Studies on the Volatile Compounds Generated on Irradiation of Flexible Films for Spice Packaging

Authors
M. Mizani 1
M. Yousefi 2
N. Sheikh 3
1 Department of Food Science and Technology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, P. O. Box: 14155-4933, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
2 Department of Food Science and Technology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box: 14155-4933, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran, Tel: 0098 21 44439185, Fax: 0098 21 44439182
3 Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Radiation Application Research School, Kargar Avenue, P.O. Box: 11365-3486, Tehran, Islamic of Republic of Iran.
Abstract
Volatile compounds generated from two types of polymeric laminated films, irradiated by gamma radiation at 8, 10 and 15 kGy, were investigated. Activated carbon was used as a dry food simulant to trace the migrating compounds by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy (GC/MS). The resulting data showed that the Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)/Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)/Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) film was more resistant to gamma radiation as compared to Biaxial Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP)/Cast Polypropylene (CPP) film. Toxic radiolysis products migrated through both laminated films at 8 and 15 kGy gamma irradiation. The toxic products originating from additives formulated in adhesive and in direct food contact layers may be considered as high risk against the safety of dry foodstuffs such as spices.

Keywords

1. Arvanitoyannis, I. S. and Tsarouhas, P. 2010. Food Packaging Materials for Irradiation. In: "Irradiation of Food Commodities". Chap.3, Elsevier. PP.43-61.
2. Ashby, R., Cooper, I., Harvey, S. and Tice, P. 1997. Food Packaging Migration and Legislation. Pira International, UK, PP. 146-148.
3. ASTM. 2004. Standard Guide for Irradiation of Dried Spices, Herbs and Vegetable Seasoning to Control Pathogens and Other Microorganisms. ASTM F 1885-04, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2969, United States.
4. ATSDR. 1999. Toxicological Profile for Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH). US Department of Health and Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry,Atlanta, GA.
5. 5.Bradley, E., Simoneau, C. and Raffael, B. 2002. Chemical Migration into Dry Foodstuffs. Food Cosmet. Drug Packag., 25: 55-59.
6. BSI. 2004. Materials and Articles in Contact with Foodstuffs-plastics Substances Subject to Limitations. Part 1. BS EN 13130-1, England.
7. Buchalla, R., Schuttler, C. and Bogl, K. W. 1993. Effect of Ionizing Radiation on Plastic Food Packaging Materials: A Review. I. Chemical and Physical Changes; J. Food Prot., 56: 991-997.
8. Carlon, H. R., Guelta, M. A. and Gerber, B. V. 1991. Some Candidate Replacement Material for Dioctyl Phthalate in”Hot Smoke” Aerosol Penetrometer Machines. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 14: 233-246.
9. Chytiri, S., Goulas, A. E., Badeka, A., Riganakos, K. A. and Kontominas, M. G. 2005. Volatile and Non-volatile Radiolysis Products in Irradiated Multilayer Coextruded Food Packaging Films Containing a Buried Layer of Recycled Low Density Polyethylene. Food Addit. Contam., 22(12): 1264-1273.
10. Chytiri, S., Goulas, A. E., Badeka, A., Riganakos, K. A., Petridis, D. and Kontominas, M. G. 2008. Determination of Radiolysis Products in Gamma-irradiated Multilayer Barrier Food Packaging Films Containing a Middle Layer of Recycled LDPE. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 77: 1039-1045.
11. EC. 1999. Directive 1999/3/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 February 1999 on the Establishment of a Community List of Foods and Food Ingredients Treated with Ionizing Radiation. OJEC, L66: 24-25.
12. Farkas, J. 2001. Radiation Decontamination of Spices, Herbs, Condiments and Other Dried Food Ingredients. In: “Food Irradiation: Principles and Practice", (Ed.): Molins, R. A.. Chap. 11, John Wileys and Sons, Inc, PP.291-312.
13. FDA. 2007. Preparation of Premarket Submissions for Food Contact Substances: Chemistry Recommendations. US Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition.
14. FDA. 2010. Indirect Food Additives: Adhesives and Components of Coatings. Subpart B. Substances for Use Only as Components of Adhesives.CFR- Code of Federal Regulations, Food and Drug Administration, 21CFR 175.105.
15. Galic, K., Scetar, M. and Kurek, M. 2011. The Benefits of Processing and Packaging. Trends Food Sci. Tech., 22: 127-137.
16. Goulas, A. E., Riganakos, K. A. and Kontominas, M. G. 2004. Effect of Ionizing Radiation on Physicochemical and Mechanical Properties of Commercial Monolayer and Multilayer Semi-rigid Plastic Packaging Materials. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 69: 411-417.
17. Hoening, S. M., Cheung, Y. W. and Moldowan, D. 2006. Anti-blocking Compositions Comprising Interpolymers and Ethylene/Alpha-olefins.WO2006/101915 A2.
18. IAEA. 2003. Commercial Activities on Food Irradiation. www.iaea.org/icgfi/documents/commeact.htm.
19. Jeon, D. H., Park, G. Y., Kwak, I. S., Lee, K. H. and Park, H. J. 2007. Antioxidants and Their Migration into Food Simulants on Irradiated LLDPE Film. LWT, 40: 151-156.
20. Kim-Kang, H. and Gilbert, S. G. 1991. Isolation and Identification of Potential Migrants in Gamma-irradiated Plastic Laminates by Using GC/MS and GC/IR. Appl. Spectrosc., 45(4): 572-580.
21. Komolpraset,V., McNeals, T. P., Agrawal, A., Adhikari, C. and Thayer, D. W. 2001. Volatile and Non-volatile Compounds in Irradiated Semi-rigid Crystalline Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) Polymers. Food Addit. Contam., 18: 89-101.
22. Komolprasert, V., Bailey, A. and Machuga, E. 2008. Irradiation of Food Packaging Materials: Regulatory Report. FDA/Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, www.cfsan.fda.gov
23. Kroplinski, T. F. and Brauer, M. 1978. Stabilized Diphenylmethane Diisocyanate Prepolymer. US Patent 4,125,545.
24. Kume, T., Futura, M.,Todoriki, S., Uenoyama, N. and Kobayashi,Y. 2009. Status of Food Irradiation in the World. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 78: 222-226.
25. Lago, R. M., Silva, A. C. B., Teixeira, A. C. M. and Augusti, R. 2003. Application of Membrane Introduction of Mass Spectrometry to the Study of Adsorption of Organic Compounds on Activated Carbon and Solid Phase Extraction Experiments. Analyst, 128: 884-888.
26. Lornage, A., Kleeberg, K. K, Stegmann, R., Lagier, T. and Carre, J. 2005. Investigation on Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) and Odorous Emissions during Solid Waste Treatment: Implementation of Different Analytical Methods. (Ed.): Margherita di Pula, S., Proceeding Sardina, Tenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, 3-7 October 2005, Cagliari, Italy.
27. Makhzoumi, Z. EL. 1994. Effect of Irradiation of Polymeric Packaging Material on the Formation of Volatile Compounds. In: “Food Packaging and Preservation” (Ed.): Mathlouthi, M..; Chapman and Hall, 5: 88-99.
28. Mizani, M., Sheikh, N., Ebrahimi, S. N., Gerami, A. and Tavakoli, F. 2009. Effect of Gamma Irradiation on Physic-mechanical Properties of Spice Packaging Films. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 78: 806-809.
29. Morehouse, K. M. 2002. Food Irradiation-US Regulatory Considerations. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 63: 281-284.
30. Randall, D. and Lee, S. 2002. The Polyurethanes Book. John Wiley, PP. 121-123.
31. Riganakos, K. A., Koller, W. D., Ehlermann, D. A. E., Bauer, B. and Kontominas, M. G. 1999. Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Properties of Monolayer and Multilayer Flexible Food Packaging Materials. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 54: 527-540.
32. Sadler, G., Chappas, W. and Pierce, D. E. 2001. Evaluation of e-beam, γ- and X-ray Treatment on the Chemistry and Safety of Polymers Used with Pre-packaged Irradiated Foods: A Review. Food Addit. Contam., 18(6): 475-501.
33. Schwope, A. D. and Reid, R. C. 1988. Migration to Dry Foods. Food Addit. Contam. 5(Suppl. 1): 445-454.
34. Svensson, K, Binderup, M. L and Brede, C. 2001. Adhesives in Food Contact Materials and Articles. Proceedings from a Nordic Seminar, 2002, Tema Nord, 551 PP. 17-36
35. Silva, A. S., Freire, J. M. C., Franz, R. and Losada, P.P. 2008. Mass Transport of Model Migrants within Dry Foods. J. Cereal Sci., 48: 662-669.
36. Welle, F., Mauer, A. and Franz, R. 2002. Migration and Sensory Changes of Packaging Materials Caused by Ionizing Radiation. Radiat. Phys. Chem., 63: 841-844.
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
Volume 14, Issue 6
November and December 2012
Pages 1311-1319