The Changes in Proximate Composition, Antioxidant Activity and Fatty Acid Profile of Germinating Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) Seed

Authors
A. Shirvani 1
M. Jafari 2
A. Goli 1
N. Soltani Tehrani 3
M. Rahimmalek 4
1 Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156 83111, Islamic Republic of Iran.
2 Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord Branch, Shahrekord, Islamic Republic of Iran.
3 Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Islamic Republic of Iran.
4 Department of Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156 83111, Islamic Republic of Iran.
Abstract
In this work, the effect of three-day germination on proximate composition, total phenolic compounds, fatty acid profile, vitamin C content, radical scavenging activity, malondialdehyde content and reducing power of safflower seed was investigated. Apart from ash, other parameters including oil, protein and crude fiber contents decreased significantly during germination. Phenolics content increased gradually from 4.72 to 9.51 mg g-1. Vitamin C sharply increased at the beginning of germination (4.22 to 7.04 mg 100 g-1 after 1-day germination) and after that no significant difference was observed. Germination improved the quality of safflower oil by increasing the unsaturated and decreasing the saturated fatty acids (about 5%). Results indicated that germination could be a suitable bioprocess to improve chemical composition and nutritional value of safflower seed.

Keywords

Subjects

1. Alothman, M., Bhat, R. and Karim, A. A. 2009 Antioxidant Capacity and Phenolic Content of Selected Tropical Fruits from Malaysia, Extracted with Different Solvents. Food Chem., 115: 785-788.
2. Andarwulan, N., Fardiaz, D., Wattimena, G. A. and Shetty, K. 1999. Antioxidant Activity Associated with Lipid and Phenolic Mobilization during Seed Germination of Pangium edule Reinw. J. Agric. Food Chem., 47: 3158-3163.
3. AOAC. 2002. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. 17th Editions, AOAC International, Maryland.
4. Badifu, G. I. O. 2001. Effect of Processing on Proximate Composition, Antinutritional and Toxic Contents of Kernels from Cucurbitaceae Species Grown in Nigeria. J. Food Comp. Anal., 14: 153-161.
5. Bailly, C., Benamar, A., Corbineau, F. and Dome, D. 1996. Changes in Malondialdehyde Content and in Superoxide Dismutase, Catalase and Glutathione Reductase Activities inSunflower Seed as Related to Deterioration during Accelerated Aging. Physiol. Plant., 97: 104-110.
6. Chen, Z., Yu, L., Wang, X., Gu, Z. and Beta, T. 2016. Changes of Phenolic Profiles and Antioxidant Activity in Canaryseed (Phalaris canariensis L.) during Germination. Food Chem., 194: 608-618.
7. De Ancos, B., Sgroppo, S., Plaza, L. and Cano, M. P. 2002. Possible Nutritional and Health-related Value Promotion in Orange Juice Preserved by High-pressure Treatment. J. Sci. Food Agric., 82: 790-796.
8. Goli, S. A. H., Sahri, H. M. M. and Kadivar, M. 2008. Enzymatic Interesterification of Structured lipids Containing Conjugated Linoleic Acid with Palm Stearin for Possible Margarine Production. Eur. J. Lipid Sci., 110: 1102-1108.
9. Gujral, H. S., Angurala, M., Sharma, P. and Singh, J. 2011. Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Germinated and Cooked Pulses. Int. J. Food Prop., 14: 1366-1374.
10. Hahm, T., Park, S. and Lo, Y. M. 2009. Effects of Germination on Chemical Composition and Functional Properties of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Seeds. Bioresour. Technol., 100: 1643-1647.
11. Hooda, S. and Jood, S. 2003. Effect of Soaking and Germination on Nutrient and Antinutrient Contents of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.). J. Food Biochem., 27: 165-176.
12. Kim, E. O., Lee, K. T. and Choi, S. W. 2008. Chemical Composition of Germinated- and Ungerminated- safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) Seed. J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr., 37: 1162-1167.
13. Koyama, N., Kuribayashi, K., Seki, T., Kobayashi, K., Furuhata, Y., Suzuki, K., Arisaka, H., Nakano, T., Amino, Y. and Ishii, K. 2006. Serotonin Derivatives, Major Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Seed Antioxidants, Inhibit Low-density Lipoprotein (LDL) Oxidation and Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E-deficient Mice. J. Agric. Food Chem., 54: 4970-4976.
14. Kumari, S., Krishnan, V. and Sachdev, A. 2015. Impact of Soaking and Germination Durations on Antioxidants andAnti-nutrients of Black and Yellow Soybean (Glycine max. L) Varieties. J. Plant Biochem. Biotech., 24: 355-358.
15. Liu, B., Guo, X., Zhu, K. and Liu, Y. 2011. Nutritional Evaluation and Antioxidant Activity of Sesame Sprouts. Food Chem., 129: 799-803.
16. Mariod, A. A., Edris, Y. A., Cheng, S. F. and Abdelwahab, S. L. 2012. Effect of Germination Periods and Conditions on Chemical Composition, Fatty Acids and Amino Acids of Two Black Cumin Seeds. Acta Sci. Pol. Technol. Aliment., 11: 401-410.
17. Mead, R. and Curnow, R. N. 1983. Statistical Methods in Agriculture and Experimental Biology. Champen and Hull, New York.
18. Megat-Rusydi, M. R., Noraliza, C. W., Azrina, A. and Zulkhairi, A. 2011. Nutritional Changes in Germinated Legumes And rice Varieties. Inter. Food Res. J., 18: 705-713.
19. Mokhtari, N., Rahimmalek, M., Talebi, M. and Khorrami, M. 2013. Assessment of Genetic Diversity among and within Carthamus Species Using Sequence-related Amplified Polymorphism (SRAP) Markers. Plant Syst. Evol., 299: 1285-1294.
20. Omran, M. N., Pirouzifard, M. K., Aryaey, P. and Nejad, M. H. 2013. Cryoconcentration of Sour Cherry and Orange Juices with Novel Clarification Method; Comparison of Thermal Concentration with Freeze Concentration in Liquid Foods. J. Agr. Sci. Tech., 15: 941-950.
21. Oyaizu, M. 1986. Studies on Products of Browning Reactions Antioxidative Activities of Products of Browning Reaction Prepared from Glucosamine. Jpn. J. Nutr., 44: 307-315.
22. Pérez-Balibrea, S., Moreno, D. A. and Garcia-Viguera, C. 2011. Genotypic Effects on the Phytochemical Quality of Seeds and Sprouts from Commercial Broccoli Cultivars. Food Chem., 125: 348-354.
23. Sadeghi, H., Khazaei, F., Sheidaei, S. and Yari, L. 2011. Effect of Seed Size on Seed Germination Behavior of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). J. Agric. Biol. Sci., 6: 5-8.
24. Singleton, V. L., Orthofer, R. and Lamuela-Raentos, R. M. 1995. Analysis of Total Phenols and Other Oxidation Substrates and Antioxidants by Means of Folin– Ciocalteu Reagent. Meth. Enzymol., 299: 152-171.
25. Tommasi, F., Paciolla, C., De Pinto, M. C. and De Gara, L. 2001. A Comparative Study of Glutathione and Ascorbate Metabolism during Germination of Pinus pinea L. seeds. J. Exp. Bot., 52: 1647-1654.
26. Tonguc, M., Elkoyunu, R., Erbas, S. and Karakurt, Y. 2012. Changes in Seed Reserve Composition during Germination and Initial Seedling Development of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Turk. J. Biol., 36: 107-112.
27. Zielinska-Dawidziak, M. and Singer, A. 2012. Effect of Elevated Accumulation of Iron in Ferritin on the Antioxidants Content in Soybean Sprouts. Eur. Food Res. Technol., 234: 1005-1012.
 
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
Volume 18, Issue 7
November and December 2016
Pages 1967-1974