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The present study evaluated the effects of reducing agricultural tariffs in different scenarios on food security and macroeconomic variables that using a computable general equilibrium model and data from Afghanistan's social accounting matrix. The effects of reducing tariffs were evaluated at 80%, 60%, 40%, 20%, and 100% (full liberalization). The results of this study showed that imports and consumption of cereals, fruits, vegetables, and livestock are gradually increased for households. Additionally, the increased purchasing power of households led to an increased demand for food, which improved food security and ultimately the health of households and society. Therefore, support for special facilities in the field of eliminating tariffs on agricultural products is essential.

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Evaluation of Liver Enzymes’ Level in Blood Serum of Crystal Addicts Introduction: Crystal or dimetamphetamine is one of the harmful substances which are imported to Iran in the last few years. Crystal is made of pure heroin. Its harmful effects are more than heroin. Addiction to crystal can produce psychological and organ damage. In order to find out which part of body could be affected, examination of enzymes is useful. Liver is one of the organs which can be infected by drug abuse. Liver function test can be used to show these harmful effects. The aim of the present study is to exanimate of the effects of crystal abuse on liver enzymes such as Aspartat transaminase, Alanine transaminase and Alkaline phosphatase in crystal abusers. Materials & Methods: The current study is a case-control and cross-sectional study on 105 crystal addicted as case group who had referred to addiction treatment center for the first time and 100 healthy people as control group. The activity of enzymes was measured by callorimetery-spectrophotometry method. Results were analyzed by T-test exam and SPSS-16 software. Results: results show that using crystal increases the level of AST, ALT and ALP and there is a significant relationship between crystal abuse and the level of ALP (p=0.027). In addition, there is a significant relationship between duration of crystal use and the level of ALP (p<0.05). Conclusion: comparing with AST and ALT levels, ALP level is more affected by crystal abuse.

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Banana Xanthomonas wilt is a systemic disease of banana plants. We investigated the risk of spreading Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum (Xcm) through asymptomatic mature bunches. Samples of banana fingers and rachis from markets within Kampala, Uganda and at border points of Uganda with DR Congo, Tanzania, Rwanda and Kenya were tested for the presence of Xcm through recovery of the bacterium onto semi-selective media. Fingers and rachis infected with Xcm were sampled weekly to determine survival duration in such materials. Characteristic colonies of Xcm were observed in 89 bunches. Within Kampala, various levels of Xcm were detected in the local markets at 21% from Kalerwe, 50% in Nakawa and Nakasera and 53% from Kasubi. At international borders, Xcm was detected at 17% in Malaba, 32% at Mutukula, 33% in Busia, 42% at Katuna/Kamwezi, 44% Mpondwe and 62% Mpanga. About 13% of the inoculated plants exhibited symptoms typical of Xcm infection. Xcm survived for up to six months, with colony counts of 25.3 cfu/gm, 23.1cfu/gm and 20.0 cfu/gm in the peel, pulp and rachis, respectively. This study demonstrated that Xcm is carried in traded banana materials over long distances and across borders. The pathogen can survive in the peel and rachis from markets up to 6 months and therefore these organs may act as sources of inocula for new infections. Consquently, there is need to improve on phytosanitary issues to manage spread of Xcm and spread of contamination to new areas.  

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Occupation of Palestine and Iraq’s invasion to Iran, as two enormous events of the twentieth century, overshadowed the lives of two lands. Meanwhile, literature- especially poetry-as one of the thinking areas of the Palestinians and Iranians, had witnessed a fundamental transformation. The poets of the two lands parallel to the enemy’s attack, showed resistance together with the combatants against the invasion of the enemy. “Smyh Alqasm” and “Hassan Hussein were two poems who left various worthwhile resistance poems. One indicator of this type of literature is the use of dramatic, symbolic and lyric contents. The present paper intends to investigate the reflection of changes caused by the onslaught of foreign enemies on the deployment of concepts and symbolic myths as well as the homology, differences, semantic developments and concept changes of these themes in the lyrics of Samyh Alqasem and Hassan Hosseini. The results indicated that both Samyh Alqasem and Hassan Hosseini have used symbolic and natural, human being, animal and place lyrics but symbolic and lyric meanings in the poets of Samyh enjoy more initiative, variety and extension.

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Literature of resistance has both human and world face. Efforts by a generation of fighters for liberation of land, religion, culture and traditions from the shackles of aggressors to national privacy and human values are done, which everyone can draw poetic and literary expression. Events such as occupied Palestine and Iraq’s attack on Iran caused the creation of unique works of the resistance literature of nations. Works of the poet of Palestinian resistance, “Smyah Alqasem”, poets of Iranian’s Sacred Defense, “Hosseini Hassan” and “Kaiser Amin Pour” are valuable legacy in the realm of the resistance poetry of the two territories. The present study is to investigate homology and differences in the poetry of resistance by relying on the works of two poets of the country. Research findings showed that sense of belonging to the land, disposal of foreign invasion and occupation are among the main factors in the incidence of resistance elements of Samyh, Husseini and Aminpour poetry. Land, war victims, rebellion against the aggressor, religious and ethnic motivations of struggle, martyrdom, the enemy, oriented ideals and values to override objections by flow resistance are the main themes of the poets.

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Samuel Clark has a completely rationalist explanation of ethics and uses the concept of fitness a lot to explain his view; hence, his moral theory is known as the fitness theory. Clark considers moral values ​​and obligations to be based on fitness relations and believes that the reason can understand self-evidently a large part of these relationships, and the other part can be obtained through rational arguments or revelation. Critics have found some ambiguities and defects in Clarke's fitness theory. In this article, Clarkeian fitness theory is examined according to the criticisms raised, and then in a brief comparison with the theory of existential fitness, it is shown that the theory of existential fitness does not have these ambiguities and defects.

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One goal of comparative studies of literature is to search for the human “truth” that has appeared as archetypes in the literature of all nations and all times. In this paper, the author draws an archetypal comparison of romantic love in the French story of "Tristan and Iseult" and the Iranian epic romance "Samak-e-‘Ayyar". It starts with explaining the Jungian concepts of mother and father archetypes, anima and animus, conscious and unconscious, as well as collective conscious and unconscious. Since individuation process in the Jungian psychology has to do with the connection between the conscious and unconscious, the tale romantic love could be seen as individuation process in which each lover seeks to connect to his/her anima (feminine unconscious) and animus (masculine unconscious), based on his/her gender. After providing a synopsis of each story, the author explains the archetypal roles and symbolic meanings of kings, queens, heroes, witches, and princesses in each story using Marie-Louise Von Franz’s methodology for the interpretations of fairy tales. It then compares romantic love in each story by analyzing its characters, functions, and events, and explaining its similarities and differences. Since archetypal literary analysis reveals the attitude, outlook, and behaviors of the people that the myths are originated among them, this comparative study aims to answer to a rather broad question: How is it that in the French story of the 12th century, romantic love ends with death and tragedy; however, in the pre-Islamic Iranian tale, it ends with the :union: of lovers?  

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Several methods are using to collect insects from the environments, they are living in. The sweeping net is one of the commonly used equipment for collecting however the process of picking up the collected insects from net bag is laborious and time consuming job. In the present work we introduced a hand-held battery powered electric aspirator, which made based on a centrifugal fan which adapted into an especial storage bottle (replaceable). Field trials confirmed the efficiency of the new device in collecting insects from different orders, of which Diptera and Hymenoptera were dominant. Additional customization was made on the type of collecting bottle to enhance the applicability of the new device for different purposes. Finally, studies showed that the hand-held electric aspirator can be used successfully for faunistic and ecological studies.

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Abstract Check drawing of marriage in literature, so far, the campaign a lot of research and research that has been, of course in most of them, or to the shape and interesting species of marriage are not paid or the bed of the research in the field of order and generally limited to the type of epic Shahnameh and special – a Ferdowsi-wise. In this article with Samak-E- Aiiar and re-examine this phenomenon to the analytical review-content root 9, any style is important to the marriage, in which the bully or Princess is often out of their territory to choose such and so on in order to travel and search goes through, and in this way after pick up pair against their agenda The father of the girl and gets her face with the opposition, and often the back stock events and other difficult test to joiner. In the link style is such that Samak-E-Aiiar, his daughter out of marriage in October, and pioneer. Rare types of throw toranj toward the mistress, love on the battlefield, the link provided-the mediator should represent and Utopia marriage can be as are other styles of marriage. The roots and styles, sometimes some examples on the one hand and close links with joint approach established social and on the other hand, at odds with the feminist theory in analysis of literary works, in terms of absolute presentatio

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For a long period, the Iranian entomologists followed a rather narrow spectrum of methods to collect arthropods that are described in taxomomic papers. Recently, this knowledge gap was filled with the publication of a book entitled “Methods for Collecting Insects and other Terrestrial Arthropods”. The book efficiently describes 110 collecting methods in 18 chapters and 468 papges and it contains as well a huge collection of more than 300 illustrations and a considerable set of references. It is highly recommended for both students, professional entomologists and academic personnel.

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Translation is one of the factors of the exchange of various dimensions of civilization, art, culture and literature and the cultural development of societies. It is always seen in terms of the differences in the components of the linguistic translation of texts, in particular literary texts, such as increasing, decreasing, changing the theme and structure. Hence, The critique of translation is one of the essential and important steps in improving the translation of texts and their evaluation. In this speech, the "Myth of the Moon Barry," the Arabic translation of the critique and evaluation of the story of "Samak Ayyar" by descriptive and analytical method has been criticized and evaluated using descriptive and analytical method and based on the theory of Nida. According to Nida's definition of the translation that finds the closest natural equivalent of the source language in the target language, and the division of the translations into a formal and dynamic translation, the "Myth of the Moon Barry" mythology can’t be regarded as a formal translation. The occurrence of mistakes in the equivalence of words, the removal and enhancement of the text, the change of words and the style and the structure of the original text show the translator has not been faithful to the source text in the translation of Samak-e-Ayar's story and has not done so accurately. Therefore, with tolerance, it should be classified as dynamic translations.

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So far several models have been proposed in order to systematically classify hero`s replicable life in heroic narratives around the world. These models, except for some few cases of difference, are very similar to each other. After the introduction and criticism of Hero patterns available, this study compares and contrasts the most famous and comprehensive ones as examples for Rustam`s life events. It shows that many parts of these patterns do not match with the most prominent representative of the idea of "world champion" and beyond that with the life structure of heroes Sam`s Clan and it is needed to design a native pattern to classify overall life structure of Iranian heroes. Therefore, the authors have determined the life structure of five first Iranian champions i.e. Garshasp, Nariman, Sam, Zal and Rustam and have shown their replicable parts. Accordingly, they have suggested a new pattern of Iranian heroes' life that consists of five distinct sections of characteristics of hero`s parents, amazing properties of the hero from birth and childhood, departure for battle, love and marriage, and finally guilt and death.

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There have always been similarities in literature of different nations. These similarities have sometimes been due to chance, imitation, or plagiarism. In fact, Arabic and Persian literature are so interwoven that they have caused such similarities. The present study aimed to examine two approximately identical reports of two odes: one Arabic ode by Mansour Nemerri (2nd Century) and one Persian ode by Roudaki (3rd century). According to these reports, Harun al-Rashid and Amir-Nasr Samani were influenced and encouraged by these odes to the extent that they returned home quickly. The Persian ode is known as “Bouye Jouye Moulian” in Persian literature, and the Arabic ode is named “Yade Baghdad” by the author of the present study. In doing so, the two odes were analyzed based on both form and content. In addition, we explored the possible influence of one narrator on the other narrator. Furthermore, the factors which contributed to the influence and encouragement of the two Amirs by the two odes were discussed. Considering the literary critics’ negative view of Arouzi Samarghandi and his trustworthiness, it could be concluded that he has copied the story of Roudaki and Amir Nasre Samani from the story of Harun al-Rashid and Mansour Nemerri.

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Background: Biodegradation is the metabolic ability of some microorganisms in degrading or transforming the organic and inorganic contaminants into less harmful and non-hazardous substances, which are then integrated into the natural biogeochemical cycles. Some microorganisms, mainly the members of family Actinomycetes, were found with the capability of transforming and degrading the polluting agents. In this study, three different Nocardia species with the ability to biodegrade organic and inorganic compounds were isolated from soil in Isfahan province.
Materials & Methods: The soil samples were collected from the hospital environments. Isolation process was done according to the standard methods. The identification and characterization of the isolates were based on the conventional and molecular methods, including direct sequence analysis of almost full length of 16S rRNA gene.
Results: Almost, the complete 16S rRNA gene sequences of the strains under study revealed that the isolates coded as NR6, NR17, NR18, NR25, NR26, and NR28 were the strains of N. cyriacigeorgica; NR7, NR34, and NR50 were the strains of N. coubleae; and NR4 was the strain of N. otitidiscaviarum. The relationship between the isolates under study and standard strain of Nocardia was supported by a phylogenetic tree of 16S rRNA gene.
Conclusion: In this study, 10 Nocardia strains with the capability of biotransforming polluting agents were isolated from the hospital environments. It was the first study conducted on the isolation and characterization of Nocardia strains, with the capability of degrading polluting agents, from Iranian hospitals. This study can be considered as a pioneer to develop a new insight about the study of microbial diversity in Iran using an applied approach to deal with environmental challenges.
 

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There is not a comprehensive cheklist on Halictidae family in Iran yet. In this survey, 1179 specimens of the Halictid bees collected from various area of Iran were examined. Among them, we found 78 species of Halictid bees as a major component of the Apoidea fauna in Iran. Herein, a list of the halictid bees, with localities name, geographical coordinations of localities, and number of male and female specimens is provided. Also, distribution of species in Iran, based on the material collected in this study and the worldwide distribution (where applicable) are presented. Five species are recorded for the first time from following provinces, respectively: Lasioglossum (Ctenonomia) vagans (Smith, 1857), from Sistan-o Baluchestan, Halictus (Vestitohalictus) nasica Morawitz, 1876, from Isfahan and Sistan-o Baluchestan, Halictus tetrazoinus (Klug, 1817) from Charmahal-o Bakhtiari, Halictus fatsensis Blüthgen, 1936, from Charmahal-o Bakhtiari, Halictus (Seladonia) fuscicollis Morawitz, 1876, from Sistan-o Baluchestan.

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This article according to the American School of Comparative Literature is addressed  to the content similarities of the poems of Ali Reza Qazveh (born 1963) and Samih Al-Qasem (1939-2014), two contemporary Iranian and Palestinian poets in three areas of love;  protestation and satire.  It shows that in spite of the differences in the views of these two poets, due to the experience of similar situations such as the involvement of their homeland in war and some of its sufferings, their view of love, protestation and satire  is remarkable and thought-provoking;  As this view in love changes to the transformation of the beloved of lyrical poetry to the beloved who is a martyr and a fighter;  in protestation, he inclines to his own protestation and fellowmen, and  at a higher level, to human rights organizations.  And in satire, he uses biting and deep satire on three levels of vocabulary, sentence or clause , and the generality of the poetry.

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In this study, we have investigated Sam battles; the hero of Sam Nameh; applying structural research methodology. To this goal, at first , the collection of battles have been categorized in five agents such as subject , battle’s motif , battle adversary, adjuvants , and the results of battle. Then, by summarizing table data, we reached nine total conclusions related to the battle’s structure of this poems. At the next step, by reducing these nine conclusions, we obtained three general formula. The main function of Sam nameh hero’s battles is to highlight an exaggerated hero who is always victorious. In a non-linear study and regarding sender / motif pairs, the progress of battles is separable. The first class includes hero’s battles from beginning of the story till his departure to the land of Shadad A’d and then his battles with the king of china and his army by the motif of love.    
Second class has been devoted to the collection of hero’s battles with regard to religious motifs and other marginal factors. Also, Sam Nameh hero’s is an independent actant who do not obey any king. Considering this fact and absence of no national motif , it is possible to say that Sam Nameh is not an epic work , rather this is a love story whose poet intervention in order to shape a an affected discourse has made it an exclusive work with special structures. 

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This study tries to investigate storytelling manner in Samak – e – Ayyar in comparison with three other folk tales entitled (Darabnameh,Abou moslemnaeh Eskandarnameh e naghali).To achieve this goal and according to Chapman, the rate of narrator participation in Samak -e –Ayyar story besides some special stylistic features in this genre ( language , colloquial atmosphere , irony and humor) have been analyzed and compared with other stories. The results show that presence and participation of narrator while describing the place, temporal conciseness and person descriptions in Samak – e – Ayyar and Darab Nameh are more prominent in comparison with the other works. Also, participation manner of storyteller in  Samak – e – Ayyar , primary templatic propositions , inter textual templatic propositions differ from Aboumoslemnameh and Eskandarnameh naghali. It is important however to say that the manner of Darab Nameh is to some extent placed between that of Samak -e –Ayyar Aboumoslemnameh and Eskandarnameh naghali.
 
 

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In this study, we have investigated Sam battles; the hero of Sam Nameh; applying structural research methodology. To this goal, at first , the collection of battles have been categorized in five agents such as subject , battle’s motif , battle adversary, adjuvants , and the results of battle. Then, by summarizing table data, we reached nine total conclusions related to the battle’s structure of this poems. At the next step, by reducing these nine conclusions, we obtained three general formula. The main function of Sam nameh hero’s battles is to highlight an exaggerated hero who is always victorious. In a non-linear study and regarding sender / motif pairs, the progress of battles is separable. The first class includes hero’s battles from beginning of the story till his departure to the land of Shadad A’d and then his battles with the king of china and his army by the motif of love.    
Second class has been devoted to the collection of hero’s battles with regard to religious motifs and other marginal factors. Also, Sam Nameh hero’s is an independent actant who do not obey any king. Considering this fact and absence of no national motif , it is possible to say that Sam Nameh is not an epic work , rather this is a love story whose poet intervention in order to shape a an affected discourse has made it an exclusive work with special structures.