Evaluation of Farmers’ Willingness to Pay for Agricultural Extension Services in GAP-Harran Plain, Turkey

Author
Department of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural Faculty, Harran University, 63300, Şanlıurfa, Turkey.
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to determine Willingness To Pay (WTP) of farmers and explore the potential factors that contribute to it for agricultural extension services in GAP-Harran Plain in Turkey. A comprehensive questionnaire was conducted face to face with 461 farmers out of 21,094, by the simple random sampling method during the irrigation season of 2011 and validity of the data was checked until 2015 on a yearly basis. The contingent valuation method, binomial probit and maximum likelihood methods were used for analysis. The results indicated the existence of the ability to pay and the average WTP for efficient extension service based on irrigation was 475.8 TL. It is 1.28% of their yearly income and their total WTP was calculated as $6 million per year for the plain. Explanatory factors in the index, such as secondary school, high school, and university graduates from the view pint of educational level, married farmers, and land amounts increased WTP, while gravity irrigation users and proposed increased bid price for extension and training services decreased WTP. The results are important for decision and policy makers, encouraging private sectors to involve in extension and training services. Also, they contain useful information for countries with similar technical and socio-cultural characteristics.

Keywords


1. Ajayi, A. O. 2006. An Assessment of Farmers’ Willingness to Pay for Extension Services Using the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM): The Case of Oyo State, Nigeria. J. Agric. Edu. Ext. (JAEE), 12(2): 97-108.
2. Anonymous. 2015b. The Probit Model. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probitmodel (Acceseed November 2015).
3. Anonymous. 2015a. Benefit of Irrigated Agriculture and Efficient Irrigation. Available on Line at: https://www.irrigation.org/Policy/Benefits_of_Irrigated_Agriculture.aspx
4. Ates, C. H. and Cakal, G. Z. 2014. Views of Extension Personnel on Extension Methods and Transition to Private Extension: The Case of Isparta Province J. Agr. Sci. Tech., 16: 1529-1541
5. Aydogdu, M. H., Manci, A. R. and Aydogdu, M. 2014. The Overviews and Perceptions of Faculty of Agriculture Students of Harran University to Agricultural Policies of Turkey, Turk. Stud., 9(11): 63-77.
6. Aydogdu, M., Aydogdu, M. H. and Cullu, M. A. 2014a. The Impact Determination on Cotton Yields of Soils which Have Different Salt Levels and Its Relation with SatelliteDdata. Turk. Stud., 9(2): 231-250. doi:10.7827/TurkishStudies.6009.
7. Aydogdu, M., Aydogdu, M. H. and Cullu, M. A. 2014b. The Determination of the Cotton Productivity and Losses under the Effect of Salinity by Using GIS and RS. (GAP Region, Akçakale Sampling) Turkey. J. Acad. Soc. Sci. Stud. (JASSS), 24: 617-630. http://dx.doi.org/10.9761/JASSS2167.
8. Aydogdu, M. H. 2016. Evaluation of Willingness to Pay for Irrigation Water: Harran Plain Sampling in Gap Region-Turkey. Appl. Ecol. Environ. Res., 14(1): 349-365. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1401_349365.
9. Aydogdu, M. H. and Yenigun, K. 2016a. Willingness To Pay For Sustainable Water Usage In Harran Plain-GAP Region, Turkey. Appl. Ecol. Environ. Res., 14(3): 147-160. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1403_147160 .
10. Aydogdu, M. H. and Bilgic, A. 2016. An Evaluation of Farmers’ Willingness to Pay for Efficient Irrigation for Sustainable Usage of Resources: The GAP-Harran Plain Case, Turkey. J. Integr. Environ Sci., 13(2-4): 175-186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1943815X.2016.1241808.
11. Aydogdu, M. H. and Yenigun, K. 2016b. Farmers’ Risk Perception towards Climate Change: A Case of the GAP-Sanlıurfa Region, Turkey. Sustain., 8(8): 806. doi:10.3390/su8080806.
12. Aydogdu, M. H., B. Karli and Aydogdu, M. 2015b. Evaluation of Attitude of Stakeholders for Irrigation Water Management: A Case Study of Harran Plain, Turkey. J. Environ. Agric. Sci. (JEAS), 4: 42-47.
13. Aydogdu, M. H., Yenigün K. and Aydogdu, M. 2015a. Factors Affecting Farmers’ Satisfaction from Water Users Association in the Harran Plain-GAP Region, Turkey. J. Agr. Sci. Tech. (JAST), 17(Suppl. Issue): 1669-1684.
14. Benson, A. and Jafry, T. 2013. The State of Agricultural Extension: An Overview and New Caveats for the Future. J. Agric. Ed. Ext. (JAEE), 19(4): 381-393. DOI:10.1080/1389224X.2013.808502.
15. Bilgiç, A. 2010. Measuring Willingness to Pay To Improve Municipal Water in Southeast Anatolia, Turkey. Water Resour Res., 46, W12545, Doi:10.1029/2009WR009010.
16. Budak, D. B., Budak, F. and Kaçira, Ö. Ö. 2010. Livestock Producers’ Needs and Willingness to Pay for Extension Services in Adana Province of Turkey. Afr. J. Agric. Res., 5(11): 1187-1190. DOI:10.5897/AJAR09.567.
17. Charatsari, C. and Klavdianou, A. P. 2011. Farmers as Consumers of Agricultural Education Services: Willingness to Pay and Spend Time. J. Agric. Ed. Ext. (JAEE), 17(3): 253-266. DOI:10.1080/1389224X.2011.559078.
18. Degirmenci, Y., Manyaz, I., Güzelaydin, I., Erkus, E., Kocak, F. and Ari, B. 2012. Tarımsal Yayım ve Danışmanlık, Gıda, Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı, Eğitim. Yayım ve Yayımlar Dairesi Başkanlığı, Ankara. (in Turkish)
19. DSI. 2013. Agriculture and Irrigation. DSİ Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara. (in Turkish)
20. Dubey, K. S., Burman, R. R., Vijayaragavan, K., Sharma, J. P., Singh, I., Sangeetha, V. and Gupta, H. S. 2012. Linking Research Institute with Post Offices for Dissemination of Agricultural Technologies: An Action Research. Indian J. Agr. Sci., 82(12): 1059–67.
21. Farinde, A. J. and Atteh, A. P. 2009. Tending toward Extension Privatization in Nigeria: An Assessment of Arable Crop Farmers' Willingness to Pay for Extension Services in Niger State of Nigeria. J. Agric. Food Inform., 10(1): 63-75.
22. GAP. 2012. GAP Administration. GAP’ta Son Durum, Sanliurfa, PP. 6-55. (in Turkish)
23. Greene, W. H. 2003. Econometric Analysis. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1050 PP.
24. Gujarati, D. G. 1995. Basic Econometrics. Mc Graw-Hill Int Edit., NY, USA, 705 PP.
25. Gujarati, D. G. 2006. Basic Econometrics. Literatür Publication, Istanbul. (in Turkish)
26. Haba, S., LaVergne, D. D., Elbert, C. and Larke, Jr. A. 2013. Examining the Effect of Grower Demographic and Personal Characteristics on Willingness to Pay Amounts per Information Delivery Modes in Rwanda. J. Agric. Ext. Rural Dev., 5(4): 70-76. DOI:10.5897/JAERD12.119
27. Holloway, J. G. and Ehui, S. K. 2001. Demand, Supply and Willingness-to-Pay for Extension Services in an Emerging-Market Setting. Amer. J. Agr. Econ., 83(3): 764-768.
28. IFC. 2013. International Finance Corporation. Working with Smallholders: A Handbook for Firms Building Sustainable Supply Chains. Available on Line at: https://www.farms2firms.org
29. IFRI. 2015. International Food Policy Research Institute. Available on Line at: http://www.ifpri.org/topic/agricultural-extension
30. Kordnoghabi, R. 1999. The Relationship between Field Dependent and Independent Learning Styles. MSc. Allameh Tabatabaei University, Tehran.
31. Laurent, E, C., Marianne, C. and Labarthe, P. 2006. Agricultural Extension Services and Market Regulation: Learning from a Comparison of Six EU Countries, J. Agric. Ed. Ext. (JAEE), 12(1): 5-16. DOI:10.1080/13892240600740787.
32. Maddala, G. S. 1983. Limited Dependent and Qualitative Variables in Econometrics. Cambridge, London, 356 PP.
33. Meena, M. S. and Singh, K. M. 2013. Changing Behaviour of Self Help Group Members: Pathway for Sustainable Rural Livelihoods in Eastern India. Indian J. Agr. Sci., 83(8): 847–51.
34. Omotesho, K. F., Ogunlade, I. and Ayinde, O. E. 2015. Analysis of Farmers’ Perception of the Accountability of Agricultural Extension Services in Oyo State, Nigeria. Sarhad J. Agric., 31(2): 94-100. http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.sja/2015/31.2.94.100.
35. Ozcatalbas, O., Boz, İ., Bostan, B. D., Karaturhan, B. and Demiryürek, K. 2010. The Problems and the Future of Agriculture Advisory System in Turkey and GAP Region. Turkey IX Agricultural Economics Congress, Sanliurfa, PP. 588-596. (in Turkish)
36. Rivera, W. M. 2011. Public Sector Agricultural Extension System Reform and the Challenges Ahead. J. Agric. Ed. Ext. (JAEE), 17(2): 165-180. DOI:10.1080/1389224X.2011.544457.
37. Roy, R. and Chan, N. W., 2015. Determinants of Sustainable Irrigated and Rainfed Rice Farming in Bangladesh. J. Agr. Sci. Tech., 17(6): 1421-1435.
38. Stigler, S. M. 2007. The Epic Story of Maximum Likelihood. Stat. Sci., 22(4): 598-620. doi:10.1214/07-STS249.
39. Syngenta. 2015. Foundation for Sustainable Agriculture. Available on Line at: http://www.syngentafoundation.org/index.cfm?pageID=594
40. Taqipour, M., E. Abbasi, E., Naeimi, A., Ganguly, S. and Zamani, N. 2015. An Investigation of Self-Directed Learning Skills among the Iranian Agricultural Students (Case of Agricultural College, Tarbiat Modares University). J. Agr. Sci. Tech., 18(1): 15-26.
41. Temesgen, D. and Tola, T. 2015. Determinates of Small Holder Farmers Willingness to Pay for Agricultural Extension Services: A Case Study from Eastern Ethiopia. Afr. J. Agric. Res., 10(20): 2152-2158. DOI: 10.5897/AJAR2014.8698.
42. Uddin, M. D. E., Gao, Q. and Mammun-ur-Rashid, M. D. 2014. Crop Farmers' Willingness to Pay for Agricultural Extension Services in Bangladesh: Cases of Selected Villages in Two Important Agro-Ecological Zones. J. Agric. Ed. Ext. (JAEE), 22(1): 43-60. DOI:10.1080/1389224X.2014.971826.
43. Várallyay, G. 2010. Role of Soil Multifunctionality in Sustainable Development. Soil Water Res., 5(3): 102-107.
44. Yamane, T. 2001. Basic Sampling Methods. Literatur Publication, Istanbul.