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The efficient and systematic design of language education programs through deploying instructional strategies and techniques and with the knowledge of learners’ cognitive make-up and their environment helps develop increasingly effective and capable language learners. Effective instruction begins with effective educational design which involves a wide range of practices, the most important of which is informed and structured material development. In line with these, the present study was carried out to analyze exercises in Arabic textbooks for public junior high schools in Iran based on Nation and McAllister’s (2010) principles of format and presentation of learning materials and activities. The research employed a descriptive design using qualitative content analysis and to achieve more valid and reliable results, Shannon’s entropy for weighting codes and statistical tests of homogeneity of variance, univariate analysis, and Kruskal-Wallis were used. The population and the statistical sample of activities considered in the study were the same and included all the exercises in the selected Arabic textbooks for the 1401-1402 AH / 2022-2023 academic year. Content analysis was done following a researcher-made scheme based on the layers proposed in Nation and McAllister’s (2010) principles, i.e., meaning-oriented input, form-oriented input, meaning-oriented output, and form-oriented output.  The validity of the scheme was verified through expert opinion and its reliability was calculated using Pearson correlation. The results of the research showed that in these textbooks, there is no four-way balance in the activities and no harmony between the expected four types of activities on form, meaning, input, and output.

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There is a close relationship between economic growth and energy consumption. Price is one of the most important parameters which affect energy demand and consumption. Thus, investigating the factors which affect the pricing of different forms of energy is very important. The purpose of this study is to identify and rank the most important factors that influence the pricing of renewable energy in Iran. In this study, we use Analytic Network Process to combine social, economic and environmental aspects in order to provide a comprehensive view about the most important factors affecting renewable energy pricing in Iran. The results show that in 1392, economic, financial & technical factors are respectively the most important factors in pricing of renewable energies in Iran.    

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Gilan Province is among the most important regions of Iran for rice production. The general aim of this research is to determine the best variety of rice for planting, so that the minimum level for farmer's expected living gross margin can be provided. On the other hand, determining the best variety with regard to the risk in price is another aim of this research. To this end two risk models based on Telser and Kataoka linear programming were used. Data needed for seven understudy varieties in this research during 2000-2006 were connected from 7 representative farms at the Gilan Province level. Taking the related risk-rows to gross margin per hectare of the 7 varieties under study during the aforesaid years, and using the Kataoka model, the highest amount of living gross margin per hectare at different probability levels was calculated. On the other hand, through the Telser model the area under planting of optimized varieties over different probability levels, showing that the probability of the gross margin per hectare of rice farming is less than the highest amount of living gross margin, was calculated. The results showed that at different levels the gross margin of the aim, considering the probability constraints, the two items Hashemi and Ali Kazemi were the best ones for achieving the aforesaid goals.

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This study investigated the factors influencing the decision to plant almonds in the Saman region of Chaharmahal-Bakhtiari Province in central Iran through conducting an economic survey in 2005. Using portfolio investment theory and econometric model esti-mation (Shively, 1998), this paper identifies the most important factors influencing the in-dividual farmer’s decision concerning the number of almond trees planted during 1995-2004. Results of this study show that farm size, permission for water use, a one-year fore-cast of almond price changes, and the upcoming year’s expected change in the guaranteed price of wheat as a competitor crop in the use of land and water had a significant impact on the number of trees planted. This study indicates that policymakers should take notice of the adverse impact of the increasing wheat price trends on tree planting and indirectly promote more research on the environmental impact of almond plantations, particularly as it relates to soil erosion and environmental issues.

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Using productivity index for investigating a firms’ performance makes it possible to evaluate efficiency of the production system and cost at the same time. In this study the Total Factor Productivity (TFP) of several sugar cane varieties in Imam Khomeini Cultivation and Processing Center in Khuzestan Province is compared. Two hundred and forty eight farms are categorized on the basis of variety years old and then Tornqvist-Tiel Productivity Index is employed for calculating TFP for each sugar cane farm. The investigated sugar cane varieties include CP57-614, CP69-1062 and CP48-103. Results revealed that year long utilization system gained the lowest TFP among utilization systems in all the mentioned varieties. The most suitable utilization system according to the TFP index is biennial for CP57-614 variety, triennial for CP69-1062 and five years for the CP48-103 variety. Triennial CP57-614 variety has the most partial productivity in fertilizer. On the other hand, the six year long plant of the forgoing variety exhibits the largest partial productivity in water. The largest partial productivity in machinery is shown in biennial CP69-1062 variety. Among these varieties, triennial CP48-103 one has the largest partial productivity per unit area cultivation.