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Smallholder farmers in northern Punjab struggle to adopt sustainable practices like essential oil extraction, despite their potential to improve livelihoods. Core elements from theory of planned behavior, technology acceptance model, and innovation diffusion theory are amalgamated to develop an adoption model, which is subsequently analyzed using structural equation model. The results unveil significant mediating effects involving attitudes (perceived usefulness, easiness), normative concerns (social influence), and indicating maximum variation (R²) regarding by-product preparation (0.76) and steam distillation (0.65). The model successfully accounts moderating effects of socioeconomic variables, indicating a robust association among latent variables. Hence, improving the adoption behavior among smallholders necessitates a focus on socio-psychological and socioeconomic factors.

 

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Background: Cardiac Catheterization is a critical health status which requires standardized care policies, as well as it needs qualified and skilled health provider to obtain good outcome of management.This study aimed toassess the knowledge and practice of nurses regarding patient safety after cardiac catheterization.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Punjab Institute of cardiology located in Lahore, Pakistan from 01^st December 2016 to 31^st March, 2017. 171 female nurses through using convenient sampling technique were included in the study. Questionnaire with multiple choice was used to collect data. Likert scale for multiple choose questionnaires regarding knowledge and practice of the nurses were used Collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 21.
Results: Out of 171 participants, all (N = 171) were female, most nurses had job experience of 2-5 years and 6-10 years, they were represented by 34.5% and 31.0% respectively. Mean of total knowledge was found good, when compared to mean of practice which was poor. This showed that nurses have good knowledge about post cardiac catheterization complication. It was found significant value of P < 0.0001 by applying correlation, that showed there was a good association between knowledge and practice (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: There was positive association between the knowledge and practice about patient’s safety after Cardiac Catheterization among Pakistanis registered nurses. Nurses those have proper knowledge and practice could help in rehabilitation of patients.

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During the study of butterflies of Bangladesh (Insecta: Lepidoptera) which carried out since June 2014 to March 2016, several expeditions were made by the authors in the different areas of Bangladesh and many butterfly species were collected and identified. Among them, five species namely, Zezius chrysomallus Hübner, 1823, Rapala tara de Niceville, 1988, Cethosia biblis Fruhstorfer, 1912 and Atrophaneura coon Fabricius, 1793, Cephren estrichopepla Lowe, 1908; and one subspecies, Pelopidas subochracea subochracea Moore, 1878 are newly reported for the fauna of Bangladesh and their distribution data are presented. This study was achieved with an aim to update the checklist of butterflies of Bangladesh. The previous sampling gaps in some areas of Bangladesh indicated by these newly reported species which may put forward further investigations on the butterflies of this country.

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Three species of the genus Dicranosepsis (Duda, 1926) are taxonomically treated in this paper. Dicranosepsis bicolor (Wiedemann, 1830),D. crinita (Duda, 1926) and D. olfactoria (Iwasa, 1984) are recorded for the first time from the Narowal region of the Punjab, Pakistan. Dicranosepsis crinita (Duda, 1926) is recorded for the first time in Pakistan. Illustrated keys and local distribution data for these three known species of the genus are also provided.

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The Holy Quran has been translated to very diverse languages from the distant past and through this, has found opportunities to transfer its sublime teachings to people with different languages and distinctive cultures. In addition to translating the Holy Quran in and of itself, these efforts have caused various works on theoretical and practical issues of the translation of the Holy Quran, and its principles and methodology have been discussed. In continuation of the same effort, this study would like to introduce "the etymology of roots" as an effective method in finding equivalents, and to apply it in a matter of the root "LBS". Muslim scholars have mentioned different analyses, and occasionally incoherent ones about this Arabic root in their exegetical and linguistic works, which is also manifested in translations of the Holy Quran. Applying "the etymology of roots", this study tried for the first time to investigate the root "LBS" in all branches of Semitic languages, and understand its original meaning, and then probe its semantic changes up to the age of the revelation of the Holy Quran. Moreover this study discussed strong and weak points of the equivalents proposed in Persian and English translations of the Holy Quran.

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The present article studies the reality-based adaptation of a religious event in the Islamic history through comparison between literary and daramtic narrativs in Rowzat-al-Mojahedin (by Waez Heravi) and the TV-series of Mokhtarnameh (by Mirbagheri) and its aesthetic limitations for the mass media. the popular literature in the Persian language sometimes have retold and described the religious history which has led to an imaginary fictionalized narrative to be spread among the public. The important point about this genre of the Persian Literature is the incorporation of the author's imagination with the historical narrative for the particular effect onhe audience to be reached; this is the very method today - with emersion of TV - being used by dramatisrs to dramatize the historical texts of Islam. The TV-series Mokhtarnameh is one of the latest attempts made to blend the historical text narrative with imagination; an attempt that resembles that of Heravi's during Safavid era which led to Rowzat-al-Mojahedin to be created. The comparative study between the two explains the imaginary functions in both and the different attitudes towards fictionalizing in the process of literary and dramatic narrative based upon historical text. The contemprary case of Mokhtarnameh uses the imagination to reach a political historical analysis while on the other hand Heravi's narrative portrays an ideal world rooted in a different view on the universe.

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Abstract
Research subject: The pure Goethite nanoparticles were synthesized successfully with solution oxidation method and by using raw materials Iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO₄.7H₂O) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
Research approach: In this study, the simulation of experiment was implemented by Minitab software, with complete factorial method, at 40°C, the variation of two parameters including the flow rate of entered gas in the solution reaction (Q) and mass percent ratio of raw materials (R) (mass percent of iron (II) sulphate to mass percent of sodium hydroxide), in two levels (Q=2 and 13.3 Lit/min) and (R=1 and 3) were evaluated. The qualitative analysis of results was performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), synthesis of Goethite phase (α-FeOOH) confirmed Iron oxyhydroxide and the Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), illustrated that the synthesized Goethite has high purity percentage (≥99.8%). The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) for Goethite reported a bar-shaped crystal structure, with an average particle Cluster size between (23-43nm), based on R and Q and by analyzing the oxidation-reduction potential(ORP) results, it was seen that the reaction time of Goethite formation is between 635-2210s.
Main results: The statistical analysis of results with Minitab software can create Correlation relations for Goethite, between two parameters(Q and R) and two response (reaction time(t) and average particle Cluster size(d)) at the temperature of reaction solution 40°C. regarding the relations, it was seen that at the temperature of reaction solution 40°C, with an increase in air flow rate(Q) and decrease of the mass percent ratio of raw materials(R), the reaction time and average particles Cluster size of Goethite decrease generally and vice versatile. Also, the percentage change (R) has a higher impact on average particles Cluster size and reaction time than changes (Q).
 

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The Oriental Asian species, Saltella setigera (Diptera: Sepsidae), that previously recorded based on a single male specimen from Shakargarh, Punjab province of Pakistan, is revised. During our recent collection from the Northern parts of Pakistan, both male and female specimens have been collected from Islamabad Capital Territory and Azad Kashmir, shows the wide distribution of this rarely known species and may expect to identify from other areas adjoining to these collection sites in future. The distributional notes, key characters, re-description, and detail photographs of both sexes are provided.

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Backgrounds: A novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has now spread to all countries of the world, including Iran. Although anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies may be identified in patients using immunological methods with sufficient sensitivity and specificity, the conclusive diagnosis of the disease is made using the molecular RT-PCR method. A population-based seroepidemiological survey was conducted to quantify the proportion of the exposed population with SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and evaluate whether the antibodies are a marker of total or partial immunity compared to the population that remains susceptible to the virus.
Material & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the seroprevalence of COVID-19 in Valiasr, Sajad, and Ghaem hospitals in Tehran, the capital of Iran, from April to the end of October 2020. Clotted and heparinized blood specimens (2mL) were collected from the patients. The serum and plasma were separated and stored at −80 °C until use. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM antibodies were examined in the serum samples of 1375 in-patients admitted to the hospitals using ELISA kits. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS software Ver.22.0 by employing statistical tests such as Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests. A p-value <.05 was considered as significant.
Findings: In total, 1375 participants were enrolled in this study, and SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies were detected in 291 patients using IgM‐IgG antibody assay. Among the seropositive patients studied, 187 were male (64.3%), and 104 were female (35.7%) (p<.05). The mean age of the patients was 49±8.4 years; the majority of whom (27%) were in the age group of 31-40 years. Also, the lowest frequency of infected cases was related to the age group of 1-10 years (p <.05). The seroprevalence of SARS‐CoV‐2 IgM or IgG antibodies was determined to be 21.2%. Diabetes mellitus was the most common underlying disease among SARS‐CoV‐2 patients [p=.05; Odd Ratio=1.61(0.90-2.91)].
Conclusion: The use of conventional serological assays, such as the enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA), for detecting specific IgM and IgG antibodies in SARS‐CoV‐2 patients has a high-throughput advantage while minimizing false-negative results obtained using the RT-PCR method. In this study, the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was determined to be 21%. Control of diabetes, among other influential factors, plays an important role in the management and control of COVID-19.

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The forward challenges in translating the holy Quran are the large differences caused by the differences in the interpretations of the verses. As, a translator is obliged to be faithful to the interpreters’ views, for solving this challenge, there is a need for having an exact criterion and in accordance with linguistic logic of the holy Quran, in order to judge the diverse interpretative views.  The criterion, accordingly, is the product of having the structural approach to the holy Quran. Because having such an approach, is a knowledgeable attempt in finding the wisely geometry of surahs, and takes us to what The All-Wise Allah, aimed at the sending the text of the Quran. This article by using a descriptive-analytical method and by elicitation of the geometrical structure of Surah Al-Imran and analyzing the differences in translating some verses of this surah, and investigating the extent of adaption of each of these interpretative views with compatibility index of the general purpose, resulted from the geometrical structure of the surah, aims at answering the question that how we can use the systematic or structure-based views for criticizing a translation. Some of the results are as follows: First of all, considering the fact that Quran, itself, is a criterion for analyzing everything, included the speech of Ahl-Albayts (SAW), then the criterion of analyzing the interpretive ideas must be intra-textual; and this is the same purpose derived form the geometrical structure of the surah. In this view, the words and verses of each surah are the building blocks that are organized around one single center. Therefore, each interpretive idea or translation is not acceptable if it is not compatible with the purpose of the surah and place of the verse in the structure. Secondly, the translation of the selected verses of Sural Al-Imran have been determined as objective instances to this analytical criterion and interpretive views adapted to the structure of surah and exact translation based on them.
 

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The most important duty of scholars in the process of translating the Holy Qur'an is to understand the meaning of the Qur'anic words accurately and to choose the best equivalents for them, especially when the Qur'anic word has some special semantic components which have been neglected in the period of Classical Arabic. For example, the word "khuṭwah" is used in the Holy Qur'an only in the form of "khuṭuwāt al-shayṭān" (the footprints of Satan) due to having some unknown semantic components. Adopting the etymological approach, the present research is an attempt to (A) find the root "Kh-Ṭ-W" in various Semitic languages, (B) find out its oldest meaning, (C) study the semantic changes of this word towards the Qur'anic Arabic, and finally (D) reexamine its semantic components in the Holy Qur'an. Moreover, this study evaluates the success of Persian translators in providing equivalents for the Qur'anic word "khuṭwah". This study shows that one of the most significant semantic components of the word "khuṭwah", which has been neglected in the lexical and interpretive studies, is going astray and becoming lost. Therefore, "khuṭwah" at the time of the revelation of the Holy Qur'an referred to the footprints that cause the travelers to go astray.
 

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The poems of Bidel as a remarkable poet of Indian style, who lived outside the geographical boundaries of Iran, reflects the popular culture, rituals, traditions, and people’s beliefs in India. This Persian mystic poet whose works originates from the basic culture of his homeland, consciously or unconsciously, accomplished to reflect parts of the culture and popular beliefs of Hindus in his poems through different ways. This study seeks to survey some popular beliefs, customs, ceremonies, and rituals dealt with Bidel Dehlavi in Mathnavi-e Erfan. The results of this research was extracted by a descriptive analysis revealing that beliefs in reincarnation, Sati practice, Vedas custom, and burning the dead people are among some common traditions and beliefs in the land of India applied by the poet to create artistic themes and explain mystic and religious ideas for the audience. Furthermore, the romance of Kamdi and Madan in Mathnavi-e Erfan displays the luxurious state of courts of the Indian kings and their social customs. This research can be a reflection of popular culture and tradition of Hindus, and be useful in ethnology studies, social science, and cultural research.
Review of the literature
No independent research study was found on the themes of people’s culture and customs of Hindus, and its reflection in Masnavi-e Erfan by Bidel Dehlavi. Although some studies have addressed some aspects of the Iranian culture in Bidel Dehlavi's poems, the following can be mentioned.
Khosravi et al. (2018) analyzed the level of Iranian culture in Bidel Dehlavi poems. Kariminia et al. (2018) focused on the reflection of public beliefs and ideas in Bidel's poems limiting themselves to the culture. Zolfaghari and Tabatabai (2015) studied the use of Persian proverbs in the poems of Bidel Dehlavi. Ranjbar (2013) investigated folklore in the Indian style describing aspects of people's culture in Bidel's poetry, which is a continuation of the Indian style poetry.
Hosseinabadi (2015) studied myths of death in the Indian vision. The study has only paid attention to the subject of death in Indian mythology and has tried to study the beliefs, customs, and rituals related to the Hindu religion. In the similar line, Eliassy (2009) studies the subject of reincarnation in Hindu texts. Latifi (2016) explained the functions of shroud and burial in Hinduism. It could be understood from the research background that the present study is significant in the field of reflection on Hindu culture and rituals in the Masnavi of Erfan Bidel Dehlavi.
Aims and questions
The main purpose of this research is to answer the following question: which of the customs and culture of Bidel is reflected India in "Masnavi-e Erfan"?
This Masnavi has become an important and reliable source for understanding the folklore and popular literature of the Indian land by containing long mystical thoughts as well as Bidel's references to Hindu folk culture, rituals, and customs. Hindu ideas about termination, metamorphosis, reincarnation, ritualism, Vedas, and the love story of "comedy and civilization" are of Indian origin. Although some of them are based on religious, philosophical, and theological views, it has shaped the culture of people in this land. Accordingly, in this research, an attempt is made to answer the research questions while analyzing and reporting some examples of Bidel's influence on Hindu's popular culture.
1. Which of the themes of Indian culture, including customs, traditions, and popular beliefs, is reflected in Bidel Dehlavi's Masnavi-e Erfan?
2. Is the poet only the narrator of some Hindu customs and rituals or he has been able to use these themes in an artistic way to express his mystical thoughts?
Assumptions
1. The ritual of burning the dead, the ritual of Sati, the commitment of Vedad, the religious ceremony of the Ganges River, and the story of "Comedy and Madan" are mentioned as part of the customs, traditions, beliefs, and rituals of Hindu culture and religion in Masnavi-e Erfan.
2. Bidel draws on highly mystical and poetic concepts in the form of anecdotes, and attractive and dynamic images of Hindu customs and rituals by using mystical terms.
Discussion
Studying the culture of the people in Bidel's Masnavi-e Erfan, we seek to examine some of the beliefs, customs, and traditions that are related to the culture of the Indian subcontinent and are reflected in Bidel's Masnavi. The study of Masnavi-e Erfan from the perspective of popular culture proves that he was raised in India. Wherever he had the opportunity, he displayed the main themes of the people's culture and various aspects of Hindu customs and beliefs in his poetry.
Belief in reincarnation and the influence on the beliefs of the Indian people, ritualism, rituals of mourning, as well as the love story of a dancer and singer are manifested in parts of Masnavi-e Erfan as customs and beliefs of the Indian people.
Conclusion
Undoubtedly, Bidels work, as a Persian-speaking poet in the Indian subcontinent, reflects the Hindu civilization, culture, and customs. The ritual of cremation, rituals, vows, religious ceremonies of the Ganges River, and the story of "Comedy and Madan" refer to some of the Hindu cultural and religious customs, traditions, and rituals. In the form of anecdotes, Bidel draws attractive and dynamic images of this ceremony that are not well-known to the audience of Persian poetry. In the story of "Comady and Madan", there are similarities with the love stories of "Khosrow and Shirin" and "Lily and Majnoon" in which Bidel Dehlavi was able to artistically combine Iranian and Indian stories. 
References
Abazari, Y. (1993). Religions of the ancient world (in Farsi). The Institute of Cultural Studies and Researches.
Ali Moradi, M. M., & Mahmudi, A. (2017). Indian religions (in Farsi). Samt.
Bakhtiari, M. R. (2003). Folklore and popular literature (in Farsi). Adiban.
Beyhaqi, H. A. (1986). An analytical research about the folk culture in Iran (in Farsi). Astan-e Qods.
Bidel Dehlavi, A. (2009). The flam of song: the poems of Bidel Dehlavi (in Farsi). Negah.
Elyasi, P. (2009). The afterlife in the holy Indian books. The Research Journal of Religions, 6, 1-26.
Hossein Abadi, Z. (2015). An analysis of the death’s myths in the Indian perception). Journal of the Indian Subcontinent, 23, 4-25.
Kardgar, Y. (2017). Waiting (in Farsi). Samt.

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The genus Cicadula Zetterstedt is reported for the first time from Pakistan with a newly recorded Cicadula simlaensis Viraktamath & Yeshwanth. In addition, Platymetopius fidelis (Distant) is also rediscovered from Pakistan and studied here. A brief diagnosis along with the digital photographs of the habitus and male genitalia of both species are provided. General distribution of these species in both Palaearctic and Oriental regions is also briefly discussed.
 

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The present research was performed to evaluate the bioactivity of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) and Melia azedarach L. extracts against three major stored grain insect pests including Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), Trogoderma granarium Everts, and Sitophilus granaries (L.). Toxicity and enzyme inhibition activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), α-carboxylesterase (α-CE), β-carboxylesterase (β-CE), acid phosphatases (ACP) and alkaline phosphatases (ALP) in three insect species induced by both plant extracts were evaluated at four different dose rates viz., 5, 10, 15 and 20%. Results showed maximum mortality (34.29%) in S. granarius with M. azedarach at maximum interaction of time and dilution level. In T. castaneum and T. granarium maximum recorded values for mortality were 30.87% and 18.95%, respectively, with extract of M. azedarach. Plant extract of C. colocynthis reported a maximum mortality of 21.92%, 19.18% and 16.89% in T. castaneum, S. granarius and T. granarium, respectively. Findings proved that both plant extracts had decent lethal impacts on tested insect species. Exposure of studied insects to plants extracts also resulted in significant inhibition of AChE, α-CE, β-CE, ACP and ALP. All tested enzymes in three insects were maximally inhibited by plant extract of M. azedarach except α-CE which was slightly more inhibited in S. granarius and ACP which was highly inhibited in T. granarium and S. granarius, by plant extract of C. colocynthis. Outcomes exhibit that plant based extract of M. azedarach is more pronounced in stored grain insect pests and propose the capability of using these plant extracts for safety of stored commodities as a safe substitute for insecticides.

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An updated checklist of the hoverflies including distribution and seasonal occurence data of known species in Nepal is presented. The list is based on all available published literature on taxonomy, biodiversity, ecology, and biological aspects of the syrphid fauna of Nepal up to 2023. A total of 205 species from three subfamilies and 63 genera are known to occur in Nepal. Among the three subfamilies, Eristalinae shares maximum species (111 species, 54%), followed by Syrphinae (90 species, 44%), and Microdontinae (four species, 2%). is presented. Among these, 48 (23%) species are recorded in Nepal only. The distribution of known hoverfly species in the country is not uniform, with the Bagmati (82 species) and Koshi (75 species) provinces having the greatest number of species, while the Madhesh (four species) and Lumbini (one species) provinces having the lowest records. The highest number of species are recorded in May (51 species), followed by July (50 species) and June (48 species). Winter season records are relatively low, and distribution data are still incomplete for some sites. Based on the present review, comprehensive and systematic sampling across the entire country is necessary for further exploration of Nepal's hoverfly fauna.

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An updated checklist of Uzbekistan aphids (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aphidomorpha) is presented based on literature records with the latest taxonomic and nomenclatural changes. This comprehensive checklist of aphids is the first checklist for Uzbekistan and represents a total of 301 species and 31 subspecies, within 103 genera, 63 subgenuses, belonging to seven subfamilies, of the Aphididae family, recorded from 1910 to 2023 in Uzbekistan. According to the association of the identified aphids with their host plants, it was noted that 301 species of aphids live and feed on plants belonging to 64 families of plants. Of these, the largest number of species was found in plants belonging to the families of Asteraceae (71), Rosaceae (58) and Salicaceae (33).

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The ecological aspects, distribution, and possible conservation of a syrphid hoverfly, Axona chalcopyga (Wiedemann, 1839) is poorly known due to their rare records. Three female individuals of A. chalcopyga were discovered in the Gelam forests of Terengganu state, which is the first record in Peninsular Malaysia. Here, we provided a pictorial description of the female. We also noted the functional role of the hoverfly as a potential pollinator candidate for the Gelam trees by visiting its flowers.

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Fungal plant diseases can severely damage oil palm crops and compromise agricultural yields. To ensure a high crop yield while keeping the fungal pathogens at bay, microbial control to combat such diseases offers a more sustainable alternative to chemical control. It is safer to replace chemical fungicides with eco-friendly bio formulations containing living fungi or bacteria and their products to manage fungal infestations on plants, especially oil palm. This is because natural antagonistic microorganisms/substances form components of biofungicides and protect plants by various modes of action such as hyperparasitism, antibiosis and/or by induction of systemic resistance. Microbial agents’ application in managing fungal plant diseases, especially oil palm crop diseases, promises a safer and sustainable agricultural system to control fungal phytopathogens while ecologically less polluting. This article briefly describes the different bioformulations and the mechanism of action of microbial agents to manage fungal phytopathogens of crops, especially in oil palm. A summary of various merits and demerits of biofungicides over synthetic ones and the future outlooks are also highlighted. Bio-based microbial agents for controlling fungal phytopathogens, especially in oil palm plants, appear to be a promising fungal pest management approach considering the growing need for sustainable practices in the agronomic sector.