---

---

---

• Is Iran's fiscal policy countercyclical or procyclical?
• Is Iran's fiscal policy sustainable?
• What is the effect of cyclical fiscal policy and fiscal sustainability on the Iranian economic growth?
• How is the mutual relationship between fiscal sustainability and cyclical fiscal policy in Iran?

---

In Iran, a total of 12 species of Coccomorpha from five scale insect families have been recorded on Artemisia spp. (Asteraceae): Acanthococcidae (1), Coccidae (3), Diaspididae (4), Ortheziidae (1) and Pseudococcidae (3). In this study Peliococcus chersonensis (Kiritshenko), Pelionella grassiana (Goux) (Pseudococcidae) are redescribed and illustrated based on adult females to show their morphology in Iran, and also Rhizococcus borchsenii (Danzig) (Acanthococcidae) are newly recorded for the first time from Iran. Species that have been previously collected or recorded on Artemisia in Iran are listed and information is given about host plants and global distribution for each species.

---

In this research,nanocomposite coatings based on epoxy containing pristine graphene oxide and starch-modified graphene oxide are prepared and characterized by Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy, andtheir crosslinking behavior is studied using nonisothermal differential scanning calorimetry.These nanocomposites, because of having platelet-like nanomaterials inside and their organic origin, can be applied as coating on metal surface in diverse industries.The reason behind using starch was its natural basis and abundance of hydroxyl groups in its structure which can take part in crosslinking reaction with epoxide. Neat epoxy systems having amine curing agent, and nanocomposites containing epoxy, amine curing agent, andpristine or starch-modified graphene oxide nanosheets were cure at different heating rates to assess their curing behavior. Change in hearing rate of test caused change in onset and peak temperature of the exotherm curves and consequently heat of reaction changed. It was observed that the presence of the graphene oxide nanosheets hindered the crosslinking reactions, while surface modification of them with starch natural polymer compensated for such a hindrance via catalytic role of starch, and increased crosslink density of system. 

---

Logistic regression (LR) was used to model urban growth between the years 1987 and 2001 in Gorgan city, north east of Iran. Three groups of variables including economic-social, land use and biophysical variables were used in the modeling practice. Using covariance of the independent variables, distance to administrative and sporting centers plus distance to cities were removed. ROC (Relative Operating Characteristic) value for LR was 0.87 that confirmed success of the modeling method. Using maps of urban growth probability predicted by the LR model, urban distribution patterns for the years 2010, 2020, 2030, 2040 and 2050 were created. Land use maps for the years 2001-2050 were created using urban probability pattern maps and the base land use map of the year 1987. We used landscape metrics at class and landscape levels to compare the urban growth effects on other land use types present in the area. The comparison showed that urban development influences agriculture and pasture land use types more than other land uses. Also, we found that the landscape in the study area has undergone fragmentation and will become more fragmented and heterogeneous over time. Urban growth creates higher urban patchiness and increases the number of pasture and agricultural patches. The information thus obtained is helpful in more effective management of the area.

---

Scapegoatig means the indirect transfer of evil and its disposal for a specific or indefinite period of time. Human had variety philosophies to fight against evil, and has employed common tools such as human, animal, objects, etc. Fore this purpose, the present work attempts to explore different ways of scapegoat by referring to the Sahname of Ferdowsi. To this end, after giving a brief introduction about scapegoating, the reasons of humans resort to scapegoating as well as types of scapegoating in Shahname have been studied. Accordingly, there are two forms of scapegoating (direct and in direct), one in Zahhak’s story, and the other in the story of Rostam and Esphandiyar. The present foundamental research is based on library research method, and has used descriptive analysis method.      

---

---

Aims: The presence of a patient with breast cancer in the family can be considered as a guidance for further prevention and increase the susceptibility of people against this disease. Champion's health belief model scale is translated and tested in different countries, but few attempts have been made to measure this scale in women with history of breast cancer. Methods: After the standard Champion's Health Belief Model Scale was translated, 28 items were extracted with the help of panel of experts (n=13) and focus group (n=42) in four subscales. The eligible women were selected randomly (n=200) and took part in this study. The participants filled in the questionnaire through interviews. To test the construct validity of the data, the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was applied using AMOS software, moreover, test of internal consistency and test of reliability were applied by retesting (n=30). Findings: The confirmatory factor analysis, which, was repeated after omitting these two items for the subscale of perceived barriers and shows the proper fit of its structural model. Cronbach 'alpha coefficients were 0.72 (susceptibility), 0.75 (seriousness), 0.82 (benefits) and 0.76 (barriers). Internal consistency ranged from 0 .64 to 0 .79 and test-retest reliability correlation were from 0 .67 to 0.92. Conclusions: The Persian version of the Champion's Health Belief Model Scale can be a reliable and valid measure in Iranian women with family history of breast cancer.

---

Background: Immunological factors are important in pregnancy loss because of the interaction between mother and fetus. T-regulatory cells as the component of humeral immune response play important role in the fetu-maternal interface. One of the regulatory mechanisms for these cells is mediated by antigen independent co-stimulatory signals and interaction of Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 (B7/CTLA-4) is one of these signals. The CTLA-4 which down regulates the activation and proliferation of T-cells occurs in a competitive interaction with CD28 to bind to B7. The aim of this study was to find out the relationship of CTLA-4 +49A/G gene with Recurrent Miscarriage in a group of Iranian women. Methods: In the present study, 60 women with the history of two or more pregnancy loss were selected and considered as the case group. A group of women (n=60) with at least two live births without any previous history of pregnancy loss and autoimmune diseases were taken as control group. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood using standard protocols. The CTLA-4 +49 A/G were detected using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphisms assay. Results: The results showed that CTLA-4 +49 A/G polymorphisms were not significantly different in women with the history of two or more pregnancy loss compared to normal individuals. The frequency of G-allele polymorphism was 39.16% and 35.83% in patients and controls respectively. Conclusions: The data presented may suggest that the CTLA-4 is not associated with recurrent miscarriage in an Iranian population in Northwest region.

---

Cabbage leaf miner Scaptomyza flava (Fallen) (l)iptera: Drosophilidae) is a native and oligophagous leaf miner insect on cruciferous plants (Brassicaceae). It occurs in many parts of the world and throughout Khuzestan. The relationship between feeding and ovipositional preferences of insect, and host plant suitability on seven host plant species (cauliflower Brassica oleracea var. botryds, green cabbage B. oleracea var. capitata, hedge mustard Sisymbrium officinale, brussels sprout B. oleracea var. germmifers, turnip Brassica rapa, cucumber Cucumis mtivits, wheat Triticum aestivum and rice Oryza saliva) was evaluated. Ovipositional preference of 5. flava was determined by measuring feeding punctures and egg density after ndult female flies were given a simultaneous choice and non-choice of all host plants for feeding and oviposition. Studies were performed under greenhouse conditions. The experimental design was a randomized complete block one with 8 treatments and 5 replications of each treatment. S. jlava showed distinct hierarchical ordering in its ovipositional preference, with turnip, green cabbage, and hedge mustard being preferred over all others. Approximately 1.05 and 5.8 times more eggs were deposited on green cabbage than on turnip and cauliflower respectively. When the percentage of punctures with eggs was calculated for each species, cauliflower had by far the highest value at 10% and 19.7% in choice and non-choice tests respectively. For all other species on which eggs were laid it was less than half this. In non-choice tests, females laid more eggs on green cabbage and turnip than other brassicas.

---

Background: Members of the Malassezia genus are often lipophilic, observed as budding yeasts and found as commensals in the skin of humans. This genus opportunistically reside in several areas including scalp where under the influence of particular predisposing factors, their proliferation is increased (e.g., high activation of sebaceous glands), and leads to dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis, which together affects >50% of human beings. The proliferation of yeasts in scalp creates health and hair hygiene problems. In this study we determined the type and frequency of Malassezia species in scalp dandruff in order to have epidemiologic and therapeutic understanding. Materials and Methods: Differentiation tests were done for scalp samples, including: morphology, Tween 20, 40 and 80 assimilation tests, hydrolysis of bile-esculin, catalase and growth on Sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol and cycloheximide (SCC) and sediment production on mDixon agar medium. Results: Frequency of various Malassezia species from 140 scalp samples from volunteers of both gender were found as: M. globosa (46.5%), followed by M. furfur (27.0%), M. restricta (12.7%), M. sympodialis (6.5%) and M. slooffiae (0.8%). Conclusion: In view of high prevalence ofM. globosa, its invasive characteristics and the role of predisposing factors in the more proliferation of this species in scalp should be considered.

---

Aims: Applying micro-nano structure and biocompatibility methods and technology to produce mortar containing coloured ceramic pigment is a step towards beautiful landscape and urban development.
Methods: The research method is a combination of quantitative and qualitative analysis. First, from the analytical-exploratory process, especially in the field of urban planning, and in the field of materials and metallurgy, from the development method, and finally for collecting and analysing information and achievements experimentally (all experimentally), the research reaches numerical results and finally by interpreting qualitative results. Moreover, a little, the research conclusion came to an end.
Findings: Based on the experimental results and the acceptable result of the tests related to the mortar containing micro-nano ceramic pigments that have compressive strength and permeability in cement without additives, the durability of the proposed materials is acceptable. Materials are sustainable in terms of urban development with economic, social, ecosystem benefits, and due to the diversity of colours, these materials are also used in the beautiful landscape.
Conclusion: Eventually, it concluded that using methods and micro-nano structured and biocompatible materials to produce mortar containing ceramic pigment (with coloured ceramic cement) can be a step towards a beautiful landscape urban development.

---

The environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) is a new development in the field of electron microscopy. In this study ESEM has been used to study the structure of veal semimembranosus muscle. Four treatments, raw (control), conventional heating, domestic and industrial microwave heating, were observed using ESEM. The temperature used in conventional heating was 163 0C. Frequency applied for microwave heating was 2450 MHz with two wattage levels of 700 (domestic microwave) and 12000 (industrial microwave). All samples were heated to 70 0C internal temperature. Occasional cracks across the individual muscle fiber and shrinkage were present in all images of the structure for heated muscle. Erosion at the edges of muscle fibers was clear and increased with continued heating. A gap between perimysium of each muscle bundle was effected with the domestic microwave samples in cross section. This phenomenon was more apparent in industrial microwave heating and the depth of gap between perimysial collagenous fiber is more than that in domestic microwave heating. More damage was observed in the connective tissue network for conventional heating as compared with microwave heating. Denaturation and distortion of connective tissue caused more damage during longer time of conventional heating. Surface damage in structure of semimembranosus was not observed in either conventional heating or the low powered microwave heating. Rapid increase of heat and penetration of the microwaves, at the 12000 wattage level, caused granulation and separation of some parts of the muscle fibers.

---

The quality of relation between religiosity and electoral behavior as the research main question derives observation of the paradoxical result of some researches about the relation of these two variables. For deeper understanding of the relation between these two variables, the scale of religiosity, and electoral behavior in two levels of voting attitude and voting participation were analyzed. According to the review of the theoretical and experimental literature, two hypotheses were proposed as fallows: increasing in the scale of the religiosity leads to higher voting participation and voting to Osulgarayan, and decreasing in the scale of religiosity leads to lower voting participation and voting to Eslahtalaban. The research method was survey with questionair and three observational questions. The statistical population of the current research was Tarbait Modares University students. Through nonprobability sampling, 376 students were purposefully selected as sample size. Some descriptive statistics and analytical techniques were used (mean, frequency distribution cross tables, T test, linear and logistic regression). According to the findings, the scale of religiosity has a significant effect on electoral behavior (voting attitude and voting participation), such that increasing in the scale of religiosity leads to voting toosulgarayan and increasing in the voting participation, while decreasing in the scale of religiosity leads to voting to Eslahtalaban and decreasing in the voting participation.

---

Precipitation data is of utmost importance to carry out many hydro-meteorological studies. Observed warming over several decades has been linked to changes in the large-scale hydrological cycle such as: increasing atmospheric water vapour content, changing precipitation patterns, intensity and extremes, reduced snow cover and widespread melting of ice, and changes in soil moisture and runoff. Precipitation changes show substantial spatial and inter-decadal variability. General Circulation Models (GCMs), representing physical processes in the atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere and land surface, are the most advanced tools currently available for simulating the response of the global climate system. Recent interest in global warming has also increased concerns about the possible changes in rainfall amount including floods and drought patterns. This study is based on statistical downscaling, which provide good example of focusing on predicting the rainfall using the input of coarse GCM outputs. In this study, we have used GCM outputs for predicting the rainfall. It is obtained from the study that predicted rain values are higher for the first 30 years in compared to remaining prediction periods. The result has shown that winter rainfall may highly decrease in compared to monsoon, post monsoon and pre-monsoon seasons

---

The present study was conducted to assess the effect of dung beetles on sheep dung removal and seed dispersal in semi steppe rangelands of Shahrekord province with poor condition located in Iran. Therefore, the large (1 cm²) and small size (1 mm²) meshes were used and filled by sheep dung in six treatments. To evaluate the role of the insects in seeds translocation, three sizes of plastic beads used as seed mimic. The results illustrated that the maximum function of the insect was observed in the possible treatment of the presence of dwellers, absent of large tuneller and large roller beetles and present of small tuneller and small roller beetles. The least dung removal was calculated in the control treatment and possible treatment of dwellers, large and small tunneler and also absent of large rollers and presence of small rollers respectively. Seed removal decreased in the order of small size (29) > medium size (5) > large size (2). In general, dung beetles play an important role in dung removal and secondary seed dispersal, but their function relates depended on habitat condition. In a degraded ecosystem, this insect will disappear. Considering the various factors affecting the function of these insects, further studies would be needed for investigating deeply different seasons and dung of different livestock feeding on the rangelands.

---

---

Aims: This research deals with the delicacies and complexities of recreating the historical cemeteries of cities. In this regard, it tries to know the obvious, hidden dimensions, layers and components in the deep levels of perception by reviewing lived experiences.
Methods: This research is qualitative and has a phenomenological approach. In this way, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted in Kusenbach's innovative method and in five axes, and also supplementary questionnaires were distributed to record, receive and analyze the meanings of the lived experiences of the landscape visitors.
Findings: The lived experiences of historical landscape cemeteries were studied in five axes: "Reference, ideal image, activity, improvement and mental dimensions" and showed that historical cemeteries have multidimensional qualities and a great variety, multiplicity and complexity in the perceptual layers.
Conclusion: If the role of the cemetery is reduced to the necessary urban infrastructure and becomes only a place for burying the bodies, then the connection between the world of the living and the dead is cut off, and turning it into a landfill for urban waste outside the city. Because of having valuable structures and elements, originality and hidden values that show the interaction of culture and nature over time, and these values preserve the identity and collective memories and historical memory of society, the protection of the historical landscape is very sensitive. Therefore, it is impossible to re-read these features in the re-creation of the cemetery without analyzing the deep perceptual layers hidden in the soul of this place.

---

Problem statement: In fact, urban streets as the most important part of the urban landscape structure, reflect the values ​​and socio-cultural relations of citizens and can well facilitate or influence the possibility of living in the city and social interactions. Therefore, moving towards vibrant urban spaces is even more necessary in cities, despite the dynamic and human-centered public spaces that provide the ground for the active presence of human beings in the environment. Aim: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of humanistic urban landscape in the vitality of Tabriz city streets from the perspective of citizens.
Methods: The research is descriptive-analytical with an applied purpose. Snowball method was used to determine the sample size. SPSS software and ANP method were used to analyze the data. Results: The results obtained from the final analysis of selected research spaces based on humanistic landscape components and quality of life show that the range of Shariati to Ghonga intersection with a normal weight of 0.498 is more consistent with the extracted qualities.
Conclusion: The final results of the weights showed that the highest average goes back to the criterion of biological urban elements and the views of the streets of Tabriz affect the perception of citizens and their interpretation and reading of the environment. Also, the results obtained from the final analysis of the selected spaces of the research based on the components of humanistic perspective and quality of vitality, are more in line with the extracted qualities.