Resistance of Iranian Lecanicillium fungicola to Benzimidazole ‎and Ergosterol Demethylation Inhibiting Fungicides

Authors
M. Mehrparvar
E. Mohammadi Goltapeh
N. Safaei
Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, P. O. Box: 14115-336, ‎Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.‎
Abstract
Dry bubble disease is one of the most important serious diseases of the cultivated white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach). It is a cosmopolitan disease having a worldwide distribution. Ten isolates of Lecanicillium fungicola var. fungicola (Preuss) Zare and Gams were collected from mushroom farms. Sensitivity of the isolates to benomyl, carbendazim, carbendazim+iprodione and prochloraz manganese were studied. All the isolates were resistant to benomyl(ED50= 415.45-748.12 mg L-1), carbendazim (ED50= 1123.87-1879.59 mg L-1) and iprodione+carbendazim (ED50= 415.45-748.12 mg L-1). However, most of the isolates were sensitive to prochloraz manganese (ED50=1.62–12.58 mg L-1). As the primary source of the pathogen inoculum is casing soil and insects, stringent environmental hygiene of the mushroom houses will play a very important role in preventing and controlling the disease.

Keywords

1. Allan, J., Shah, F. A. and Khan, I. 2008 Establishing a Baseline for Fungicide Sensitivity of Three Major Mushroom Pathogens in Australia. Mushroom Sci., XVII(I): 565-569.
2. Bernardo, D., Novaes-Ledieu, M., Perez Cabo, A., Gea Alegría, F. J. and García Mendoza, C. 2002. Effect of the Fungicide Prochloraz-Mn on the Cell Wall Structure of Verticillium fungicola. Int. Microbiol., 5: 121-125.
3. Bonnen, A. M. and Hopkins, C. 1997. Fungicide Resistance and Population Variation in Verticillium fungicola, a Pathogen of the Button Mushroom, Agaricus bisporus. Mycol. Res., 101: 89-96.
4. Buchenauer, H. 1987. Mechanism of Action of Triazolyl Fungicides and Related Compounds In: "Modern Selective Fungicides: Properties, Applications, Mechanisms of Action", (Ed.): Lyr, H.. John Wiley and Sons, New York, PP. 205-232.
5. Chaten, C. E. 1996. The Mutable and Treacherous Tribe Revisited. Plant Pathol., 45: 1-12.
6. Fletcher, J. T., Hims, M. J. and Hall, R. J. 1983. The Control of Bubble Diseases and Cobweb Disease of Mushrooms with Prochloraz. Plant Pathol., 32: 123-131.
7. Fletcher, J. T. and Yarham, D. J. 1976. The Incidence of Benomyl Tolerance in Verticillium fungicola, Mycogone perniciosa and Hypomyces rosellus in Mushroom Crops. Ann. Appl. Biol., 84: 343-353.
8. Gams, W. and Van Zaayen, A. 1982. Contribution to the Taxonomy and Pathogenicity of Fungicolous Verticillium species. I. Taxonomy. Neth J. Plant Pathol., 88: 57-78.
9. Gandy, D. G. and Spencer, D. M. 1976. The Use of Chlorothalonil for the Control of Benzimidazole Tolerant Strains of Verticillium fungicola (Preuss) Hassebr. on the Cultivated Mushroom. Sci . Hortic., 5: 13-21.
10. Gea, F. J., Navarro, M. J. and Tello, J. C. 2005. Reduced Sensitivity of the Mushroom Pathogen Verticillium fungicola to Prochloraz-manganese In vitro. Mycol. Res., 109: 741-745.
11. Gea, F. J., Pardo, A., Navarro, M. J. and Pardo, J. 1995. Fungal Diseases of Mushroom Culture from Castilla-La Mancha (Spain): Incidence of Verticillium fungicola. Mushroom Sci., 15(1 and 2): 643-651.
12. Gea, F. J., Tello, J. C. and Honrubia, M. 1996. In vitro Sensitivity of Verticillium fungicola to Selected Fungicides. Mycopathol., 136: 133-137.
13. Geels, F. 1996. Resistance to Sporgon Tested Among Recently Isolated Strains of Verticillium fungicola var. fungicola. De Champignoncultuur (Netherlands), 40: 401-406.
14. Grogan, H., Keeling, C. and Jukes, A. 2000. In Vivo Response of the Mushroom Pathogen Verticillium fungicola (dry bubble) to Prochloraz-manganese. The BCPC Conference: Pests and Diseases. 13-16 November 2000. Proceedings of an International Conference Held at the Brighton Hilton Metropole Hotel, Brighton, British Crop Protection Council. , UK. 1: 273-278.
15. Holmes, J. H., Cole, H. and Wuest, P. J. 1971. Control of the Verticillium Disease of the Cultivated Mushroom, Agaricus bisporus with Benomylspray Applications. Plant Dis. Rep., 55: 684-7.
16. Largeteau, M. L., Baars, J. P. P., Regnault-Roger, C. and Savoie, J. M. 2006. Molecular and Physiological Diversity Among Verticillium fungicola var. fungicola. Mycol. Res., 110: 431-440.
17. Largeteau, M. L., Mata, G. and Savoie, J.-M. 2008. Verticillium fungicola var. fungicola: Comparison of Some Mexican and French Isolates. Revista Mexicana de Micologia, 26: 35-40.
18. Largeteau, M. L. and Savoie, J. M. 2008. Effect of the Fungal Pathogen Verticillium fungicola on Fruiting Initiation of Its Host, Agaricus bisporus. Mycol Res., 112: 825-828.
19. Nair, N. and Macauley, B. 1987. Dry Bubble Disease of Agaricus bisporus and A. bitorquis, and Its Control by Prochloraz-Manganese Complex. Newzeal. J. Agr. Res., 30: 107-116.
20. Potočnik, I. 2006. Causal Agents of Bubble Diseases of White Button Mushrom (Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach) and Their Sensitivity to Fungicides. Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro.
21. Potočnik, I., Vukojević, J., Stajić, M., Tanović, B. and Todorović, B. 2008. Fungicide Sensitivity of Selected Verticillium fungicola Isolates from Agaricus bisporus Farms. Arch. Biol. Sci., 60: 151-157.
22. Smith, C. M. 1988. History of Benzimidazole Use. In Fungicide Resistance in Northern America. The Am. Phytopathol. Soc., 43: 23-24.
23. Snel, M. and Fletcher, J. T. 1971. Benomyland Thiabendazole for the Control of Mushroom Diseases. Plant Dis.Rep., 55: 120-121.
24. Van Zaayen, A. and Van Adrichem, J. C. J. 1982. Prochloraz for Control of Fungal Pathogens of Cultivated Mushrooms. Neth. J. Plant Pathol., 88: 203-213.
25. Zare, R. and Gams, W. 2008. A Revision of the Verticillium fungicola Species Complex and its Affinity with the Genus Lecanicillium. Mycol. Res., 112: 811-824.
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
Volume 15, Issue 2
March and April 2013
Pages 389-396