Managing Plant Diseases and Promoting Sustainability and Productivity with Trichoderma: The Philippine Experience

1. Abd-El Moity, T. H., Papavizas, G. C. and Shatla, M. N. 1982. Induction of New Isolates of Trichoderma harzianum Tolerant to Fungicides and their Experimental Use for Control of White Rot of Onion. Phytopathology, 72: 396-400.
2. Acabal, B. D. Jr. 2004. Biological Control of Head Rot Disease Caused by Rhizoctonia Solani Kuehn of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. Capitata) using microbial antagonists. Proceedings of the 35th Anniversary and Annual Scientific Conference of PMCP. Amigo Terrace Hotel, Iloilo City. p. 101-102.
3. Ahmad, J. S. and Baker, R. 1987. Rhizosphere Competence of Trichoderma harzianum. Phytopathology, 77: 182-189.
4. Alvindia D. G. and Natsuaki, K. T. 2008. Evaluation of Fungal Epiphytes Isolated from Banana Fruit Surfaces for Biocontrol of Banana Crown Rot Disease. Crop Prot., 27:1200– 1207.
5. Alcantara, T. P. 1987. Antagonistic Activities of Trichoderma Species Against Vegetable Fungal Pathogens In Vitro. BS Thesis, University of the Philippines Los Baños.
6. Amin, F., Razdan, V. K., Mohiddin, F. A., Bhat, K. A. and Banday, S. 2010. Potential of Trichoderma species as Biological Agents of Soilborne Fungal Propagules. J. Phytopathol., 2:34-41.
7. Bacolod, I. D. 1988. Biological Control of Bakanae Disease of Rice Caused by Fusarium moniliforme Sheld. (Gibberella Fujikuroi Saw). BS Thesis, University of the Philippines Los Baños.
8. Baker, K. F., Cook, R. J. 1974. Biological Control of Plant Pathogens. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco. 433pp.
9. Bastasa, G. N. and Baliad, A. A. 2005. Biological Control of Fusarium Wilt of Abaca (Fusarium oxysporum) with Trichoderma and Yeast. Phil. J. Crop Sci., 30:29-37.

10. Bissett, J. 1991. A Revision of the Genus Trichoderma. II. Infrageneric Classification. Can. J. Bot., 69:2357-2372.
11. Bulluck, L. R., Brosius, N. Evalyno, G. K. and Ristaino, J. B. 2002. Organic and Fertility Soil Amendments Influence Soil Microbial, Physical and Chemical Properties on Organic and Conventional Farms. Appl. Soil Ecol., 19:147-160.
12. Bruton, B. D. 1994. Mechanical Injury and Latent Infections Leading to Postharvest. Hortscience, 29: 747–748.
13. Caasi, O. C. 2003. Aspergillus Oryzae (Ahlburg) Cohn as a Biocompetitor and Trichoderma viride Pers. Ex Fries as a Antagonist of Aspergillus flavus Link Ex Fries in Shelled Corn (Zea Mays L.) BS Thesis, University of the Philippines Los Baños.
14. Cano, L. C. and Catedral, I. G. 1995. Efficacy of Trichoderma sp. as Biocontrol Agent Against F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum. Phil. Phytopathol., 31:139.
15. Carsolio, C., Benhamou, N., Haran, S., Cortes, C., Gutierrez, A., Chet, I. and Herrera-Estrella, A. 1999. Role of the Trichoderma harzianum Endochitinase Gene, Ech42, in Mycoparasitism. Appl. Envtl. Microbiol., 65: 929-935.
16. Castro, F. S. 1990. Mass Production of Trichoderma spp. and Evaluation of Different Application Rates and Methods to Control Sheath Blight of Rice. B. S. Thesis, University of the Philippines Los Baños.
17. Catedral, I. G. and Halos, P. M. 1977. Biocontrol of Mungbean Stem Rot Caused by Fusarium Solani f. sp. phaseoli. Phil. Phytopathol., 13: 13.
18. Chet I. and Henis Y. 1985. Trichoderma as a Biocontrol Agent Against Soilborne Root Pathogens. In: “Ecology and Management of Soilborne Plant Pathogens”. (Eds.): Parker C. A., Rovira, A. D., Moore K. J., Wong P. T. W., Kollmorgen J. F. American Phytopathological Society (APS), St Paul, Minnesota, USA. pp. 110-112.
19. Chet I. (1987) Trichoderma-Application, mode of action, and potential as a biocontrol agent of soilborne pathogenic fungi. In: “Innovative Approaches to Plant Disease Control” Wiley and Sons, New York, USA. pp. 137-160.
20. Cook, R. J. and Baker, K. F. 1983. The Nature and Practice of Biological Control of Plant Pathogens. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, Minnesota. USA. 539 pp.
21. Cruz, L. A. N. 1995. Trichoderma spp. and Bacillus thuringensis Berliner Against Postharvest Pathogens of Papaya (Carica Papaya L.). BS Thesis, University of the Philippines Los Baños.
22. Cueto, A. C. 1983. Biological Control of Soilborne Pathogens on Cabbage with Trichoderma viride. BS Thesis, University of the Philippines Los Baños.
23. Cuevas, V. C. 1997. Rapid Composting Technology in the Philippines: Its Role in Producing Good-Quality Fertilizers. Food Fert. Tech. Center Extn. Bull., 444: 1-13.
24. Cuevas, V. C. 2006. Soil Inoculation with Trichoderma pseudokoningii Rifai Enhances Yield of Rice. Phil. J Sci., 135(1): 31-37.
25. Cuevas, V. C. and Bacalangco, N. E. 2005. Efficacy of Trichoderma Soil Inoculant in Increasing Lowland Rice Yield and Growth Rate of Nursery Crops. 7th Annual Scientific Meeting and Symposium, Mycological Society of the Philippines, ERDB, College, Laguna, April 8, 2005.
26. Cuevas, V. C. and Kebasen, S. B. 2005. Ecological Approach in the Control of Club Root Disease of Cabbage. 7th Annual Scientific Meeting and Symposium, Mycological Society of the Philippines, ERDB, College, Laguna, April 8, 2005.
27. Cuevas, V. C., Sinohin, A. M., and Orajay, J. I. 2005. Performance of Selected Philippine Species of Trichoderma as Biocontrol Agents of Damping-Off Pathogens and as Growth Enhancer of Vegetables in Farmer’s Field. Phil. Agric. Sci., 88: 63-71.
28. Cuevas, V. C., Sinohin, A. M., and Arro, E. A., Jr. 2001. Efficacy of Trichoderma Spp. as a Biological Control Agent of Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. Phil. Agric. Sci., 84:35-42.
29. Cuevas, V. C., Lagman Jr., C. A. and Cuevas, A. C. 2011. Potential Impacts of the Use of Trichoderma Spp. on Farmers’ Profit in the Field Control of Club Root Disease of Crucifers Caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor. Phil. Agric. Sci., 94:171-178.
30. Cumagun, C. J. R. 2006. Enhancement, Enzymatic Activity and Survival of Trichoderma spp. in Soil. J. Trop. Plant Pathol., 42: 1-9.
31. Cumagun, C. J. R. and Ilag, L. L. 1997a. Parasitism of Sclerotial Bodies of Rhizoctonia solani Kuehn by Trichoderma harzianum Rifai and Penicillium oxalicum Currie and Thom. Phil. Phytopathol., 33: 17-26.
32. Cumagun, C. J. R. and Ilag, L. L. 1997b. Enhancing the Efficacy of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai by Chitin Amendment Against Sheath Blight of Rice. Phil. Phytopathol., 33: 72-86.
33. Cumagun, C. J. R. and Lapis, D. B. 1993. Note: Practical Approach in Mass Production of Trichoderma spp. as a Means of Biological Control Against Sheath Blight of Rice. Phil. Agriculturist, 76: 251-257.
34. Cumagun, C. J. R., Hockenhull, J. and Lubeck, M. 2000. Characterization Of Trichoderma Isolates from Philippines Rice Fields by UP-PCR and r-DNA -ITS1 Analysis: Identification of UP-PCR Markers. J. Phytopathol., 143: 109-115.
35. Cumagun, C. J. R., Manalo, J. O., Salcedo-Bacalangco, N. A. and Ilag, L. L. 2009. Cellulose Decomposing Ability of Trichoderma in Relation to their Saprophytic Survival. Archv. Phytopathol. Plant Prot., 42: 698-704.
36. Dalmacio, S. C., Lozano, G. P. De la Peña., R. S. and Canole, B. L. 1990. Mechanical, Biological and Chemical Control of Banded Leaf and Sheath Blight of Maize Caused by Rhizoctonia solani. Proceedings of the 21th Anniversary and Annual Scientific Conference of PMCP. May 7-10, 1990, Sugarland Hotel, Bacolod City.
37. Deacon, J. W. 1994. Rhizosphere Constraints Affecting Biocontrol Organisms Applied to Seeds. In: “Seed treatment, Progress and Prospects”. (Eds.): Martin, T. British Crop Protection Council. Farnham, U. K. pp.315-326.
38. De la Peña, R. C., Rosales, A. M. and Mew, T. W. 1986. Trichodema aureoviride and T. glaucum as Biological Control Agent Against Damping-off of Crops Planted After Soil. Phil. Phytopathol., 22:4.
39. Dennis, C. and Webster, J. 1971. Antagonistic Properties of Species Groups of Trichoderma II. Production Of Volatile Antibiotics. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc., 57:41-48.
40. Druzhinina, I. S., Kopchinskiy, A. G. and Kubicek, C. P. 2006. The First One Hundred of Trichoderma Species is Characterized by Molecular Data. Mycoscience, 47:55-64.
41. Elad, Y. Chet, I. and Henis, Y. 1982. Degradation of Plant Pathogenic Fungi by Trichoderma harzianum. Can. J. Microbiol., 28: 719-725.
42. Elad, Y. 1994. Biological Control of Grape Grey Mold by Trichoderma Harzianum. Crop Prot., 13:35.
43. Etebarian, H R. 2006. Evaluation of Trichoderma Isolates for Biological Control of Charcoal Stem Rot in Melon Caused by Macrophomina phaseolina. J. Agric. Sci. Technol., 8: 243-250.
44. Evans, H. C., Holmes, K. A. and Thomas, S. E. 2003. Endophytes and Mycoparasites Associated with an Indigenous Forest Tree, Theobroma Gileri in Ecuador and a Preliminary Assessment of their Potential as Biocontrol Agents of Cocoa Diseases. Mycol. Prog., 2:149-160.
45. Fernandez, S. J. and Gapasin, R. M. 1990. In Vitro Antagonism of Trichoderma isolate Against Sclerotium rolfsii and Effect of Selected Isolates on the Organism. Proceedings of the 21th Anniversary and Annual Scientific Conference of PMCP. May 7-10, 1990, Sugarland Hotel, Bacolod City.
46. Gaigale, A. H., Wagh, G. N. and Khadse, A. C. 2011. Antifungal Activity of Trichoderma species Against Soilborne Pathogens. Asiat. J. Biotech. Resour., 2: 461-465.
47. Garrett, S. D. 1956. Biology of Root Infecting Fungi. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 293 pp.
48. Generalao, L. C. 1998. Microbial Control of Three Major Nematode Species Attacking Cavendish Banana (Musa sp). Ph.D. Dissertation, University of the Philippines Los Baños.
49. Gonzales, P. G. 1982. Differential Virulence of Trichoderma and Penicillium Isolates Against Soil-Borne Pathogens. MS Thesis, University of the Philippines Los Baños.
50. Ha, T. N. 2010. Using Trichoderma Species for Biological Control of Plant Pathogens in Vietnam. Journal ISSAAS, 16: 17-21.
51. Harman, G. 2006. Trichoderma for Biocontrol of Plant Pathogens: From Basic Research to Commercialized Products. Cornell Community, Conference on Biocontrol April 11-13, 1996. http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/bcconf/talks/harman.html (verified August 12, 2011)
52. Harman, G. E., Taylor, A. G. and Stasz, T. E. 1989. Combining Effective Strains of Trichoderma harzianum and Solid Matrix Priming to Improve Biological Seed Treatments. Plant Dis., 73:631-637.
53. Harman, G. E., Custis, D. and Shoresh, M. 2006. Plant Genomic And Environmental Factors that Affect the Abilities of Trichoderma spp. to Induce Plant Resistance and Increased Growth. In: “9th International Workshop on Trichoderma and Gliocladium”. (Eds.): Mach, R. L. and Zeilinger, S. Vienna, Austria.
54. Harman, G. E., Howell, C. R., Viterbo, A., Chet, I. and Lorito, M. 2004. Trichoderma Species-Opportunistic, Avirulent Plant Symbionts. Nature Rev. Microbiol., 2: 43-56.
55. Henis, Y. 1984. Ecological Principles of Biocontrol of Soilborne Plant Pathogens: Trichoderma Model. Eds. Klug, M. J. and Reddy, C. A. In: “Current Perspectives in Microbial Ecology” (Eds.): M. J. Klug and C. A. Reddy, American Society for Microbiology. Washington, D. C. 353-361 pp.
56. Hoitink, H. A. J. and Keener H. M. eds. 1993. Science and Engineering of Composting: Design, Environmental, Microbiological and Utilization Aspects.Worthington, OH, Renaissance Publ. 728 pp.
57. Hoitink, A. J. and Grebus, M. E. 1994. Status of Biological Control of Plant Diseases with Composts. Compost Sci. Utilization, Spring, 6-12.
58. Hoitink, A. J. and Boehm, M. J. 1999. Biocontrol within the Context of Soil Microbial Communities: A Substrate-Dependent Phenomenon. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol., 37: 427-446.
59. Imolehin, E. D., Mew, T. W. and Teng, P. S. 1989. Influence of Nitrogen, Rice Straw and Bacterization on the Population and Physiological Activity of Microorganisms in Lowland Soil. Phil. Phytopathol., 23:55-56.
60. Jaklitsch, W. M., Samuels, G. J., Dodds, S. L., Lu, B.-S. and Druzhinina, I. S. 2006. Hypocrea rufa/Trichoderma viride: A Reassessment and Description of Five Closely Related Species With and Without Warted Conidia. Stud. in Mycol., 55: 135-177.
61. Jensen, D. F., Jansson, H. B. and Tronsmo, A. 1996a. Monitoring Antagonistic Fungi Deliberately Released into the Environment. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands. 170pp.
62. Jensen, B., Knudsen, I. M. B., Jensen, D. F. and J. Hockenhull. 1996b. Development of a Formulation of Gliocladium roseum for Biological Seed Treatment. In: “Biological and Integrated Control of Plant Root Diseases in Soilless Cultures” (Eds.): Alabouvette, C. IOBC/WPRS Bulletin 19:164-169.
63. Kredics, L. Antal, Z., Manczinger, L., Szekeres, A., Kevei, F. and Nagy E. 2003. Influence of Environmental Parameters on Trichoderma Strains with Biocontrol Potential. Food Tech. Biotech., 41: 37-42.
64. Kubicek, C. P., Mach, R. L, Peterbauer, C. K. and Lorito, M. 2001. Trichoderma: From Genes to Biocontrol. J. Plant Pathol., 83:11–24.
65. Legado, J. A. and Ganoy, G. A. 1994. Effect of Four Species of Trichoderma at Different Inoculum Levels Against Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. on Tomato Seedlings. B. S. Thesis. USM.
66. Lima, L. H., Ulhoa, CJ., Fernandes, P. and Felix, C. R. 1997. Purification of a Chitinase from Trichoderma sp. and its Action on Sclerotium rolfsii and Rhizoctonia solani Cell Walls. J. Gen. and Appl. Microbiol., 43:31-37.
67. Lisansky, S. G. 1985. Production and Commercialization of Pathogens. In: “Biological Pest Control” (Eds.): Hussey, N.W. and Scopes, N., Blandford Press, Poole, UK. pp.210-218.
68. Llaguno, M. T. A., Loro, C. R., Roldan, E. L. and Ricamara, M. G. M. 2008. Effectiveness of Trichoderma Harzianum On Rapid Decomposition Of Different Types Of Garbage. 10th Annual Scientific Meeting and Symposium, Mycological Society of the Philippines, Inc. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet April 15-16, 2008.
69. Lorito, M., Woo, S. L., Ruocco, M., Roberta, M. Patrizia, A., Francesco, V., Simona, F., Ida, S. Sara, G., Lan. 2006. In: “The Molecular Cross-Talk Between Trichoderma, Plants and Pathogens Provides New Tools for Disease Control” In: “9th International Workshop on Trichoderma and Gliocladium”. (Eds.): Mach, R. L. and Zeilinger, S. Vienna, Austria.
70. Lorito, M., Woo, S. L.,Garcia Fernandez, I., Colucci, G., Harman, G. E., Pintor-Toro J. A., Filippone, E., Mucciflora, S., Lawrence, C. B., Zoina, A., Tuzunn S. and Scala, F. 1998. Genes from Mycoparasitic Fungi as a Source for Improving Plant Resistance to Fungal Pathogens. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 95:7860-7865.
71. Marshall, E. 1985. Japan and the Economics of Invention. Science, 228:157-158.
72. Merriman, P. and Russell, K. 1990. Screening Strategies for Biological Control. In: “Biological Control of Soil-Borne Plant Pathogens” (Eds.): Hornby, D. CAB International. pp. 427-435.
73. Mew, T. W., Rosales, A. W. and Elazegui, F. A. 1980. Ecology of the Rice Sheath Blight Pathogen and Saprophytic Survival. Int. Rice Res. Notes, 56:15.
74. Mew, T. M. and Rosales, A. 1985. Influence of Trichoderma on survival of hanatephorus cucumeris in Association with Rice in the Tropics In: “Ecology and Management of Soil-Borne Pathogens” (Eds.): Park, C. A. American Phytopathological Society (APS), St Paul, Minnesota, USA. pp. 117-120.
75. Mohamed, H. A. A., Haggag Wafaa, M. and Attallah, A. G. 2010. Genetic Enhancement of Trichoderma viride to Accommodate Different Hydrolytic Enzymes and Their Biocontrol Potentially Against Root Rot and White Mold Diseases in Bean Plants. Agric. Biol. J. of North Am.,1:273-284.
76. Molina, G. C. 1985. Potential of Microorganisms as Biological Control Agent of Selected Plant Pathogens. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of the Philippines Los Baños.
77. Monsalud, R. G. 2008. Harnessing Microbial Resources for Sustainable Crop Production: The Philippine Experience. J. Fac. Agric. Shinsu Univ., 44:1-29-33.
78. Moreno, L. S. 1995. Biological Control of Mango Stem-End Rot Caused by Diplodia natalensis Pole Evans with Trichoderma viride Pers. BS Thesis, Leyte State University.
79. Mortuza, G. M. and Ilag, L. L. 1999. Potential for Biocontrol of Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griff. & Maubl. in Banana Fruits by Trichoderma species. Biol. Con.,15:235-240.
80. Nagamani, A. and Mew, T. M. 1987. Trichoderma in Philippine Rice Field Soils. Int. Rice Res. Notes, 12:4.
81. Nagpala, A. L. 1999. Etiology and Management of the Root Rot and Wilt of Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum L.) In Benguet and Mountain Province, Philippines. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of the Philippines Los Baños.
82. Nagpala, A. L. and Palengleng, L. 2008. Utilization of Biological Control Agents (BCA) Against Clubroot of Cabbage in Benguet: A Sustainable Approach of Managing Plasmodiophora brassicae.
83. Neypes, M. V. T. 1986. Biological Control of Foot Rot of Wheat Caused by Sclerotium Rolfsii Sacc. Using Trichoderma spp. MS Thesis, University of the Philippines Los Baños.
84. Noveriza, R. and Quimio, T. H. 2004. Soil Mycoflora of Black Pepper Rhizosphere in the Philippines and Their In Vitro Antagonism Against Phytophthora capsici L. Indo. J. Agric. Sci., 5: 1-10.
85. Paderes, D. E. 1994. Biological Control Of Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc., the Cause of Seedling Blight of Rice with Trichoderma harzianum Rifai. Ph. D. Dissertation, KVL, Denmark.
86. Paderes, D. E., Lapis, D. B., Hockenhull, J. Jensen, D. F. and Mathur, S. B. 1995. Influence of Three Isolates of Trichoderma harzianum on Seedling Blight Incidence Caused by Sclerotium rolfsii and Yield of Upland Rice. Phil. Phytopathol., 31:138.
87. Palomar, M. K. and Palermo, V. G. 2004. Microbial Control of Sweet Potato to Tuber Rot Caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae Using Trichoderma F17c. Proceedings of the 35th Anniversary and Annual Scientific Conference of PMCP. Amigo Terrace Hotel, Iloilo City. pp. 102-103.
88. Palomar, M. K., Palermo, V. G., Edurisse, G. M. and Fernandez, M. K. 2004. Verification Trial for the Control of Taro Leaf Blight Using Trichoderma Isolates. Proceedings of the 35th Anniversary and Annual Scientific Conference of PMCP. Amigo Terrace Hotel, Iloilo City. p. 102.
89. Paningbatan, R. A. 1994. Trichoderma sp. for the Biocontrol of Sweet Pepper Stem Rot (Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc). Phil. Phytopatho.,l 30: 16-25.
90. Papavizas, G. C. 1985. Trichoderma and Gliocladium: Biology, Ecology and Potential for Biocontrol. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol., 23:23-54.
91. Paracha, J. E. and Evangelista, R. B. 1994. Effect of Inoculum Densities of Trichoderma spp. on Damping-off of Cucumber Seedlings Caused by Sclerotium Rolfsii Sacc. B. S. Thesis, USM.
92. Parungao, M. M., Pasco, C. A. F. and Poserio, W. R. A. 2008. Potential of Trichoderma viride Spores as a Biocontrol Agent Against Ralstonia solanacearum in Lycopersicon esculentum (Var. Apollo). 10th Annual Scientific Meeting and Symposium, Mycological Society of the Philippines, Inc. Benguet State University, La Trinidad, Benguet, April 15-16, 2008.
93. Peñamante, Aleli. P. 2000. Control of Sclerotium rolfsii Attacking Microsorium (Polypodium) Punctatum “Grandiceps” using Trichoderma Species. BS Thesis, University of the Philippines Los Baños.
94. Petrini, O. 1986. Taxonomy of Endophytes of Aerial Plant Tissues. In: “Microbiology of the Phyllosphere” (Eds.): N. J. Fokkema and J. van den Heuvel, Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK. pp. 175-187.
95. Receunco, J. 1997. Trichoderma Sp. for the Bio-Control of Parasitic Nematodes of Sugarcane. http://www.sra.gov.ph (date verified August 12, 2011).
96. Ricard, T. and Jorgensen, H. 2000. BINAB’s Effective, Economical and Environment Compatible Trichoderma Products as Possible Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) Inducers in Strawberries. 17th Danish Plant Protection Conference, Horticulture, Tjele, Denmark, DJF Rapport, Havebrug, 12:67-75.
97. Rifai, M. A. 1969. A Revision of the Genus Trichoderma. Mycol. Papers, 116: 1-56.
98. Rosales, A. M. 1985. Rice Straw Decomposition of Trichoderma species and its Effect in Inoculum of Sheath Blight Pathogen, Rhizoctonia Solani Kuhn. MS Thesis, University of the Philippines Los Baños.
99. Rudakov, O. L. 1978. Physiological Groups of Mycophilic Fungi. Mycologia, 70:130-159.
100. Saclangan, D. A. 2008. Preliminary Study on the Field Application Of Trichoderma Spp on Strawberry Flowers Using Honey Bees Apis Mellifera L. 10th Annual Scientific Meeting and Symposium, Mycological Society of the Philippines, BSU, La Trinidad, Benguet. April 15-16, 2008.
101. Salt, G. A. 1978. The Increasing Interest in Minor Pathogens. In: “Soilborne Plant Pathogens” (Eds.): Schippers, B. and Gams, W. Academic Press, New York, pp.289-312.
102. Samoy, E. F. and Tangonan, N. G. 1991. Trichoderma harzianum as Biological Control Against Rhizome Rot of Ginger Caused by Fusarium sp. USMARC Monitor, 12:10-11.
103. Santiago, S. E., Rapusas, H. R., Ramos, J. R., Hammig, M. and Shepard, B. M. 2008. Trichoderma sp. (T5 Isolate) for the Management of Soil-Borne Diseases of Onion. Proceedings lf the 39th Anniversary and Annual Scientific Conference of PMCP, Puerto Princesa, Palawan, May 6-9, 2008,
104. Samuels, G. J. 1996. Trichoderma: A Review of Biology and Systematics of the Genus. Mycol. Res.,100:923-935.
105. Schuster, A and Schmoll, M. 2010. Biology and Biotechnology of Trichoderma. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 87:787–799.
106. Segarra, G, Casanova, E., Aviles, M. and Trillas, I. 2010. Trichoderma asperellum Strain T-34 Controls Fusarium Wilt Disease in Tomato Plants in Soilless Culture Through Competition for Iron. Microb. Ecol., 59: 141-149.
107. Sinohin, A. M. and Plete, A. C. R. 1998. Biological Control of Sheath Blight of Upland Rice with Trichoderma species. Phil. Phytopathol., 34:1-9.
108. Sollorin, L. B. and Tangonan, N. G. 1990. Trichoderma as Biological Control Against Sclerotium Rolfsii Causing Damping-off in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Seedlings. USM CA Res. J., 1: 181-185.
109. Torres, Ma. Shiela, C. 2000. Bioefficacy of Trichoderma TPII against Soilborne Seed and Seedling Fungal Pathogens of Corn and Cowpea. BS Thesis, University of the Philippines Los Baños.
110. Trillas, M. I, Casanova, E., Cotxarrera, L., Ordovas, J., Borrero, C. and Aviles, M. 2006. Composts from Agricultural Waste and the Trichoderma asperellum Strain T-34 Suppress Rhizoctonia in Cucumber Seedlings. Biol. Control, 39: 32-38.
111. Usmani, S. M. H. and Mew, T. W. 1984. Prevalence of Trichoderma spp. in the Rice Rhizosphere from the IRRI Upland Area. Phil. Phytopathol., 20:14.
112. Vidhyasekaran, P. 2004. Concise Encyclopedia of Plant Pathology. The Haworth Press. Binghamton, N.Y.619pp.
113. Vilich, V. and Sikora, R. A. 1998. Diversity on Soilborne Microbial Communities: A Tool for Biological System Management of Root Health. In: “Plant–Microbe Interactions and Biological Control” (Eds.): G. J. Boland and L.D. Kuykendall, Marcel Dekker, New York. 14pp.
114. Viterbo, A., Montero, M., Ramot, O., Friesem, D., Monte, E., Llobell, A. and Chet, I. 2002. Expression Regulation of the Endochitinase Chit36 from Trichoderma asperellum (T. harzianum T-203). Curr. Gen., 42:114-122.
115. Woo, S. L., Donzelli, B., Scala, F., Mach, R., Harman, G. E., Kubicek, C. P., del Sorbo, G. and Lorito, M. 1999. Disruption of the Ech42 (Endochitinase Encoding) Gene Affects Biocontrol Activity in Trichoderma harzianum P1. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact., 12:419-429.
116. Windham, M. T., Elad, Y. and Baker, R. 1986. A Mechanism for Increased Plant Growth Induced by Trichoderma spp. Phytopathology, 76:518-21.
117. Yedidia, I., Benhamou, N. Kapulnik, Y. and Chet, I. 2000. Induction and Accumulation of PR Proteins Activity During Early Stages of Root Colonization by the Mycoparasite Trichoderma harzianum Strain T-203. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 38: 863-873.