A Research on the Soil Characteristics and Woody Plant Species of Urban Boulevards in Bursa, Turkey

Authors
N. Seyidoglu Akdeniz 1
Z. Tumsavas 2
M. Zencirkiran 1
1 Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Uludag, Gorukle Campus, 16059 Bursa, Turkey.
2 Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Uludag, Gorukle Campus, 16059 Bursa, Turkey.
Abstract
Proper planning and design of transportation networks in the cities is an important subject, and the avenues, boulevards and refuges in the cities give the cities an aesthetic and functional feature as open green spaces. In addition to their aesthetic qualities, planting in urban areas also plays an important role in preventing pollution and improving air quality in the cities. In this context, the existing woody plant taxa were identified on the boulevards located in Nilufer district of Bursa in Turkey. The soil characteristics and soil heavy metal accumulations of these woody plant taxa were also determined. In the studied boulevards, there were 34 genera, 31 species, 10 subspecies and varieties belonging to 23 families. Among the total woody species gathered, 72.73% of the woody species were tree species and the rest were shrubs. The soils found on the boulevards were usually sandy and clay loam, and inadequate in terms of organic matter contents. On the other hand, the heavy metal deposits in the territories of the boulevards situated in the industrial zones were higher than those in other housing areas but below the permissible values.

Keywords

Subjects

1. Anonymous. 2016. Bursa Nilüfer İlçesi Bilgileri. Accessed on November 20, 2016: http://www.bursaworld.com/nilufer-ilcesi.php.
2. Aslanboga, I. 1986. Road Trees in the Cities. Publication Number: U3, Tübitak Building Research İnstitute Publications, Ankara, 54 PP.
3. Bassuk, N. 1999. The Keys To Urban Tree Establisment: Plant Selection and Site Amelioration- How To Choose? Accessed on November 20, 2016: http://www.hort.cornell.edu/ uhi/research/articles/DanForLandInst(1999).pdf.
4. Bozdogan, E. 2016. Heavy Metal Concentration in Leaves of Melia Azedarach as a Biomonitor of Traffic-Related Air Pollution. Oxid. Communic., 39(I-II): 756-764.
5. Davis, P. H. 1965-1985. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol I-IX, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
6. De Abreu-Harbich, L.V., Labaki, L.C. and Matzarakis, A. 2015. Effect of Tree Planting Design and Tree Species on Human Thermal Comfort in the Tropics. Landscape and Urban Plann. 138: 99-109.
7. Dirik, H. 2014. Arboriculture (Urban Tree Culture). ISBN: 978-975-404-800-1, Publication Number: 4729, IU Forestry Faculty Publication, Istanbul, 542 PP.
8. Dirr, M. A. 1998. Manual of Woody Landscape Plants: Their Identification, Ornamental Characteristics, Culture, Propagation and Uses. Stipes Publising L.L.C. Champaign, Illionis. ISBN: 0-87563-800-7.,
9. Dokumaci, T. and Korkut, A. 1999. Explanations on the Effect of Urban Ecosystem on the Life of Road Trees; Tekirdağ Province Example. Symposium on Urban Management, Human and Environmental Problems. Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality ISTAC Pub., 1: 152-159.
10. Doygun, H. and Ok, T. 2006. Evaluating Urban Afforestration Studies in Open-Green Spaces of Kahramanmaraş City, and Suggestion. KSU J. Sci. Eng., 9(2): 94-103.
11. Ender, E. 2015. A Modal Proposal in Terms of Open Space and Green Space Planning for The City of Bursa. Phd. Thesis, Inst. of Nat. and App. Sci., Cukurova University, 303 PP.
12. Gerstenberg, T. and Hofmann, M. 2016. Perception and Preferences of Trees: A Psychological Contribution to Tree Species Selection in Urban Areas. Urban For. Urban Green., 15:103-111.
13. Ghosh, S., Scharenbroch, B. C., Burcham, D., Ow, L. F., Shenbagavalli, S. and Mahimairaja, S. 2016. Influence of Soil Proporties on Street Tree Attributes in Singapore. Urban Ecosys., 19(2): 949-967.
14. Gulcur, F. 1974. Physical and Chemical Analysis Methods of Soil. Publication Number: 201. Kurtulmus Press, IU Forestry Faculty Publication, Istanbul.
15. Guner, A., Ozhatay, N., Ekim, T. and Baser, K. H. C. 2000. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands: Supplement 2. Vol 11, University Press, Edinburgh.
16. Hillier, 1998, The Hillier Manual of Trees and Shrubs. Pocket Edition. Davis & Charles Publication. Vicenza, Italy. ISBN: 0-7153-0808-4. Jackson, M. L. 1962. Soil Chemical Analysis. Constable and Company Ltd., England.
17. Kayacik, H. 1980. Special Systematic of Forest and Park Trees. 1st Volume: Gymnospermae. Publication Number: 281, IU Forestry Faculty Publication, Istanbul.
18. Kayacik, H. 1981. Special Systematic of Forest and Park Trees. 2nd Volume: Angiospermae. Publication Number: 287, IU Forestry Faculty Publication, Istanbul.
19. Kayacik, H. 1982. Special Systematic of Forest and Park Trees. 3rd Volume: Angiospermae. Publication Number: 321, IU Forestry Faculty Publication, Istanbul.
20. Koc, N. and Sahin, S. 1999. Rural Landscape Planning. Publication No: 1509, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara, 275 PP.
21. Krussmann, G. 1984. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaved Trees and Shrubs. ISBN: 0-917304-78-0, Volume I, A-D, Timber Press, Oregon.
22. Krussmann, G. 1985 a. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaved Trees and Shrubs. Volume II, ISBN: 0-88192-005-3, EPRO, Timber Press, Oregon.
23. Krussmann, G. 1985 b. Manual of Cultivated Conifers. ISBN: 0-88192-007-X. Timber Press, Oregon.
24. Krussmann, G. 1986. Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaved Trees and Shrubs. ISBN: 0-88192-006-1, Volume III, PRUZ, Timber Press, Oregon.
25. Kucuk, V. and Gul, A. 2005. A Study on the Street Trees in Isparta City. SDU J. Inst. Sci. 9(3): 111-118
26. Lorenzini, G., Grassi, C., Nali, C., Petiti, A., Loppi, S. and Tognotti, L. 2006. Leaves of Pittosporum Tobira as İndicators of Airborne Trace Element and PM10 Distribution in Central Italy. Atmospheric Environ., 40(22): 4025-4036.
27. Lu, S., Ren, J., Hao, X., Liu, D., Zhang, R., Wu, M., Yi, F., Lin, Y., Shinich, Y. and Wang, Q. 2014. Characterization of Protein Expression of Platanus Pollen Following Exposure to Gaseous Pollutants and Vehicle Exhaust Particles. Aerobiologia, 30(3):281-291.
28. Mori, J., Hanslin, H. M., Burchi, G. and Saeb, A. 2015. Particulate Matter and Element Accumulation on Coniferous Trees at Different Distances From a Highway. Urban Forest. Urban Green., 14(1): 170-177.
29. Onder, S. and Polat, T. 2007. Planting Design Principles on the Way: Konya City Example. Urban Green Tissue Analysis and Maintenance Guidelines. Seminar Proceeding Book, Konya Metropolitan Municipality, PP. 78-92
30. Ozturk, B. 2002. Functions of Bittening in The Urban and Non-Urban Road Transportation System in Terms of Traffic Technique. Presented at International Traffic and Road Safety Congress, Gazi University, Ankara, Accessed on November 20, 2016: www.trafik.gov.tr/
31. Rahman, M. A., Armson, D. and Ennos, A. R. 2015. A Comparison of the Growth and Cooling Effectiveness of Five Commonly Planted Urnam Tree Species. Urban Ecosys., 18(2): 371-389.
32. Saglik, A., Erduran, F. and Saglik, E. 2012. The Importance of Highway Traffic Safety in Plant Design: The Case of Çanakkale. 3. Highway Traffic Safety Sym. Ankara, PP. 77-90.
33. Sakici, C., Ayan, E., Kapucu, O. and Turkdogdu, H. 2014. Evaluation of Kastamonu Urban Road Plant Organizations by Users and Identification of Species. Kastamonu Univ. J. For., 14(2): 237-245
34. Scharenbroch, B.C. and Catania, M. 2012. Soil Quality Attributes as Indicators of Urban Tree Performance. Arboricult. Urban For., 38(5): 214-228.
35. Sukopp, H. 2004. Human-Caused Impact on Preserved Vegetation. Landscape Urban Plann., 68: 347-355.
36. Sogut, Z. 2005. Urban Green Roads and Adana Example. Akdeniz Univ. J. Agric. Fac., 18(1): 113-124.
37. Sparks, D.L., Page, A., Helmke, P., Loeppert, R., Soltanpour, P., Tabatabai, M., Johnston, C. and Sumner, M. 1996. Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3. Chemical Methods. Soil Science Society of America Inc., Madison, WI, 1390 PP.
38. Streiling, S. and Matzarakis, A. 2003. Influence of Single and Small Clusters of Trees on The Bioclimate of a City: A Case Study. J. Arboricult., 29: 309-316
39. Sengul, E. 2011. Basic Design Criteria of Urban Roads Afforestation and E-91 Highway Example of Antakya. Master Thesis, Dep. of Landscape Architecture, M. Kemal Univ. Inst. of Sci. Antakya/Hatay, 109 PP.
40. Thomsen, P., Bühler, O. and Kristoffersen, P. 2016. Diversity of Street Tree Populations in Larger Danish Municipalities. Urban Fores. Urban Green., 15: 200-210.
41. Torun, M.Y. 2014. Evaluation of Urban Road Plantation Applications in the Sample of Antalya City. Master Thesis, Dept. of Landscape Arctitecture, SDU Inst. of Sci., 134 PP.
42. Tóth, A., Kuczman, G. and Feriancová, L. 2016. Species Composition and Diversity of Non-Forest Woody Vegetation Along Roads in the Agricultural Landscape. Lesn. Cas. For. J., 62: 56–66.
43. Urgenc, S. 1998. General Plantation and Afforestation Technique. ISBN: 975-404-443-0661, Publication Number: 3997, IU Forestry Faculty Publications.
44. Walkley, A. and Black, I. A. 1934. An Examination of the Degtjareff Method for Determining Soil Organic Matter and a Proposed Modification of the Chromic Acid Titration Method. Soil Sci., 37: 29-38.
45. Watanabe, F. S. and Olsen, S. R. 1965. Test of An Ascorbic Acid Method for Determining Phosphorus in Water and NaHCO3 Extracts From Soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 29: 677–678.
46. Yaltirik, F. 1991. Recognition of Some Leafy Trees and Shrubs in Winter: Application Guide. Forestry Educ. and Cult. Foundation. Pub., Number: 5. Istanbul
47. Yılmaz, F. and Aksoy, Y. 2009. The Evaluation of the Roadside Plants in the City of Istanbul As Examples Cumhuriyet, Halaskargazi, and Büyükdere Streets. J. Yasar Univ. 4(16): 2699 - 2728
48. Zencirkiran, M. 2009. Determination of Native Woody Landscape Plants in Bursa and Uludag. Afr. J. Biotech., 8(21): 5737-5746.
49. Zencirkiran, M. 2013. Landscape Plants. I. ISBN: 9786051335070, Nobel Academic Publishing, 475 PP.
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
Volume 21, Issue 1
January and February 2019
Pages 129-141