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Pressurized irrigation technologies of course have the potential to raise the productivity of land and water; but, these technologies could not popularize among the smallholders who own millions of farms worldwide. In developing pressurized irrigation technologies, particularly for field crops irrigation, researchers and manufacturers have developed more specialized and expensive technologies with sophisticated and intricate hardware. These new technologies have benefited only the large and wealthier farmers leaving the smallholders to remain confined with conventional methods of irrigation. This paper discusses the design, performance, and applicability of a low-pressure water sprinkling nozzle, named LERN. This nozzle can be operated satisfactorily over the operating pressure range of 79-117 kPa. The water application rate of LERN is reasonably high, i.e. 20-23 mm h^-1; therefore, field crops such as rice, wheat, oil seed etc. can be irrigated quickly and efficiently even at small plots, where available options such as impact sprinklers are, in general, neither feasible nor applicable due to high pressure requirement (196 - 294 kPa), non-divisibility over small plots, and relatively high cost of pumping and system networking. Since the pressure requirement at the nozzle head reflects overall cost of a pressurised irrigation system, LERN holds greater promise in development of a cost effective pressurized irrigation system for irrigating field crop even at small plots.

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Nowadays using 3D printing for prototyping is well known in industrial applications and there are efforts to make functional parts with this technology to reach low volume production markets. By using pellets rather than filaments, the limitations caused by lack of variety of materials can be conquered. Also, there will be no need to make a massive part as several divided parts and then glue them together. In this article pellets of ABS, that are well known and functional in industry, are analysed for an extruder to investigate the ability of pellet material extruding. Characteristic specifications of extruder such as operating pressure, screw rotational speed and required torque for rotating the screw are achieved for they are important factors to find out the mechanism for experimental tests and selecting suitable operating parts such as motor and gearbox.
 

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Nowadays using 3D printing for prototyping is well known in industrial applications and there are efforts to make functional parts with this technology to reach low volume production markets. By using pellets rather than filaments, the limitations caused by lack of variety of materials can be conquered. Also there will be no need to make a massive part as several divided parts and then glue them together.
In this article pellets of ABS, that are well known and functional in industry, are analysed for an extruder to investigate the ability of pellet material extruding. Characteristic specifications of extruder such as operating pressure, screw rotational speed and required torque for rotating the screw are achieved for they are important factors to find out the mechanism for experimental tests and selecting suitable operating parts such as motor and gearbox. At the end, the experimental tests on designed system are done and the result approved the trends of theoretical data.