynthesis during recovery. Environ. Exp. Bot., 98:56-64.
Carbó, M., Sajnani, C., Tomàs, M. and Medrano, H. 2009. Photosynthesis limitations during water stress acclimation and recovery in the drought-adapted Vitis hybrid Richter-110 (V. berlandieri × V. rupestris). J. Exp. Bot., 60: 2361–2377.
Chaves, M. M., Flexas, J. and Pinheiro, C. 2009. Photosynthesis under drought and salt stress: regulation mechanisms from whole plant to cell. Ann. Bot., 103: 551-560.
Cirillo, C., De Micco, V., Rouphael, Y., Balzano, A., Caputo, R. and De Pascale, S. 2017. Morpho-anatomical and physiological traits of two Bougainvillea genotypes trained to two shapes under deficit irrigation. Trees., 31(1): 173-187.
Cirillo, C., Rouphael, Y., Caputo, R., Raimondi, G. and De Pascale, S. 2014. The influence of deficit irrigation on growth, ornamental quality, and water use efficiency of three potted Bougainvillea genotypes grown in two shapes. HortScience., 49(10): 1284-1291.
Claussen, W. 2005. Proline as a measure of stress in tomato plants. Plant Science. 168:241-248.
Cramer, M. D., Hawkins, H. J. and Verboom, G. A. 2009. The importance of nutritional regulation of plant water flux. Oecologia, 161: 15-24.
Craufurd, P. Q., Wheeler, T. R., Ellis, R. H., Summerfield, R. J. and Williams, J. H. 1999. Effect of temperature and water deficit on water-use efficiency, carbon isotope discrimination, and specific leaf area in peanut. Crop Sci.,39: 136-142,
Egert, M. and Tevini, M. 2002. Influence of drought on some physiological parameters symptomatic for oxidative stress in leaves of chives (Allium schoenoprasum). Environ. Exp. Bot., 48: 43-49.
Farooq, M., Wahid, A., Kobayashi, N., Fujita, D. and Basra, S. M. A. 2009. Plant drought stress: effects, mechanisms and management. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 29:185-212.
Fascella, G., Gugliuzza, G., Mammano, M. and Maggiore, P. 2015. Effect of different irrigation regimes on yield and quality of hydroponic cut roses. Acta Hort., 1064: 259-263.
Flexas, J., Barbour, M. M., Brendel, O., Cabrera, H. M., Carriquí, M., Díaz-Espejo, A., Douthe, C., Dreyer, E., Ferrio, J. P., Gago, J. and Gallé, A. 2012. Mesophyll diffusion conductance to CO2: an unappreciated central player in photosynthesis. Plant Sci., 193:70-84.
Flexas, J., Barón, M., Bota, J., Ducruet, J. M., Gallé, A., Galmés, J., Jiménez, M., Pou, A., Ribas-
Galmés, J., Medrano, H. and Flexas, J. 2007. Photosynthetic limitations in response to water stress and recovery in Mediterranean plants with different growth forms. New Phytol., 175: 81-93.
Ghaderi, N. and Siosemardeh, A. 2011. Response to drought stress of two strawberry cultivars (cv. Kurdistan and Selva). Hortic. Environ. Biote., 52 (1):6-12.
Hazrati, S., Tahmasebi-Sarvestani, Z., Modarres-Sanavy, S. A. M., Mokhtassi-Bidgoli, A. and Nicola, S. 2016. Effects of water stress and light intensity on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and pigments of Aloe vera L. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 106: 141-148.
Idrees, M., Khan, M. M. A., Aftab, T., Naeem M. and Hashmi, N. 2010. Salicylic acid-induced physiological and biochemical changes in lemongrass varieties under water stress. J. Plant Interact., 5: 293-303.
Jia, W. and Zhang, J. 2008. Stomatal movements and long-distance signaling in plants. Plant. Signal. Behav., 3:772-777.
Jin, J., Shan, N., Ma, N., Bai, J. and Gao, J. 2006. Regulation of ascorbate peroxidase at the transcript level is involved in tolerance to postharvest water deficit stress in the cut rose (Rosa hybrida L.) cv. Samantha. Postharvest. Biol. Tec., 40:236-243.
Kajihara, S., Itou, J., Katsutani, N., Goto, T. and Shimaji, H. 2009. Partitioning of photosynthates originating from bent shoots in the arching and high-rack culture systems of cut rose production. Sci. Hortic., 12:485-489.
Katsoulas, N., Kittas, C., Dimokas, G. and Lykas, C. 2006. Effect of irrigation frequency on rose flower production and quality. Biosyst. Eng., 93:237-244.
Kim, S. H., Shackel, K. A. and Lieth, J. H. 2004. Bending alters water balance and reduces photosynthesis of rose shoots. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci.,129:896-901.
Lacointe, A. and Minchin, P. E. H. 2008. Modelling phloem and xylem transport within a complex architecture. Funct. Plant Biol., 35:772-780.
Liu, F. and Stützel, H. 2004. Biomass partitioning, specific leaf area, and water use efficiency of vegetable amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) in response to drought stress. Sci. Hortic., 102:15-27.
Matloobi, M. 2012. Light harvesting and photosynthesis by the canopy. Advances in photosynthesis—fundamental aspects. InTech: Janeza Trdine. 9:235-256.
Matloobi, M., Baille, A., Gonzalez-Real, M. M. and Gutiérrez Colomer, R. P. 2008. Effects of sink removal on leaf photosynthetic attributes of rose flower shoots (Rosa hybrida L., cv. Dallas). Sci. Hortic., 118: 321-327.
Matloobi, M., Ebrahimzadeh, A., Khaligi, A. and Hasandokht, M. 2009. Training system affects whole canopy photosynthesis of the greenhouse roses (Rosa hybrida ‘Habari’). J. Food. Agric. Environ., 7 (1):114-117.
Medrano, H., Escalona, J. M., Bota, J., Gulías, J. and Flexas, J. 2002. Regulation of photosynthesis of C3 plants in response to progressive drought: stomatal conductance as a reference parameter. Ann. Bot., 89:895-905.
Niu, G., Rodriguez, D.S. and Mackay, W. 2008. Growth and physiological response to drought stress in four oleander clones. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 133:188–196.
Nonami, H. 1998. Plant water relations and control of cell elongation at low water potentials. J. Plant Res., 111:373-382.
Novick, K. A., Miniat, C. F. and Vose, J. M. 2016. Drought limitations to leaf‐level gas exchange: results from a model linking stomatal optimization and cohesion–tension theory. Plant Cell Environ., 39: 583–596.
Park, J. E. and Jeong, B. R. 2010. Flower yield and quality of two Rosa hybrida cultivars propagated by cutting, direct sticking, and stenting (cutting-graft). Hortic Environ Biote., 51(6):483-486.
Ramalho, J. C., Zlatev, Z. S., Leitão, A. E., Pais, I. P., Fortunato, A. S. and Lidon, F. C. 2014. Moderate water stress causes different stomatal and non‐stomatal changes in the photosynthetic functioning of Phaseolus vulgaris L. genotypes. Plant Biol., 16: 133-146.
Saeidi, M. and Abdoli, M. 2015. Effect of drought stress during grain filling on yield and its components, gas exchange variables, and some physiological traits of wheat cultivars. J. Agr. Sci. Tech., 17(4): 885-898.
Shalhevet, J. 1993. Plants under salt and water stress. Plant Adaptation to Environmental Stress. 133-154.
Shamshiri, M. H., Mozafari, V., Sedaghati, E. and Bagheri, V. 2011. Response of petunia plants (Petunia hybrida cv. Mix) inoculated with Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices to phosphorous and drought stress. J. Agr. Sci. Tech., 13: 929-942.
Shao, H. B., Chu, L. Y., Jaleel, C. A. and Zhao, C. X. 2008. Water-deficit stress-induced anatomical changes in higher plants. C. R. Biol., 331:215-225.
Sharp, R.E. 1996. Regulation of plant growth responses to low soil water potentials. HortScience., 31:36–39.
Snider, J. L., Collins, G. D., Whitaker, J., Perry, C. D. and Chastain, D. R. 2014. Electron transport through photosytem II is not limited by a wide range of water-deficit conditions in filed grown Gossypium hirsutum. J. Agron. Crop. Sci., 200: 77–82.
Şükran, D., Güneş, T. and Sivaci, R. 1998. Spectrophotometric determination of chlorophyll-A, B and total carotenoid contents of some algae species using different solvents. Turk. J. Bot., 22: 13-18.
Syros, T., Yupsanis, T., Omirou, M. and Economou, A. 2004. Photosynthetic response and peroxidases in relation to water and nutrient deficiency in gerbera. Environ. Exp. Bot., 52: 23-31.
Taiz, L. and Zeiger, E. 2006. Plant Physiology. Fourth Edition Sinauer Associates. Inc. Publishers. Sunderland, Massachusetts.
Tezara, W., Mitchell, V., Driscoll, S. and Lawlor, D. 1999. Water stress inhibits plant photosynthesis by decreasing coupling factor and ATP. Nature, 401:914–7.
Toscano, S., Scuderi, D., Giuffrida, F. and Romano, D. 2014. Responses of Mediterranean ornamental shrubs to drought stress and recovery. Sci Hort.,178:145–153.
Verbruggen, N. and Hermans, C. 2008. Proline accumulation in plants: a review. Amino Acids., 35:753-759.
Williams, M. H., Rosenqvist, E. and Buchhave, M. 1999. Response of potted miniature roses (Rosa x hybrida) to reduced water availability during production. J. Hortic. Sci. Biotechnol., 74: 301-308.
Williams, M. H., Rosenqvist, E. and Buchhave, M. 2000. The effect of reducing production water availability on the post-production quality of potted miniature roses (Rosa × hybrida). Postharvest Biol. Technol., 18:143-150.
Yamasaki, S. and Dillenburg, L. R. 1999. Measurements of leaf relative water content in Araucaria angustifolia. Revista Brasilleira de Fisiologia Vegetal., 11: 69-75.
Zhou, S., Medlyn, B., Sabaté, S., Sperlich, D. and Prentice, I. C. 2014. Short-term water stress impacts on stomatal, mesophyll and biochemical limitations to photosynthesis differ consistently among tree species from contrasting climates. Tree Physiol., 34:1035-46.
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
Volume 22, Issue 3
March and April 2020
Pages 837-849