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Factors Influencing Tea Farmers’ Decisions to Utilize Sources of Credit in Nyaruguru District, Rwanda: A Multivariate Probit Regression Analysis
A. Kabayiza, G. Owuor, J. K. Langat, F. Niyitanga,
Volume 23, Issue 4 (7-2021)
Abstract
Credit is a major tool and an important factor for tea production and farm outcome. Its demand from different lending sources has been increasing to meet capital investment in the tea sector. Accessed credit is to meet costs of tea production, mainly fertilizers, seedlings, and labor as well. Factors affecting access to credit have been a subject of vast debate in recent studies that credit seekers obtain credits only when they are eligible by complying with the requirements set by lending institutions. However, literature has limited findings on the behavior of small-scale borrowers in selecting a credit source and inducing factors. In particular, borrowing arrangements necessitate the analysis to inform policy makers on needed adjustment in the lending system to improve tea production and sector development. The study aims at disclosing responsible factors to choose a particular credit source by smallholder tea farmers. A survey was conducted with 358 tea growers selected randomly in two cooperatives that operated in Nyaruguru District. A multivariate probit model was used for analytical analysis. Borrowing from formal source (commercial banks) increased if borrower possessed collateral asset (85.5%), interest rate (85.0%) size of tea plantation (24.8%) and household composition (10.5%). Using informal sources increased if a farmer desired a small credit (83.2%), participated in technical training (76.9%), and received joint credit (46.9%), while a farmer was likely to use less informal sources if his/her farm size (39.9%) and household income (29.2%) were small. However, combining sources of credit was used by farmers as a safeguard strategy to acquire the desired loan. A government policy, which aims to increase productive investment, should emphasize integrating agricultural loans in financial system targeting smallholder farmers through their organizations where they can relax credit constraints.
Changes in Some Seedling Growth Parameters, Nutrient Content and Enzyme Activity in Different Melon (Cucumis melo L.) Genotypes under Deficit Irrigation Conditions
Özlem Cakmakci, Selma Kipcak Bitik, Aytekin Ekincialp, Çeknas Erdinc, Turgay Kabay, Fuat Eser, Suat Sensoy,
Volume 27, Issue 4 (July 2025)
Abstract
Increasing need for drought adaptation measures to conserve water and sustain crop yield in water-scarce regions is driven by severe and recurrent droughts. Achieving sustainable production entails studying deficit irrigation as a means to enhance water productivity and selecting genotypes resilient to soil water deficits. In the present study, 17 different melon (Cucumis melo L.) genotypes collected from the Van Lake Basin and 3 hybrids and 1 standard melon cultivar for control purposes were used for this purpose. The study was carried out under climate room conditions. Two different irrigation levels (I100: 100% full irrigation, I50: 50% Deficit Irrigation- DI) were applied in the study for deficit irrigation. Water applications started with the emergence of the second true leaf of the plants and, after one-month, different growth, nutrient, and enzyme contents of the seedlings were determined. In general, it was determined that deficit water application negatively affected seedling growth, and root dry matter, stomatal opening and density, potassium, APX and SOD enzymes, and MDA content increased, while the other tested parameters decreased. The melon genotypes of the Van Lake Basin were found to vary in response to deficit irrigation treatments.

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