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Since in recent decades the world population increased, it causes to ascend the municipal solid waste (MSW) production. Therefore, to manage this and control its damages that affect the environment, some applied techniques are needed. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is one of the techniques used in this research for selecting and arranging one or more scenario. The presented scenarios were composting, incineration, landfilling and recycling which were chosen by considering their implementation in the case study site.  Each scenario was analyzed in terms of ten environmental indicators that include abiotic depletion potential, ozone layer depletion potential, global warming potential, human toxicity potential, fresh water toxicity potential, marine toxicity potential, terrestrial toxicity potential, acidification, photochemical oxidation and eutrophication. The employed software for this analysis was Simapro. Results indicated that the landfilling scenario had the highest pollution ratio in eight environmental indicators and after that, the incineration scenario was the most polluting in two ozone layer depletion potential and global warming potential indicators. Recycling was the best scenario in point of lowest effects on global warming potential and human toxicity potential indicators. Composting was the scenario that had the lowest footprint on seven environmental indicators in comparison to other scenarios. In addition, this scenario showed the lowest environmental pollution burden in ozone layer depletion potential among all indicators. In general, according to the findings of this study, composting scenario is recognized as an appropriate method for municipal solid waste management in Urmia metropolis of Iran.
 

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The objectives for this study were first to understand and estimate energy consumption in each stage of production and processing of milk using regional data and second, suggesting improvement opportunities. A cradle to gate assessment of market milk was performed by separating the system into three stages: agronomy, animal farm and processing plant. Data were collected from multiple sources e.g. questionnaire, published papers, national and international databases, and the processing plant database. Throughout the study, ISO framework and International Dairy Federation guideline on life cycle assessment were used. The functional unit (FU) was one liter of pasteurized milk packaged in plastic pouch at the processing plant gate. The average energy demand for producing 1 kg of fat-protein corrected milk at farm-gate was 10.8 MJ, although for the final packaged milk, it was 12.5MJ. Main stages in overall energy use of FU were agronomy 68 %, animal farm 19 % and processing plant 13%. The average energy use for raw milk production was 2-5 times higher than previous European reports. To enhance efficiency in this sector, we need to assess other regions’ potentials for feed and milk production and then to focus on agronomy stage for lower energy use by optimization of irrigation, or even importing energy intensive feed such as barley and alfalfa from other countries.

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The life cycle of bobtail squid (Euprymnahyllebergi:Sepiolidae) was investigated by incubating its eggs and rearing the hatchlings at 28.5±0.5°C and 37-38ppt salinity conditions in the Molluscs Research Station (Bandar Lengeh). After 12±3 days incubation, hatchlings with 2.23±0.05 mm mantle length and 4±1 mg wet weight emerged out. Hatchlings were fed with artemia, mysid shrimp and postlarvae of white-leg shrimp. In 30 days, they grew to 5.94±1.18 mm and 254±16 g, in 60 days to 13.96±1.87 mm, and 2.214±0.213 g, and in 90 days they grew to 18.14±2.23 mm and 4.234±0.548 g. First mating and spawning was observed in days 109 and 110, respectively, when the squids were 20.12±2.64 mm in mantle length and 5.849±1.204 g in body weight. Each female laid 70±10 eggs and died 2-4 days after spawning, followed by males after 7-15 days. Results show that bobtail squid have short life span and can easily be produced and succeeded by the next generation under laboratory conditions. 

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Building stocks are the most important physical capacity for infill development and planning for their preservation, restoration and improvement in order to re-use has been an important chapter on urban conservation during the last decades. According to official statistics, parallel to paradigm shifts in the field of urban regeneration and active conservation, using old buildings in European cities has increased and the demolition and reconstruction of historical and aged structures have been pushed into the margin. In a comparison one could easily see how many of the old structures in the Iranian cities have been demolished in recent years and an important number of characteristic buildings have vanished from the urban context easily; what have been substituted has no relevance to the tangible and intangible values, lost within the process. The process of adaptive re-use is an outstanding criteria in the way of safeguarding physical and architectural identity and strengthening the ‘placefulness’ of historic fabrics and urban cores. In the contemporary literature of urban regeneration, some positive characteristics and principles like social and environmental sustainability, sense of place, planning mechanism upgrading, economical efficiency and built environment authenticity are attributed to the adaptive re-use of aged structures. Meanwhile the possibility to re-use the aged structure is something that should be considered in a technical and timely manner. The life cycle of building materials and the course of inevitable decline have a tremendous role in how and when a structure could be regained and reintroduced to the urban life cycle. This article revises the process of adaptive reuse and its benefits and parallel to the subject, proposes a new equivalent for the title of ‘Adaptive Reuse’ in Persian which would refer to the both parts of the term in a literary and semantic manner. Introducing the ‘Adaptive Reuse Potential’ model would be a solution for tracing the decay curve of aged structures and assessing the building adaptive reuse design and obsolescence criteria. This model and its subordinate equations demonstrate the point of maximum potential and the effective useful life of a building subject to adaptive reuse. As the Adaptive Reuse has also a policy-making aspect, estimating the condition of the buildings and calculating the potential that determines whether they could be brought back to the cycle as suitable infrastructures having the peciularities needed for a contemporary role is very crucial to the course. Implementing this model in a case study reveals its condition of obsolescence and the potential for the recovery of an aged structure into a new life cycle. An old and architecturally valuable building in the historic-modern core of Tehran [Lāleh Hotel in Lālehzār-e-no Ave.], has been assessed by ARP model and confirm this hypothesis that there are many potentially good buildings capable to be re-used in the inner parts of Iranian cities which have been fallen into oblivion and if the chance of undertaking adaptive reuse projects is missed, there will be an inevitable scenario for them to be demolished and reconstructed; a deep pity for the future generation of citizens disconnected of their glorious architectural background.

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The effect of the changing age distribution on national saving is estimated empirically in this paper. We have specified a saving function based on Ando – Modigliani’s Life Cycle Hypothesis which incorporates the portion of population in 11 different age groups to represent the age structure of the population. Auto_ Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Model estimation technique is based derived from the ARDL model. An Error Correction Model (ECM) of national saving behavior in also constructed and estimated in order to reveal the short run dynamic adjustments of saving towards its long run equilibrium. Data used in the estimation process are time series data within the period 1345 and 1383. Data are tested for stationary and co-integration estimation technique in used for estimating the coefficients of the model. The results indicate that the age distribution in an influential factor an saving behavior of the population. A relative population increase in the age group of 15-24 and 55- and over, tends to lower national saving, while a relative increase in population within the age group of 25-29, 30-34, … and 50-54 has a positive impact on national saving. These in the age group of 35-39 and 40-44 have the highest saving rate.

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Village, like any other human phenomenon, has undergone various processes of change. As a historical necessity in relation to human needs, villages have appeared, developed and continued to survive. In this process, some of the villages amalgamated with each other or merged into nearby cities or as the result of population increase they transformed into new cities. In the process, some other encountered change or reduction in natural resources; local natural disasters; changes in socio-economic and political condition; and local periods of decline and even total abandonment, as a result of population decrease and mass emigration. These villages were either totally eliminated from geographical maps or began to adopt a new life, much or farms. The villages of Iran followed the same path. During past fifty years they have been under the deep changes and disorders in their social, cultural, economic and physical dimensions. Since identification and assessment of the rural changes is a part of rural geography studies, geographers using different methods, to explain the process of change in village life. This article is an endeavor to address the following two questions: 1.By using “Life Cycle Theory”, to what extent one can provide a new method of study in rural geography? 2Dose the “Life Cycle Theory” have incidental capacity to explain the process of evaluation in village life? This article, by relying on descriptive – analytical method, intends to illustrate the capacity of this theory to generalize this process, from geographic point of view. The assessment carried out indicates, that in spite of few criticism and limitations. The “Life Cycle Theory” has a high capacity to define and analyze the process of village changes. Rural Geography by utilizing this theory can introduce an applicable methodology for studies of changes in village life in Iran.

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Little effort has been exerted in the domain of the study of the relation between age structure of population with macroeconomic variables and the study of its effects on the economy of Iran. According to Life Cycle Theory, middle-age groups are owners of savings and young and old-age groups are consumers (their consumption is more than their savings). Wicksell’s cumulative Inflation Process Theory, founded on the resolutions of saving and investment, also foresees that the surplus of the demand raised from the difference in interest rate would contribute to the surplus of consumption which would cause, in turn, demand pressure and finally would result to more inflation. The presernt study is a document-experiment research and combining the above mentioned two theories, tries to analyze the effects of the age distribution of the population on inflation in the Iran, using estimation in OLS method. The findings of the research showed that the consuming age groups i.e. the ages between 0 – 14 years, 15 - 19 years, and over 64 years have a meaningful positive effect on the inflation, while saving age groups i.e. ages between 30 - 44 and 45 - 64 years have a meaningful negative effect on the inflation. The population limiting policy which has been exerted since 1989 has also had a meaningful negative effect on the inflation in Iran.

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People usually associate power with military force, multinational corporations, as well as ele-vated political positions. However, marriage and family are not exempted from power strug-gles too; couples often encounter power issues. Present article discusses power in families with focussing on power between married partners or conjugal power.The paper also high-lights some of the questions like, what are the sources of conjugal power? what are the deci-sion-making areas? what are the analytical models of power relation among Iranian fami-lies?and tries to find out answer of these questions. At the beginning, it discusses some classic theories and studies about decision making in marriage and family life and then look at what new generations of social scientists say about conjugal power. Finally, taking advantage of document and comparative analysis as the main methods used in this paper, it tries to exam-ine the structure of power relations in Iranian contemporary family.

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In this paper, reliability of missile system in its total life cycle is evaluated in terms of its subsystems’ reliability, using Continuous Time Markov Chains (CTMC) and Monte Carlo simulation method, finally results of both methods are compared. Missile system’s life cycle includes storage, pre-launch and operation states. Missile system is composed of variety of components and materials, hence different environmental conditions and various stresses imposed on missile system in each state during its life cycle, stimulates diverse failure modes and mechanisms. Therefore, failure probability distribution function differs for each subsystem in each state. Flight control, mechanical parts and equipment, engine and warhead are four main subsystems of the missile system. They are linked in series therefore each one’s failure will result in system’s failure. Exponential, Weibull, Lognormal and Gompertz distributions are used for subsystems’ modeling in different life cycle states. Unlike many other researches in this field, failure rates are time variant. System is supposed to be unrepairable during life cycle. Finally, Continuous Time Markov Chain’s superiority in comparison with Monte Carlo method, both in accuracy and required amount of calculations is demonstrated and a few suggestions, based on obtained results, are presented for system reliability improvement.

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The necessity of a more sustainable approach has been widely highlighted by international resolutions and directives as a way to promote sustainable development in daily life activities Furthermore, spatial planning processes need support by specific instruments for evaluation that are able to analyze long term effects of the defined policies. This research tries to introduce a new approach to monitoring and evaluating of tourism activities in tourism rural destinations from TLCs point of views.This research is fundamental and research method is descriptive –analytic. This study is tried to analyze the tourism destination rurals in Ardabil province. In this article the Necessary data has been gathered by surveys and librarian methods.The study area consisted of four villages include boosinej, Ganzagh, Gazaj and Biledaragh. Statistical population of this study consisted of 3541 people (1388 households). The sample society (210 people) has been estimated by using of Cochran techniques. Households Samples selected by Systematic sampling and Tourists through simple random sampling. The results of this research shows the fact that the lack of a clear approach to in destinations of Ardabil led to placed our study villages in the early stages of their development. On the base of our finding in this research, we need to propose suitable strategy to the tourism destinations appropriate to the place of them in TLC.

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In today’s competitive world, employing marketing concepts and methods while prioritizing the marketing mix approach for products can play an important role in increasing sales and ensuring greater success in the marketplace. The main objective of this study is to prioritize the marketing mix in each stage of the product life cycle using the ANP approach. For this purpose, a questionnaire was designed, and a survey of food industry marketing managers in Mashhad was conducted in 2015. The results show that between 7P’s of marketing mix, in the introductory stage of the product life cycle, “promotion,” and in other stages “price” have the highest priority. According to the fact that each marketing mix has some sub-indices, the results show that among all sub-indices, “advertising” in the introductory stage, “high price” in the growth stage, “kind of payment” in the maturity stage, and in the decline stage, “rebate” possess the highest weights. Therefore, prioritization of the marketing mix can be used at different stages of the product life cycle to help managers for better allocation of their resources and increase profitability.

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Considering the goals of sustainable development and increasing environmental pollution, attention to the environmental effects of each product has increased more than ever. In the meantime, the building industry plays a major role in environmental pollution, as a major part of the urban waste comes from the industry. The most important factor affecting the amount and nature of environmental impacts is the type of building system. Life cycle analysis is a method used to assess environmental impacts along with all stages of the life of a product from cradle to grave. It is a method for designing sustainable structures, identifying environmental impacts of materials throughout the life cycle, providing financial and environmental details for choosing between different options by the relevant user, and the ability to select different indicators for assessing the life cycle of the application. In this research, a framework for evaluating the environmental life cycle of buildings is described. Due to the fact that in most buildings in Iran there are steel or concrete frames, the environmental impacts of two types of steel and concrete buildings in Isfahan have been estimated and compared. The analysis of the life-cycle analysis is carried out in four stages of the production and processing of materials, materials, construction, operation and end-of-life. Environmental impacts are categorized in the form of potential warming groups, acidification potential, water nutrition, reduction of fossil fuel resources, air pollutants, human health, photochemical smoke formation potential, ozone depletion and toxic emissions. . The analysis of effects is performed during the steps of classification, determination of the coefficient of influence and normalization and weighing. This analysis is performed in steps of classification, determination of the coefficient of influence and normalization and weighting. In the stage of classification of resources or contaminants that are similar in terms of environmental effects, Commitment and the determination of a single index for the effects defined in the groups through the process of determining the coefficient of influence of each work belonging to a group, normalization (converted to a comparable and comparable scale), and ultimately weighing the effect based on the importance of the type of effect is obtained. Weighing in these methods is performed as a triangle of weighting Showed that the highest pollution was related to the production of materials and in particular the manufacture of steel. The percentage of the raw materials used was generally more than 95%. Steel structures have been contaminated with most of the environmental impacts, including global warming, suspended particles, acidification, nutrition, and smog emissions. The impact of concrete building on greenhouse gas and particulate emissions is much higher and contributes significantly to the production of steel in the production of cancerous and toxic substances. It also showed that due to the increased importance of the release of carcinogens and toxic substances in The whole effect is more and more severe on human health and environmental degradation, and the greater role of steel in the release of these contaminations, the environmental contamination of the steel structure for the release of toxic carcinogens and toxic chemicals such as chromium multiplicity, is much greater than the concrete structure.

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The increasing consumption of non-renewable energy sources such as oil and gas and reducing their reserves make it more necessary to pay attention to clean and renewable resources. In this situation, wind energy is known as one of the safest options for generating electrical energy. In this study, with the aim of evaluating the impact of climate change on the economic and environmental characteristics of wind turbines, numerical modeling was developed in MATLAB software. In order to evaluate the effects of the mentioned parameters as a case study, this numerical modeling for the parameters expressed in 4 cities of Iran, including Rasht, Tehran, Abadan, and Sanandaj, as the representatives of the main climates of Iran has been analyzed. According to the results of the economic point of view, which represents the Levelized cost of the energy production unit, Abadan was recognized as the most economical case with a   Levelized cost of  1.04 $ per kilowatt-hour of energy. Also, the environmental aspect of the analysis, which is based on the life cycle assessment method, considering the amount of carbon dioxide produced during the system life cycle and its pricing based on penalty policies, Rasht with a mild climate and emissions of 156 kg. Carbon dioxide per year and the lowest fine cost (annual cost $ 2.26) showed the most suitable option among other cities.

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Seasonal flight of the adults, larval activity, and damage caused by Leopard moth, Zeuzera pyrina L., was studied in the walnut orchards in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province, Iran. Pheromone baited traps were set up in the studied orchards from May 10 (before the emergence of adult males) to July 15 (the end of the adults’ flight) to monitor the flight dynamics. Observation on development of different stages of the pest was done weekly throughout the growing season. The infestation ratio of twigs and number of active galleries per tree were recorded at studied locations. According to the results, the pest completed its life cycle within a year and overwintered as 4^th and 5^th instar larvae inside the galleries in trunk and main branches of walnut trees. The flight season of Z. pyrina started in the second decade of May, the peak occurred in the first decade of June, and the flight ended by the second decade of July. Eggs were laid individually next to the buds on the twigs and 1^st instar larvae tunneled directly into inner wood. The maximum damage in shoots and twigs was observed at the third decade of August and, thereafter, larvae gradually moved to the main branches and trunk. Results showed that the biology and seasonal flight pattern of Z. pyrina in this province are different from other infested areas and that may be because of the climate condition. The knowledge of the observed differences may be useful to develop a successful integrated management strategy against Z. pyrina.

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