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In this study, the optimum combination of major factors affecting the acceptability of whey-based Ricotta cheese i.e. fat at three levels (0, 5, 10%), salt at three levels (0, 1, 2%), and starter culture at two levels (0, 3%) was determined in a complete randomized design method with a factorial experiment. Ricotta cheese trials made by mixing whey and milk in a ratio of 5:1 were then organoleptically judged on the basis of the main attributes such as color, flavor, texture, and overall acceptability. The collected data were then statistically analyzed using a seven point hedonic method. The results show that the addition of fat had a significant effect on all sensory attributes (p< 0.05). The incorporation of salt in the formulation also had a significant effect on flavor, color, and overall acceptability (p< 0.05) as well as on texture (p< 0.01), whereas the addition of starter culture had a significant effect only on texture (p< 0.01) and overall acceptability (p< 0.05). It was concluded that a combination of 5% fat, 2% salt, and 3% starter culture gains a higher score and could be recommended as the preferred formulation for Iranian consumers.

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Potential of three physically different formulations of biocontrol agent Thrichoderma harzianum199 was investigated in a field trial against wheat common bunt caused by Tilletia laevis Kühn. Wheat seeds of cv. Chamran were treated with liquid, semi-solid (gel mixed suspension) and solid (talc powder) formulations prior to planting. Field practices were performed based on Khuzestan wheat planting schedule and no chemical was used until harvesting. The results of analyzed data showed significant effect of formulation type on common bunt incidence. Tetraconazole (chemical check) showed common bunt reduction (97.7%) and among bio-formulations, gel-mixed suspension was significant in disease reduction (43.41%), but it was next to talc and liquid formulation in yield, harvested weight, healthy spikes and stem height. Talc formulation reduced bunt infection (39.07%) and showed better than gel mixed suspension in yield and some yield components. Conversely, liquid formulation enhanced bunt incidence (25.31%) but was almost same as the talc and better than gel formulation in yield and yield components. General findings of this experiment indicate that physical form of T. harzianum 199 formulation can effectively influence both common bunt prevention and agronomic potential of Chamran wheat cultivar.

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In this study, the effect of carbon and nitrogen sources, on production of yeast biomass was determined as well as the efficacy of various formulations of Candida membranifaciens to decrease blue mold on apple. The media containing sugar cane molasses as carbon sources caused more yeast growth than the media supplemented with permeate powder. Yeast extract as nitrogen source produced higher biomass than urea and Corn steep liquor (CSL). The best growth was obtained in medium that composed of sugar cane molasses, yeast extract and CSL. Viability of C. membranifaciens differed in various carriers significantly (p < 0.01). The number of viable cells in Kaolin and Talc-based formulations was gradually reduced whereas the viability in wheat bran based formulations increased in 4 months and then gradually declined. In general, the formulations stored at 4 °C had longer shelf life than those stored at 24 °C. The antagonistic efficacy of prepared formulations of C. membranifaciens was evaluated against Penicillium expansum on apple at storage conditions. There were no significant differences among Talc-based, Kaolin-based and Wheat bran-based formulations of C. membranifaciens in reduction of blue mold.

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  The date powder produced from ″Shahani″ variety under optimize condition (600 mmHg vacuum and 75 ^°C) was used in formulation of chocolate toffee as sweet replacer in proportion of 25, 50, 75 and 100 % of sugar which is commonly utilized. Then, texture, color and energy content of product were compared with a blank sample having no date powder. Finally, organoleptic qualities of the produced toffee (odor, flavor, chewiness, sweetness, apparent color) were evaluated by a group of 30 panelists. Statistical results showed that the samples with 50% (odor: 3.2; flavor: 3.5; chewiness: 3.4; sweetness: 3.5 and apparent color: 3.7 score) and 75% (odor: 3.5; flavor: 3.3; chewiness: 3.6; sweetness: 3.3 and apparent color: 3.5 score) of date powder had the highest score in comparison with common chocolate toffee.    

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  This study carried out at industrial and laboratorial scale to produce a by- product from pistachio (pistacia vera) named "Pistachio butter" for the purpose of finding a way for better use of shut-mouth pistachios which are not be used as dried nuts, and also considering the importance and global fame of pistachio which Iran has about more than 50% of world production .To do this descriptive- explorative study, pistachios (CT: Fandoghee- Ibraheemi with 16% shut-mouth) were gathered from Kerman gardens, then peeled, milled and mixed with additives containing lecithin, antioxidant, sugar (or salt) and flavoring agents (cardamom and vanilla) and finally packed after kneading and preparing by using pistachios with third skin or peeled. Chemical components of the products also measured according to the standard operations. Produced samples, difference, dependence and relationship of them preparing, by using pistachios with third skin or peeled .At first, 4 treatments from every group of sweet or salt base were made. Then, Sensory evaluations for flavor of treatments were carried out by 5 member instructed sensory panelists, based on scoring test. Treatment with 30% sugar from sweet flavor and treatment with 1% salt from salt flavor were selected which had significant difference with other treatments (p<0.05). Then two selected treatments on society were evaluated by paired preference evaluating method. Sweet base was preferred with significant difference (P<0.05). By selecting sweet base in society, sweet base pistachio butter with vanilla and cardamom were made and again were sensory evaluated by instructed panelists using scoring method. According to the received results pistachio butter with 40% sugar in vanilla treatments and pistachio butter with 30% sugar in cardamom treatments were selected because of no significant difference with 50% sugar treatment and having significant difference with 15% sugar treatment. Two preferred treatments were evaluated by paired preference method on society again, which there was no significant difference between two treatments. At last for studying effect of shelf life on flavor , after 5 months , vanilla and cardamom treatments were evaluated by ranking method using in – house panel, which cardamom treatment with 30% sugar and vanilla one with 40% sugar were selected because of having significant difference with the others ( p<0.05). Physicochemical characteristics of every produced sample with different percents of sugar in vanilla and cardamom treatments were measured. Determining shelf life in durations of 15, 30,45,60,90 and 120 days were done by measuring peroxide and acidity index in terms of oleic acid noting related standard which the result showed high stability in pistachio butter. SPSS software was used for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics in form of mean and standard deviation were used for quantitative parameters and physicochemical characteristics For sensory characteristics, depend on cases, variance analysis and LSD test, ranking method and freedman test and also two sentence two scope test were used.

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Potato cyst nematodes (PCN), Globodera rostochiensis and Globodera pallida are major limiting factors to potato cultivation globally. Effective use of nematode antagonistic bio-agents is a potentially important component of the eco-friendly agro-farming. Pseudomonas fluorescens and Purpureocillium lilacinum are known for their nematode antagonistic potential and plant growth promotion ability. The effect of seed treatment with liquid suspension of P. fluorescens at 1 l/ton seeds and soil drenching with suspension of P. lilacinum at 5 l/ha, singly and jointly, was studied to minimize the damage caused by PCNin potato plants under field conditions in two regions in India. Both applications showed significantly greater PCN suppression and better plant growth promotion in comparison to solo application. The both application showed the highest reduction of cyst population (75.7%) in soil, female population (79.9%) in root and egg numbers per soil of each location (84%). The potato plants from P. fluorescens-seed treatment and P. lilacinum-soil drenching both applied plots were 33.5% taller with 45.6% more number of tubers than untreated plants. The tuber yield was also significantly higher (35.9%) in both application than untreated control. There was no significant difference on the root colonization of P. fluorescens and P. lilacinum in solo and both treatments.
 

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This study aimed to produce and characterize solid lipid nanoparticles containing the essential oil (SLN-EO) of Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. The preparation was carried out using the high shear homogenization and ultrasound method. The biological activities of the prepared nanoformulation were evaluated against Mediterranean flour moth Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae under laboratory conditions. The particle size of SLN-EO was estimated to be under 150 nm (polydispersity index, PDI < 0.2) and zeta potential was negative. Morphology of nanoparticles was in globular form as demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy analysis. The loaded essential oil (EO) in SLN was calculated as 92% using the filtration-centrifugation method. The fumigant toxicity of EO as SLN formulation against E. kuehniella larvae was three times greater than that of pure EO. Similar results, but to a lesser extent, were obtained from comparing their contact toxicities. The fumigant durability of EO was enhanced by nanoformulation for up to two weeks. The nutritional indices of larvae, including relative growth rate (RGR), relative consumption rate (RCR), and feeding deterrence (FDI), were influenced considerably by SLN-EO compared to pure EO. The findings suggested the solid lipid nanoparticles as a suitable nanocarrier for EO in sustainable control management of Mediterranean flour moth.

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This article has been written on the basis of critical rationality. The main purpose of the article is formulation of a epistemic apparatus for Solving Scientific Problem. Initially, the paper has posed methodological problems, then responsed to two methodological questions: “How scientific problem, is”and “How problem- finding can be done”. In response to the first questions, two kinds of problems have been distincted: social problem and theoretical problem. In response to the second question, the sources of the problems have been discussed. Source of theoretical problem is scientific knowledge and criticism from theory. Social problem arises from social reality that in a given situation leads to a problem and further creates crises in the existing system. In continuation, the logic of solving scientific problem has been formulated on the basis of two kinds of reasonings: rational reasoning and experimental reasoning. Rational reasoning is a tentative solution of the problem. This solution may be true and false. Experimental reasoning is a justifier of the rational reasoning. These two kinds of reasonings are based on the method of trial and error. This scientific approach was applied to solve democratization problem in Iran, therefore, this article has both theoretical and practical dimensions.

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Fungal plant diseases can severely damage oil palm crops and compromise agricultural yields. To ensure a high crop yield while keeping the fungal pathogens at bay, microbial control to combat such diseases offers a more sustainable alternative to chemical control. It is safer to replace chemical fungicides with eco-friendly bio formulations containing living fungi or bacteria and their products to manage fungal infestations on plants, especially oil palm. This is because natural antagonistic microorganisms/substances form components of biofungicides and protect plants by various modes of action such as hyperparasitism, antibiosis and/or by induction of systemic resistance. Microbial agents’ application in managing fungal plant diseases, especially oil palm crop diseases, promises a safer and sustainable agricultural system to control fungal phytopathogens while ecologically less polluting. This article briefly describes the different bioformulations and the mechanism of action of microbial agents to manage fungal phytopathogens of crops, especially in oil palm. A summary of various merits and demerits of biofungicides over synthetic ones and the future outlooks are also highlighted. Bio-based microbial agents for controlling fungal phytopathogens, especially in oil palm plants, appear to be a promising fungal pest management approach considering the growing need for sustainable practices in the agronomic sector.
 

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During the interrogation process and its discourse language contains certain characteristics that can be the source of many linguistic researches and studies. One of the most important issues that can be mentioned in the interrogation process is how to evolve the verbal communication by the interrogator in order to obtain the truth of the interrogee’s statements. In this regard, the interrogator uses strategies to advance the discourse in his/her own way. In analyzing the data, the participants in the interrogation interaction were divided into two groups of specialist and non-specialist. The first category are the people who are familiar with the law and the legal language and include the police, judge, lawyer, etc. On the other hand, the second group are people who are not familiar with the law (or at least have little familiarity), including the accused, the plaintiff. In the present essay, based on the corpus of ten litigation files and based on the analysis of the verbal interaction between the expert (judge) and the non-expert (the accused, the plaintiff), we attempted to extract the various strategies used by the interrogator. The strategies include question formulation, use of repeated questions, quotation clauses, contrast,the use of the phrase "khob" as a discourse maker and interruption.
1. Introduction
In a simple definition forensic linguistics is an attempt to explore the way relationships between people in legal contexts are constructed through language. What we are dealing with in forensic linguistics in general is the analysis of legal writing or legal talk. The present study focuses on legal talk in interrogation, specifically questioning in trial. In the present study we examined the interrogation process, which includes the strategies that the interrogator uses during the interrogation process to obtain answers to his questions and to discover the truth. Based on the issues raised, the present study seeks to answer the following questions:
 1. What strategies does the interrogator use to obtain the truth in the interrogation process?
2. What is the formal and pragmatic representation of the questions during the interrogation process?
2. Literature Review
Holt and Johnson (2010) study the socio-pragmatic aspects of legal talk: police interviews and trial discourse. They believe that reporting, contrasting, formulating and repeating are at the heart of the process of formulating the facts of the legal story in trials and police interviews. Their use produces important fact-making moments that distil and encode a version of reality, which play an important part in the legal case: an authorized-authoritative version.
Momeni (2012) show how linguistic analysis can help to identify language crime especially when there are no clear available proofs or documents. As she points out language crime is accompanied with speech acts like lying, threatening bribery. After observing numerous cases in courts and police stations (Bureau of Police Investigation), the author chose data which included “lies” and analyzed it in two ways. First, “defendants’ statements” and second “power relation” are analyzed. The author draws this conclusion that linguistics strategies like semantic tools (schema, frame, verb meaning), syntactic tools (mood of verb), discoursal tools (power relation) … can be effective to identify and analyze language crimes. Perjury/lie is considered as a crime in both courts and Bureau of Police Investigation. Analyzing all language crimes in one article is not possible; therefore, the author analyzes just one which is perjury/lie.
Momeni and Azizi (2015) study the role of topic shift and violence of Grice Principles in interrogation. They show the role of changing the subject and violation of Grice cooperative principles in interrogations. That is, the accused seeks to prolong the duration of the investigation or provide incomplete information to the interrogator officer which consistently violates these strategies. On the other hand, the legal context and power relations do not allow the accused to change the subject according to his own desire or give irrelevant answers constantly. If this happens, it can be concluded that the accused tried to mislead the interrogator in linguistic terms. This research is a fieldwork study. After tens of observations of interrogations recorded in Tehran Police Bureau, the real samples were selected, classified and studied. The authors introduce these principles and demonstrate their use in interrogations.
 Razavian and Jalil,(2018) study the “spoken features of the robbery defendants in court”. They try to obtain spoken features of robbery defendants in order to provide a unique conversation of thieves in detection of crimes. The authors are trying to describe and explain speech of robbery defendants in Semnan province judicial system from the perspective of Forensic Linguistics. The results show that the robbery defendants by using many linguistic principles such as high modality, activism deletion, infelicitous utterance, illocutionary act try to gain interrogators confidence. Investigation of lawsuits details show that robbery defendants in their defenses use linguistic principles differently. In particular, they use in their speech modality for 29%, contradictions for 16%, activism deletion for 14%, presupposition for 10%, speech acts for 3%, implicature for 1% and middle voice construction for 0/5%. Results suggest that attention to features and elegances of language like low modality, contradiction in speech, activism deletion, presupposition, implicature; middle voice construction and Gricean Cooperative Principles can help investigators and judges at crime detection. The other researches that concerns language in legal discourse in Iran are as follows: Rowshan & Behboudi (2009), Momeni (2011), Momeni & Azizi (2011).
3. Methodology
This research is a fieldwork study. The present study is based on a speech record of a total of 189 minutes of conversation recording of the interrogation process of ten cases in two branches of the Shiraz Public Prosecutor's Office. After tens of observations of interrogations recorded, the real samples were selected, classified and studied.
                                                                    4. Results and Discussion
By analyzing the data we found that the interrogator uses specific and repetitive strategies, and this pattern is present in all cases. Accordingly, we extract and categorize the strategies which include question formulation, use of repeated questions, quotation clauses, contrast, the use of the phrase "khob" as a discourse maker marker and interruption. The results show that all four strategies proposed in the views of Holt and Johnson (2010) included the formulation, repetition of the question, quotation, and contrast palys central role in the interrogation discourse. Also, the authors have found three strategies: "khob" as a discourse maker marker, interruption, and the second type of question repetition to these strategies.
6. Conclusion
While the formal approaches to the study of language pay attention to the formal aspects of language, the functional-oriented theories focus on language use as a means of communication and its application in different contexts. In the present article, an attempt was made to study another practical aspect of language in the (specifically) judicial and legal context. To achieve this, the authors chose the interrogation process in the prosecutor's office and explored the strategies used in the interrogation process by the expert (interrogator) and non-expert (defendant, plaintiff, etc.). One of the main strategies in this process is “the questions” both in formal and pragmatic aspects. Based on the body of the interrogation process of ten cases in two branches of the Public Prosecutor's Office, the authors evaluated the questions raised by the judge and concluded that all four strategies proposed in the views of Holt and Johnson (2010) are used by interrogator. They are question formulation, repeated questions, quotation clauses and contrast, and also, the authors have added three strategies of "khob" as a discourse maker marker, interruption. It should be noted that the discourse of interrogation has many different dimensions and aspects, both in terms of form and function, which requires deeper and broader research in the field of justice.
 
 

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 The present research aimed to enhance the efficacy of alphacypermethrin and fipronil insecticides formulated as an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) by adding varying concentrations of the modified polytrisiloxane (QS-302) as an adjuvant alongside the emulsifier blend. The formulations were subjected to emulsion and thermal stability tests according to the methods used by both the FAO and WHO to determine qualified pesticides. Using the residual thin film technique, the acute toxicity of prepared formulations was also assessed against adult rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae (L.). Generally, alphacypermethrin demonstrated greater effectiveness than fipronil, with LC₅₀ values of 1.545 ppm for alphacypermethrin compared to 8.60 ppm for fipronil. When the QS 302 adjuvant was incorporated at a concentration of 7% into the EC formulations, the LC₅₀ for fipronil decreased from 8.60 ppm to 5.98 ppm. Also, at a 14% addition of QS 302, the LC₅₀ value dropped to 2.92 ppm. In contrast, the efficacy of alphacypermethrin against rice weevils diminished when QS 302 was mixed with the other components at the same concentration. This may be attributed to the enhanced pesticide penetration and distribution of fipronil, which was improved more than that of alphacypermethrin due to alterations in the hydrophobic-hydrophilic balance (HLB), ultimately affecting the solubilization and penetration of the insecticide through the rice weevil cuticle.


 

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Aims: Studying design regulations to eliminate contradictions and deficiencies is a dynamic and important research topic in most parts of the world. There is no doubt about the necessity of regulations, but the question is how to design regulations that does not lead to decrease in quality and tension in design process. The aim of research is to find roots of the reducing function of national regulations, focusing on the fourth issue, in fading design concepts in construction sector.

Methods: The research is conducted analytically, based on content analysis and logical reasoning of library resources, and the research framework is determined through interviews with selected experts.

Findings: National regulations are prescriptive, that determining solutions, inflexibility, and standardization is their most significant characteristics. Reducing design issues, substituting skills with knowledge, relieving design responsibility through reliance on standards, setting minimums as objectives, and eliminating incentives for creativity and innovation are the main reasons for the diming function of national regulations in the design and construction sector.

Conclusion: The structure and content of regulations make changes in designers' methods and work. The prescriptive approach, with its particular characteristics, is not suitable for formulating architectural design regulations and requires regulations that do not compel designers to think in specific paths. The centralization of standards has limited design issues and, by reducing the level of design to that of technicians, has obscured the roles of innovative designers and design concepts, creating a platform for non-specialists to enter the design and construction domain.

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This paper presents the investigation of general formulation and numerical solution of the dynamic load carrying capacity (DLCC) of flexible link manipulator. The proposed method is based on open loop optimal control problem. A two point boundary value problem (TPBVP) is provided, extracted from the Pontryagin's minimum principle. The indirect approach is employed to derive optimality conditions. The system’s dynamics equation of motion is obtained from Gibbs-Appell (G-A) formulation and assumed mode method (AMM). Elastic properties of the links are modeled according to the assumption of Timoshenko beam theory (TBT) and its associated mode shapes. As TBT is more accurate compared with the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, it is exploited for mathematical modeling of flexible links. The main contribution of the paper is to calculate the maximum allowable load of a flexible link robot while an optimal trajectory is provided. Finally, the result of the simulation and experimental platform are compared for a two-link flexible arm to verify the introduced technique. The efficiency of the proposed method is illustrated by performing some simulation studies on the IUST flexible link manipulator. Simulation and experimental results confirm the validity of the claimed capability for controlling point-to-point motion of the proposed method and its application toward DLCC calculation.

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Current interests towards lowering fat content in food products and producing healthier and safer foods, have convinced ice cream manufacturers to substitute milk fat in ice cream with either carbohydrate or protein based fat replacers. In the present work, reduced-fat ice cream (5% fat) was produced using milk protein concentrate (65%) and inulin as fat replacers (0, 2 and 4%) as well as two types of commercial stabilizer-emulsifier blends (Stab-IC80 and Stab-6924) at levels of 0.3 and 0.4%. Rheological, physicochemical and sensory properties of ice cream mix and final ice cream were evaluated. All the mixes were pseudoplastic fluids with apparent viscosity values decreasing with increasing shear rate. Mix viscosity and consistency coefficient increased while flow behaviour index decreasing by use of MPC (Milk Protein Concentrate) and inulin and as well with an increase in either type of stabilizer level. Ice cream hardness was not affected by type and amount of fat replacer and stabilizer but overrun values decreased with increasing MPC, inulin and stabilizers’ level in the product formulation. In general, samples containing Stab-IC80 had greater values of overrun and melting resistance than samples with Stab-6924. According to panel test results, the highest score for sensory evaluation was given to sample containing 2% inulin.

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Abstract Budget process is one of the most important policy processes in every state which can be an area for using various interest groups’ power, groups that involve in bargaining process to gain further resources and profit. These influences are important for their role to hampering growth and creating poverty and inequality in different area of policy and economy. It was regarded in this research that, although almost all of budget process phases are appropriate for using interest groups’ power in Iran, but it seems that influences in formulation and approval phases are more appropriate.

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A hexapod machine tool with a parallel structure has six degrees of freedom. This machine has a high dexterity unlike traditional machine tools. The hexapod can be used in machining free form surfaces. Free form surfaces are widely used in today industries. These surfaces are much encountered in auto, aerospace and mold design industries. Therefore machining of these surfaces has attracted the attention of researchers. In this field much research has been done in five axis machine tools. In this paper machining free form surfaces with hexapod machine tool has been investigated. The main topic of this paper is the feasibility of using hexapod as a machine tool table and machining with it. First, the interpolation of free form surfaces for parallel structure machines is explained. Then NURBS curves and surfaces are described and its formulation in matrix form is explained. Then extracting information of free form surfaces with NURBS formulation is explained. Subsequently, some explanation about preparation of machining is given. Finally two free form surfaces designed in Catia and have been machined with the developed hexapod machine tool.

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Diabetes is an inherited and/or acquired chronic disease. It is one of the most common metabolic disorders caused by the deficiency in production of insulin, or reduction of organ responses to secreted insulin. Prevalence of diabetes is high in the developing country and it is the 4^th main cause of death and the major cause of blindness in adults. Since the main goal of diabetes treatment is the control of blood sugar level in the normal range and providing adequate conditions for insulin activity to reduce vascular and neurological diseases, nutritional treatment, food diet and the control of weight are the most solutions. On the other hand, the lack of appropriate food alternatives demonstrates the need for research on developing the special formulation of products designed for diabetic patients. The inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities, natural and artificial sweeteners in formulations, medicine foods, low digestible carbohydrates, gradual decrease, enhancers, release profile and legislation are the most important ways for control of diabetic diet.

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A new method is proposed for implementing the no-slip/no-penetration conditions on the irregular immersed boundaries in the vorticity-streamfunction formulation of the incompressible viscous fluid flow. Time integration is performed using a semi-implicit method such that in each time step the vorticity-streamfunction equations are changed to a Helmholtz and a Poisson’s equation. Some singular source terms are added to the right hand sides of these equations, in the solid region, such that the desired boundary conditions can be satisfied. The singular source terms are found, using the inverse problems method, such that the desired boundary conditions of the vorticity-streamfunction equations be satisfied. Since the fast Poisson’s solvers are used, the method is high performance, with the computational effort of O(NlogN); and it is also flexible because it can be applied easily to the complex geometries. The method is applied in simulation of the fluid flow around a square solid obstacle, placed in a channel, and the agreement of the results with the other benchmark results are shown.

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Cinnamon is a flavoring compound with antioxidant activity derived from phenolic and nonphenolic volatile compounds of the bark. In this study, RSM statistical software of central composite design (CCD) with coefficient α = 2 and three factors A: percentage of cinnamon replacement with cardamom (0-100%) and factor B: percentage of animal butter replacement with plant butter (0-100%) and factor C: cooking temperature (110-130  ) were used. Test responses were: texture and color. Then optimum samples 1 and 2 were compared with control at 0-15-30-45 days after production by SPSS software for physicochemical parameters including hardness, density, sensory acceptability, peroxide number, thiobarbituric acid index, anisidine number, and Totoxes were compared. Sohan-Polaki treated with cinnamon and butter had lower peroxide, anisidine number and toxic index compared to control. The Sohan-Polaki treated with cinnamon and butter had a higher density than the control. The hardness of cinnamon and animal butter-treated sohans was not significantly different from the control treatment. Cinnamon and butter-treated Sohan-Polaki had more sensory properties than control. Increasing the percentage of cinnamon at a 25% replacement level compared to 75% replacement level showed higher hardness at all temperatures studied. With the increase in the percentage of butter in the formulation of Sohan-Polaki, the hardness decreased. At the 50% substitution level of cinnamon, the same hardness was observed at both substitution levels (25% and 75%). The same trend was observed for the brightness index with increasing cinnamon content at both 115 and 125 ° C at three levels of animal butter replacement (25, 50 and 75%). With the increase in animal butter in the formulation, the index a* was increased, so that the highest a* was obtained for the 25% cinnamon replacement level and the 75% animal butter replacement level.

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Marmalade is a processed product of some plant organs such as fruit, flower, fruit peel and tuber in which the plant parts used are small and well homogenized. Sugar is used as a sweetener in the preparation of marmalade. In this study, the use of date syrup as a substitute for sucrose used in marmalade formulation was studied. The constrained mixture design was used to achieve the optimal formulation and the effect of sugar substitution with date palm syrup on properties of marmalade was studied. The ingredients used in the formulation were plum paste (35-65%), sugar syrup (0-65%) and date syrup (0-65%). Ten formulas were produced based on the constrained mixture design and their physical, chemical and sensorial properties were investigated. The results showed that plum paste had the greatest effect on increasing the viscosity and total acidity of marmalade, while total soluble solids decreased with increasing the amount of plum paste in the formulation. The L^* index of the samples decreased with increasing date syrup and plum paste and the redness of marmalade increased with increasing plum paste. Sensory evaluation of the produced formulations showed that the increase in plum paste increased the consistency, spreadability, color and overall acceptance, while the sweetness and taste and flavor were more affected by the increase in date syrup. Optimal formulation was obtained in the ratios of 58% plum paste, 12% sugar syrup and 30% date syrup and in the optimal formulation the total acidity, total phenolic compounds, and viscosity of marmalade at 20 °C were equal to 2.07 g citric acid/100 g, 112.4 mg gallic acid/100 g, and 3961 cp, respectively.