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Showing 34 results for Status
Volume 2, Issue 3 (6-2010)
Abstract
The present study was designed to examine the identity status of high school adolescents in the city of Ilam (Iran) using the survey method. 215 high school students were selected as a sample through random sampling method. The theoretical framework of this paper is based on Giddens' theory. To analyze the obtained data, T-test, Pearson coefficiency and multiple regression methods were used. The results indicated that educational level has a positive and significance relationship with individual identity, while socio- economic status only has a significance relation with ethnic identity. Among the other identities, it has just more coefficiency with individual identities rather than collective identities. The results of multiple regression method showed that the group and individual identities have more effect on the social identity among the high school dolescents.
Volume 2, Issue 5 (3-2009)
Abstract
Ph.D. Student of Persian Language and Literature , Tehran University & Researcher of the Academy of Persian Language and Literature Romanticists have been the center of global attention for two decades by providing a new viewpoint in the fields of literal, cultural, social and political global studies. Romanticism as a live school of thought is a fundamental Part of modern culture more than being a real phenomenon of 19th century. Actually it is a new approach in global studies more than a mere literal school. The most important principle of this school is individualism, individual perfection and individual unlimitation,with emphasizing the role of imagination. From the literary aspect it is a new and ontological evaluation through poetry. Imagination has an important place in the aesthetics of Romanticism, actually the special approach of this school to Imagination, should have specified and distinguished it from the others. Modern art and literature in Iran comes from our familiarity with western thought which lead us to understand western culture and Philosophy. Definitely it is very important to understand different origins of this thought for a better understanding of it. In this article, we survey one of the Romanticism aesthetic features, i.e. "imagination" and its emergence in Persian poetry during the "constitutional time", as the earliest time of this style evolution.
Volume 5, Issue 1 (9-2013)
Abstract
Nowadays, ambivalenceinclude differentelemdnts of human’s life and its spreading has been a social issue. For discovering the origin of for ementionedissue , it is necessary to investigate its historical background. As ghajar are has been exposed to many challenges of traditional and modern values , it can be producer of all types of ambivalences;therefore this issue has been investigated from the point of view of English travel writers who have had association with people and specilly with ghajarcouqp at that time. the population (statistical society) of this research includes all of the itineries written by Englishmen who have traveled to Iran in Ghajar career. That from among them 34 itineraries have been selected as sample (through purposeful sampling) investigating of all types of sociological ambivalence and psychological ambivalence has been done through Robert merton, typological approach in sociological ambivalence theory , also these typs have been investigated and classified by using historical investigation techniques and content analysis . The results show that: from among 6 kinds of sociological and psychological ambivalence, all kinds except 3 type have been refered to in mentioned intineration in ghajar; are highest amount of sociological ambivalence is dedicated to type 5 (alteraction between cultural structure and social structure ) that has been manifested in “aberrant behavior” (psychological ambivalence) in the next level, the 6 type of sociological ambivalence (different collections of cultural values) has been mostly dedicated to imitation of court from western lifestyle . The mentioned ambivalences have been mostly observed among “Iranian base and in “cultural –political field “ and in “naseredin shah” and then “fathali shah” ghajarera. Regarding content analysis of itineraries ,the final analysis of shows the effect of specific feature of social – cultural structure of ghajar are on the spreading of ambivalence.
Volume 5, Issue 1 (3-2017)
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of self-care consultation on the nutrition and physical activity of women who are planning for pregnancy in Karaj, 2016.
Methods: In the present study, 40 women who were planning for pregnancy constituted the research sample who were selected by convenience sampling. Data collection tools included demographic questionnaire and self-care check list based on “CDC preconception health indicators, 2009”. Consultation was done based on 5A (asses, advise, agree, assist and follow-up) model. Self-care score scope was measured before, one month and three months after consulting in the area of nutrition and physical activity (with 19 questions). This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Alborz University of Medical Sciences. Also a clinical trial registry (IRCT2016042827557N2) was performed. Sampling was performed from April to December 2016. One and three months after counselling sessions, the follow-up was done. SPSS v22 and Friedman and Wilcoxon tests were used to analyze the data at the significance level of 0.05
Findings: The results showed that the self-care level of women planning for pregnancy in the area of nutrition has changed significantly one month (p=0/001) and three months (p=0/0001) after consultation. Also their physical activity increased significantly one month (p=0/001) and three months (p=0/0001) months after consultation.
Conclusion: Counselling based on self-care plays an important role in improving the nutrition and physical activity of women planning for pregnancy. Based on individual capabilities, focusing on self-care can promote their performance in the area of nutrition and physical activity before pregnancy.
Volume 5, Issue 17 (5-2012)
Abstract
In our times, the relationship between philosophy and literary theory has been addressed in a variety of different ways. This paper aims to demonstrate in an a posteriori manner how philosophy contributes to literary theory. In doing so, it stands in direct opposition to Rorty’s pragmatic conception of the relationship between these two fields of human knowledge. Philosophy, it is argued, can make at least four contributions to literary theory and the paper is accordingly divided into four parts: (1) it clarifies the ontological status of the literary work; (2) it helps us see the problem of discovering the author’s intention in a new light by questioning our Cartesian presuppositions concerning the relationship between mind and body, (3) it clarifies the philosophical roots of modern literary theory by putting these theories in their proper philosophical context; and finally (4) it paves the way for a critique of the modern relativism and constructivism inherent in modern literary theory. The paper thus ends by showing that if one accepts the possible ways in which philosophy contributes to literary theory and especially finds the critique launched against constructivism in part four plausible, then one has every reason to remain doubtful about Rorty’s view of the subject.
Volume 6, Issue 2 (5-2021)
Abstract
Aim: Musculoskeletal problems are a concerning issue now a days and Rohingya refugees are one of the most vulnerable group. Our study aims to find out the prevalence of musculoskeletal problem among Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh
Method and Materials: A cross-sectional survey was conducted and subjects were recruited by using simple random sampling method. A questionnaire containing demographic data, Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire and SF-12 health survey was used to collect the data. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate the prevalence rate.
Findings: Among 120 participants 79.2% were male and 20.8 % were female. 69.3% participants having pain in different site of the body. Most of the participants having pain in the lower back (34.2%) followed by multiple joints (21.7%). The severity of the pain was mild pain 38.5%, moderate pain 35.2% and severe pain 2.4% respectively.
Conclusion: Musculoskeletal problems are highly prevalent among Rohingya refugee ppulation. It is, therefore, important to consider the basic health needs like medicine and rehabilitation services to the refugee population for living in protracted humanitarian environment.
Method and Materials: A cross-sectional survey was conducted and subjects were recruited by using simple random sampling method. A questionnaire containing demographic data, Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire and SF-12 health survey was used to collect the data. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate the prevalence rate.
Findings: Among 120 participants 79.2% were male and 20.8 % were female. 69.3% participants having pain in different site of the body. Most of the participants having pain in the lower back (34.2%) followed by multiple joints (21.7%). The severity of the pain was mild pain 38.5%, moderate pain 35.2% and severe pain 2.4% respectively.
Conclusion: Musculoskeletal problems are highly prevalent among Rohingya refugee ppulation. It is, therefore, important to consider the basic health needs like medicine and rehabilitation services to the refugee population for living in protracted humanitarian environment.
Volume 6, Issue 3 (9-2018)
Abstract
Aims: Considering the evolution of schools and the growth of smart schools, the aim of the present study was to compare the self-efficacy and academic performance of students in conventional and smart schools.
Instruments and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study was conducted in Kerman, Iran, in 2015. 300 students of 8th grade studying in Kerman (145 smart school student and 155 conventional school students) were selected by multi-stage sampling method. Data were collected by a standardized academic self-efficacy questionnaire of Jinks-Morgan and analyzed using independent t-test, linear regression, Pearson correlation test and SPSS 20 software.
Findings: Academic achievement in conventional and smart schools was statistically different. So that students of smart schools had better academic achievement than ordinary schools (p=0.0001). While the self-efficacy of the two groups did not differ significantly. There was a significant direct correlation between students' academic achievement and their self-efficacy score (r=0.159, p=0.006). Also, there was a significant statistical difference, according to the type of school, occupation, and education level of parents (p<0.0001).
Conclusion: The academic self-efficacy of students in the two groups do not differ, students of smart schools have the higher academic achievement. School smartness and high self-efficacy will improve students' academic achievement.
Instruments and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study was conducted in Kerman, Iran, in 2015. 300 students of 8th grade studying in Kerman (145 smart school student and 155 conventional school students) were selected by multi-stage sampling method. Data were collected by a standardized academic self-efficacy questionnaire of Jinks-Morgan and analyzed using independent t-test, linear regression, Pearson correlation test and SPSS 20 software.
Findings: Academic achievement in conventional and smart schools was statistically different. So that students of smart schools had better academic achievement than ordinary schools (p=0.0001). While the self-efficacy of the two groups did not differ significantly. There was a significant direct correlation between students' academic achievement and their self-efficacy score (r=0.159, p=0.006). Also, there was a significant statistical difference, according to the type of school, occupation, and education level of parents (p<0.0001).
Conclusion: The academic self-efficacy of students in the two groups do not differ, students of smart schools have the higher academic achievement. School smartness and high self-efficacy will improve students' academic achievement.
Volume 7, Issue 1 (5-2015)
Abstract
Set in the realm of politics and religion in the Safavid period’s approaches, The Sadat have a significant presence in this era. This presence can be followed in specific and non-specific postions.in this context, Kalantar in the Safavid research was included as non-specific postions. Studies show that the presence of Sadat in this post ion is more comprehensive than in other non-specific jobs. This phenomenon has been observed even when inheritance was considered. This study is an attempt to provide statistical analysis and causal explanations to check the significant presence of Sadat in Kalantar position, so, extraction of the names of all Kalantar Sadat has been taken into account. The results show that Kalantar position with intermediate overlay (government-people) had a direct relationship with Siadat that contained social status and state function. So both Safavids and the then society in the equal opportunity used to choose Sadat for this job. This study further reveals in this phenomenon, inheritance is considerd.
Volume 8, Issue 33 (6-2020)
Abstract
Abstract:
'The present study examines the women's functions in the Kohkiluyeh-and-Boyer-Ahmad's folk tales. Myths have long played a significant role in the preservation of ancient cultural heritage among all nations and societies, so the legends of the people of Kohkiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad are not exception. In the structure of these stories, women, like the driving force of the events, have had a significant role in the ups and downs, and protagonist and antagonist characters.
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Keywords: Kohkiluyeh-and-Boyer-Ahmad legends; Propp's morphology; women's functions; women's social status.
Research background
In Iran, in addition to books such as Iranian Tales by Anjavi Shirazi, Iranian Folk Tales by Zekouti, Mashdi Galin Khanum by Saten, Epistemology of Magic Legends by Khadish, Iranian Folk Literature by Mahjoub, etc., other individual research articles have been conducted, such as The morphology of romantic anecdotes, the role of women in the millennial night based on the narrative theory of Mashhadi and Meqdadi's props, the image and position of women in Samak Ayar and Darabnameh by Karami and Hesampour, the morphology of Isfahan's folk tales by Hooman Shakeri Bakhtiari written by Hatampour and Mahmoudi, Image of a woman in Gilan folk tales by Heydari and Ismailzadeh, illustration of women in Persian folk tales by Shasani and a critique on the focus of female heroes in folk tales by Khadish. Needless to say, no books, treatises, or articles on Kohkiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad's folk tales have been written so far. Myths are divided into two categories in terms of sari and current as living legends and the dead (Daryabandari, 2001, p. 20).
Aims, questions, assumptions
The legends of Kohkiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad are the most vivid and dynamic legends that are still alive. Given the importance of these stories, the authors tried to figure out the functions of women through raising the following questions:
- What is the role of women in the structure of stories and what role do they play in mobilizing the driving force of the stories?
- Have the positive or negative self-actions of women in the course of the story had profound cultural and social effects?To answer the above mentioned questions, one hundred and thirty folk tales were recorded, written and studied.
Discussion
Folk tales are an important part of the cultural heritage, so its protection is of great importance. One of the reasons for this value and credibility is the fact that it has been passed down by ordinary people and the lower classes of the society, and that it has remained among a generation that may or may not be alive for a long time. In addition, through these legends, one can become aware of the extent of their dissemination and similarities between each of them, and also of the common events between nations (Ulrich Marzelf, 1997, p. 15). Because mythological stories, folklore, and legends are the spiritual heritage of any nation, researchers such as Campbell, Mircea, Strauss, and others have paid special attention to them. Some researchers also believe that myths are diverse phenomena that cannot be explored at once (Propp, 2013, p. 25). However, some other scholars believe that not only much attention has been paid to folklore and popular literature in general, but it is also has been viewed with contempt (Sipak, 2005, p. 12).
The villainous character of the story may be a dragon, a demon, a thief, a witch, a zenith, a giant, a leopard, or a demon. Every story begins with an evil or a need and deficiency. Women having an important role in the story, can take control of the course of the story as far as their role-playing allows, determine the direction and even the end of the story. When women have the role of a villain, they try as hard as they can to play the role well, such as the one in The Legend of the Dal Daughter, Gole Nar Duneh Anar (Hatati), Shah Maran (Old Woman), Demon and Girl (stepmother), Yellow Calf (stepmother), Parijan (stepmother), Ali Mishza (King's wife), Kachalak (stepmother), etc. Whenever they enter the story in the role of a hero, they try to achieve their goal as much as they can such as the one in the legends of Seven Brothers and One Sister, Inevitable Girl, Moon TT, and Stepmother.
The character and role-playing of women in the structural analysis is very important from the cultural and social point of view, as the two categories of women are in opposition to each other (in one respect) and overlapping (in other respects). Positive characters include heroes, benefactors, and helpers who are influential in the community, and against them, negative characters such as villains, stepmothers, false heroes, and witches are considered as evil and disliked. Negative personality tends to be positive; in other words, either she does not have the tools to do so, or the society does not accept him because of his behavioral background, social status, ugly appearance, and lack of self-confidence. Therefore, the hero, his position, his social and class status are envied. As a result, she tries to replace him by removing or imitating the hero. In general, these factors lead to evil and personal and social misconduct. The purpose of such stories is to expand the characteristics of the female heroes, including perfectionism, loftiness, self-sacrifice, altruism and self-help, lovemaking, nature, love, hard work, and responsibility. It is patience and perseverance, not evil traits and behaviors, or a false hero which is to be expanded.
Conclusion
In Kohkiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad's stories, in general, women play the roles of the mother (44 cases), stepmother (11 cases), wife (69 cases), old woman (17 cases), maid (3 cases) and daughter (58 cases). Their selfishness was observed in seven evil roles (24 cases), hero (17 cases), false hero (4 cases), helper (20 cases), benefactor (8 cases), princess (12 cases) and emissary owner (2 cases), which were evident in the stories under investigation. These roles show the function of women and their place in these myths.
References
-Daryabandari, N. (2001). Myth of myth: explanation of several theories in legendology and critique of a term (in Farsi). Tehran: Karnameh.
-Khadish, P. (2012). The morphology of magical myths (in Farsi). Tehran: Scientific and Cultural.
-Marzelf, U. (2012). Classification of Iranian stories (translated into Farsi by Kikavus Jahandari). Tehran: Soroush.
-Propp, V. (2013). The morphology of fairy tales (translated into Farsi by Fereydoun Badrahai). Tehran: Toos
-Sipak, Y. (2005). Iranian folklore literature (in Farsi). Tehran: Soroush.Volume 10, Issue 1 (1-2022)
Abstract
Aims: Pregnancy is associated with changes in the woman's nutritional needs. The mother's nutritional status affects her own health, that of the fetus, and the outcome of the pregnancy. This study aimed to determine the knowledge, attitude, and practice of pregnant women towards proper nutrition.
Instrument & Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 445 pregnant women who were referred to urban health centers in Jiroft, Kiar, Fasa, Borkhar, and Ilam cities in 2020. Participants were selected by multi-stage random sampling. The instrument to collect data was multi-section research made questionnaire including demographic information, knowledge, attitude, and practice towards proper nutrition. Data was analyzed using SPSS 18 by Chi-square, t-test, ANOVA, and correlation coefficient.
Findings: The mean age of participants was 29.58±9.81 years and the mean month of pregnancy was 5.58±2.30 in all cities. Of them 59.10% had a good level of knowledge. In general, 81.10% had a positive attitude, but in Kiar city, 86.70% of pregnant women had a moderately desirable level of attitude and 63.8% were in a good level of behavior. There was a significant relationship between the history of receiving education and knowledge level in Jiroft and Kiar cities (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Due to the low levels of knowledge, attitude and practice of pregnant women towards proper nutrition, it is recommended to provide nutrition counseling for pregnant women in health centers. As a result of women's awareness of the principles of proper nutrition during pregnancy, the consequences of pregnancy will improve.
Instrument & Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 445 pregnant women who were referred to urban health centers in Jiroft, Kiar, Fasa, Borkhar, and Ilam cities in 2020. Participants were selected by multi-stage random sampling. The instrument to collect data was multi-section research made questionnaire including demographic information, knowledge, attitude, and practice towards proper nutrition. Data was analyzed using SPSS 18 by Chi-square, t-test, ANOVA, and correlation coefficient.
Findings: The mean age of participants was 29.58±9.81 years and the mean month of pregnancy was 5.58±2.30 in all cities. Of them 59.10% had a good level of knowledge. In general, 81.10% had a positive attitude, but in Kiar city, 86.70% of pregnant women had a moderately desirable level of attitude and 63.8% were in a good level of behavior. There was a significant relationship between the history of receiving education and knowledge level in Jiroft and Kiar cities (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Due to the low levels of knowledge, attitude and practice of pregnant women towards proper nutrition, it is recommended to provide nutrition counseling for pregnant women in health centers. As a result of women's awareness of the principles of proper nutrition during pregnancy, the consequences of pregnancy will improve.
Volume 10, Issue 1 (1-2022)
Abstract
Aims: The current study aimed to determine the relationship between nutritional status and cognitive functioning of the elderly.
Instrument & Methods: This Descriptive-analytical study was performed in 2019 in health centers in Amol. This study was performed on 260 elderly people, covered by health centers in Amol, Iran in 2019. Participants were selected by cluster sampling method. Data were collected using the Mini Nutritional Assessment questionnaire, Psychometric Evaluation of the Cognitive State Test, Geriatric Depression Scale, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale, and Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index. Statistical analysis was conducted using descriptive and inferential tests in SPSS version 20.
Findings: The mean age of the elderly was 67.3±6.65 years. Overall, 87.7% of the participants had a cognitive score above 25.5. The results of Spearman’s correlation test showed a significant positive relationship between the nutritional status and cognitive functioning of the elderly; this relationship was also significant in the regression model.
Conclusion: There is a relationship between nutritional status and cognitive functioning of the elderly covered by health centers in Amol, Iran.
Instrument & Methods: This Descriptive-analytical study was performed in 2019 in health centers in Amol. This study was performed on 260 elderly people, covered by health centers in Amol, Iran in 2019. Participants were selected by cluster sampling method. Data were collected using the Mini Nutritional Assessment questionnaire, Psychometric Evaluation of the Cognitive State Test, Geriatric Depression Scale, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale, and Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index. Statistical analysis was conducted using descriptive and inferential tests in SPSS version 20.
Findings: The mean age of the elderly was 67.3±6.65 years. Overall, 87.7% of the participants had a cognitive score above 25.5. The results of Spearman’s correlation test showed a significant positive relationship between the nutritional status and cognitive functioning of the elderly; this relationship was also significant in the regression model.
Conclusion: There is a relationship between nutritional status and cognitive functioning of the elderly covered by health centers in Amol, Iran.
Volume 10, Issue 1 (1-2022)
Abstract
Aims: The social status of nurses is one of the factors affecting the professional identity and plays an important role in how people perceive this profession and also the tendency of people to this profession. So this study was conducted to determine the Iranian population's attitude toward the social status of the nursing profession.
Instrument & Methods: This descriptive-analytical cross-section study was conducted in public places in Hamadan from October to February 2019. Four hundred citizens participated in the study by available sampling method from 4 urban areas of Hamedan. The data were collected by a social status researcher-made questionnaire. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS 16 and, parametric statistical tests such as t-test and ANOVA and non-parametric tests such as Chi-square.
Findings: The mean age of participants was 34.30±9.98 years. The mean of the obtained score from the status questionnaire was 71.23±11.76, which was at a moderate level in qualitative leveling. Statistical tests showed that social status score was statistically significantly related to gender, education, and media relations (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Considering that individuals' attitudes on the social status of the nursing profession are moderate and people who had more contact with the media reported lower scores of social status, it is recommended that members of the media take action to reflect the true image of the nursing profession.
Volume 10, Issue 40 (9-2013)
Abstract
The renowned Iranian poet Saadi emphasized on usage of pennames, such that roughly 97% of his odes have a penname. The penname is usually in the form of third single person and second single person. The related poems are usually informative, or include a message or an advice. In this article, pennames in the odes of Saadi are in the form of third single person and second single person. The article studies the relative abundance of reports and messages, while showing the status of pennames in the odes of Saadi. At the end, a statistical figure on the said topics has been presented based on tables on relative abundance and the circular percentage graph of statistical data.
Volume 11, Issue 1 (10-2020)
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of this study is to analyze the social status of Iranian political elites of the seventh to the tenth cabinets. The theoretical apparatus stands on Marx's theory and Weber's approach of social status. The research method is the comparative-descriptive analysis, using archival data.The unites of analysis are the members of the seventh to the tenth cabinets. Based on the empirical findings, 95.8% of the cabinet members were male, with a mean age of 48 years. Furthermore, 86.2% of the members were city-dwellers. So far as the provincial distribution is concerned, the members were mostly from Tehran (20.2%), Isfahan (13.1%), and Yazd (11%). Concerning their acquired social status, 49.7% of the cabinet members had Ph.D. degrees, and 29.9% held master degrees. Moreover, the findings show that the members had high managerial positions of the country in their resume. Finally, the data indicates that the cabinet members were 29.8% from the university affiliated members, 25% from the military staff, and 18.5% from the clergymen.
Volume 11, Issue 2 (4-2023)
Abstract
Aims: Health literacy is considered a fundamental ability needed when making difficult health-related decisions. Also, people with nutrition literacy can convert nutrition messages into knowledge and tend to make healthier eating choices. This systematic review aimed to summarize the literature on nutrition and health literacy to enhance the medical students’ knowledge about the importance of health and nutrition literacy.
Information & Methods: In this study systematic review, research articles published in English were reviewed using relevant terms in PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, EMBASE, Scopus, and CINAHL databases. The articles were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, repetition, purpose, and relevance to the topic. Furthermore, the “Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments” checklist was used to select and evaluate the reviewed articles.
Findings: A total of 2978 articles were reviewed. Ultimately, 15 articles were approved and included in the study. Six studies were conducted on nursing students, six were on students of pharmacy and other clinical fields, and three studies examined medical students. The average nutrition and food literacy scores were sufficient, whereas the nutrition knowledge score was moderate.
Conclusion: In the reviewed studies, nutrition literacy is evaluated to be at a low to medium level. Most students have insufficient nutrition knowledge.
Volume 11, Issue 2 (4-2023)
Abstract
Aims: Although the Internet has greatly benefited our daily lives, over usage of it can lead to addiction, which can negatively impact our life. This study aimed to assess the impact of digital addiction on emotional status of female high school students.
Instruments & Methods: This descriptive correlational study was conducted in Baghdad Governorate from December 1st, 2022 to April 5th, 2023. 360 female high school students were selected using simple random sampling method. Data were collected using a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by experts, and a pilot study confirmed the reliability of the results. This questionnaire had a total of 25 questions to measure digital addiction and 21 questions to measure mental health. Through the interview, data were gathered, and descriptive and inferential statistical analysis were used to analyze the data.
Findings: The majority of respondents are female pupils in grades 4, with a mean age of 16.55±1.08 years. 49.7% of the high school pupils reported a high degree of addiction, and 50.6% had a moderate level of emotional status. The amount of time spent using devices during the week (β=-0.218; p=0.0001), the amount of time spent using devices on the weekend (β=0.137; p=0.019), and digital addiction (β=0.282; p=0.0001), all predicted emotional status.
Conclusion: Emotional status is predicted by the time of device use during the week, the amount of device use on the weekends, and digital addiction.
Volume 11, Issue 4 (10-2023)
Abstract
Aims: Gestational diabetes is a medical complication. This study was conducted to investigate the role of HAPA in predicting diabetes control behavior and eating style in diabetic pregnant mothers referred to the healthcare centers of Abadan University of Medical Sciences (South of Iran).
Instrument & Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was done on 82 subjects selected by simple random sampling in 2021. Data were analyzed using SPSS 25 software.
Findings: We found that 41.5% of mothers were in the age group of 21-30 years. Also, 43.9% were at the middle economic level. Among demographic variables, income was the strongest predictor of nutritional behavior (p=0.01, r=19.9, and β=-0.299). None of the model constructs alone predicted nutritional behavior in pregnant women. The HAPA model was able to predict 21% of the variance of the nutritional behavior among the subjects (p<0.001, r=0.210, and β=0.458).
Conclusion: Behavioral intention and action planning are effective in educating pregnant women to prevent and control diabetes.
Volume 12, Issue 2 (5-2021)
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of child gender, fathers and mother’s education and job, the number of siblings and parenting styles on language development components (semantics, syntax and word articulation). The population were normal preschool children and their parents in Karaj, Iran. Participants were 98 children and their parents which selected by convenient method. Test of language development (3 edition) administered on children and parents asked to response to demographic questionnaire and Parenting authority questionnaire. Results showed that girls compared with boys had better performance in syntactical understanding, grammatical completion and relational vocabulary. There were not significant differences between families with different number of siblings. Father’s job did not influence language performance of children, whereas mother’s job had a positive influence on the components of language development. Father and mother’s educational level had a positive effect on the syntactical understanding, grammatical completion and relational vocabulary. Furthermore, authoritative and permissive parenting style could positively predict sematic and syntax development, whereas authoritarian parenting style could negatively predict semantic and syntax development. It could argue that parental socioeconomic status (especially parent’s educational level and mother employment) and parenting styles could influence language acquisition in semantic and syntax domains. Moreover, girls outperformed boys in semantic and syntax in preschool period.
1. Introduction
There were existed variation in language development between children and factors related to child and family could facilitate or inhibit language development. Language development is affected by some structural factors like gender and some socioeconomic factors like parent’s education and job. Previous studies revealed that gender, parent’s education and job associated with individual differences in language development but it is unknown which language components (i.e. semantic, syntax or articulation of words) is more influenced by these factors. Another factor that may related with language development is sibling effect. There was controversy about the role of siblings in language development. Some theories, including the resource dilution hypothesis (Downey, 2001) and the confluence model (Jæger, 2009), have been proposed for explaining how the number of siblings may be related to language development. Another family-related factor that could explain individual differences in language development is parenting styles. The role of parenting style is more investigated as a predictor of academic achievement among school-age children, but little is known about the role of different parenting styles, including authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting styles, in linguistic development components, including semantic, syntax, and word articulation.
This study aimed to investigate the influence of child gender, fathers and mother's education, and job, the number of siblings, and parenting styles on language development components (semantics, syntax, and word articulation).
- Methodology
The populations were normal preschool children and their parents in Karaj, Iran. Participants were 98 children and their parents, which were selected by a convenient method. Test of language development (3 edition) administered on children and parents asked for a response to demographic questionnaire and Parenting authority questionnaire.
3. Results
Results showed that girls compared with boys had better syntactic understanding, grammatical completion, and relational vocabulary. There were no significant differences between families with different numbers of siblings. Father's job did not influence children's language performance, whereas the mother's job had a positive influence on the components of language development. Father and mother's educational level positively affected syntactic understanding, grammatical completion, and relational vocabulary.
Furthermore, authoritative and permissive parenting styles could positively predict semantic and syntax development, whereas authoritarian parenting styles could negatively predict semantic and syntax outcomes. Therefore it could argue that parental socioeconomic status (especially parent's educational level and mother employment) and parenting styles could influence language acquisition in semantic and syntax domains. Moreover, girls outperformed boys in semantic and syntax in the preschool period.
4. Discussion
This study showed that social and family-related factors more influence some aspects of language development. These components consisted of the ability to use relational vocabulary, syntactical understanding, and morphological completion. The ability to use relational vocabulary is characterized by distinguishing similarities and differences between words, understanding different concepts, and the relationship between ideas. As the findings of this study showed, the development of this language component was facilitated when parents had higher educational levels and more used authoritative parenting styles. In sum, some of the contribution that this study added to literature could be as follows: (1) Girls compared to boys had better linguistic skills in semantic and syntax domain; (2) mother’s education and job and father’s education is associated with morphological completion skill and the ability to use relational vocabulary. The children whose mothers had a job out of the home had a better score in semantic and syntax development; (3) the number of siblings does not affect the linguistic development in different domains. (4) Authoritative parenting styles, more than other parenting styles, positively affect the development of relational vocabulary, syntactic understanding, and morphological completion.
5.Conclusion
According to the findings of this study, environmental facilitation for language development, for children from families in which the mother’s job is the only household and had low education level, is better to focus on the relational vocabulary, syntax understanding, and morphological completion. It is better in a future study with a mediational model to investigate the factors which may mediate the relationship between parenting styles and language development among preschool children.
Volume 12, Issue 2 (6-2024)
Abstract
Aims: This study aimed to explore caregiver practices for optimizing toddlers’ healthy growth and development.
Participants & Methods: This qualitative research was done using an explanatory case study design. Qualitative exploration was conducted through semi-structured in-depth interviews with 19 parent participants selected via purposive sampling. All interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. The transcriptions were screened for relevant information, manually coded, and analyzed using qualitative content analysis.
Findings: Five themes related to caregiving practices emerged, including the fulfillment of children’s health requirements, the provision of sufficient nutrition, responsive parenting, ensuring safety and security, and offering early learning opportunities.
Conclusion: Comprehensive support for optimizing the growth and development of stunted children requires collaboration among parents, family members, health centers, government initiatives, community organizations, and professionals in the health, education, and social sectors.
Volume 12, Issue 49 (12-2015)
Abstract
This article studies Sanai’s views on the four domains of definition, status, and criticism of poetry, in addition to the bond between poetry and religion. In his definition or interpretation of poetry, he opposes the element of imagination and considers it to be the opposite of research. In his poems, Sanai has at times observed poetry and religion to be against and at other times to be in line with each other. Sanai, in his works, has criticized poetry and poets. The root causes of his criticism include plagiarism, rise of poets from among common people, and hollowness of some poems.