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The effect of salicylic acid (SA) on induction of resistance against root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) and the effect of M. javanica to induce biochemical defense responses in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) roots at six-leaf stage were investigated. Meanwhile, the effect of different concentrations of SA on mortality of second stage juveniles of M. javanica was examined. Changes in the activity of cytoplasmic peroxidase (POX), catalase (CAT) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) enzymes in the roots of tomato seedlings were measured during seven successive days after inoculation with M. javanica in greenhouse. SA was used as soil drench and leaf spray. The efficiency of treatments were evaluated by measuring diameter of galls, number of galls per plant, number of egg masses per plant, number of eggs per individual egg mass, root and foliage fresh weights. The results showed that use of SA as soil drench and leaf spray significantly reduce diameter of galls 28% and 32%, number of galls per plant 40% and 44%, number of egg masses per plant 45% and 49% and number of eggs per individual egg mass 53% and 55% compared to control (inoculated with nematode only). The activity of the enzymes (POX, CAT and PAL) increased in comparison with plants treated with distilled water. The maximum level of larva mortality was observed at 7 mM SA with no significant difference at concentration of 6 mM. SA caused 21.2% mortality of larvae at concentration of 5 mM.    

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Aim: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a life time disease that requires change in patients' self-care and life style. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of predisposing, reinforcing and enabling factors on the self-care of patients with DM in Ardabil City, Iran in 2016.
Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 129 patients with DM referred to the diabetic centers of Ardabil. We used the components of PRECEDE model for planning the program. The educational program was executed on six information sessions. Changes in the predisposing, reinforcing, enabling factors and self-care behaviors one month after the intervention activities were assessed by using the same questionnaire. Data were analyzed through SPSS 16 software using descriptive and analytical tests.
Findings: The mean age of the patients was 56.82(±13.4) years, 69.8% of them were married and 20.2% were illiterate. According to the results, the mean scores for the knowledge, attitude, self-efficiency, self-care behavior, and reinforcement factors increased significantly after the educational intervention (p-value >0.001).
Conclusion: Educational intervention with PRECEDE-PROCEED model improved the diabetic patient’s self-care.

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Since 1360, Iranian society has been faced with a changing age pyramid in young population. This group is mainly interested in using some words and expressions which are somehow unfamiliar for other parts of society. So, it can be said that these slang expressions are being used by people who belong to same social groups. Thus, linguists have revealed considerable interest in slang expressions because of its prominence among youth, especially among college students.
Academic slang usage is a popular phenomenon among university students. The importance of the study about academic slang is due to its focus on this fact that slang is complicatedly merged into college students’, academic and social life. So, it can be studied in multi-dimensional aspects. In this study, two aspects of these expressions are examined. So, This article aims to examine Academic Slang Expressions Used by University Students in Isfahan both semantically and lexically. In order to achieve this goal, some word ‌formation processes used by university students in order to create academic slang expressions are examined parallel to their semantic aspects analysis.
To this end, the present study focuses on the following questions: what are the semantic and morphological processes involved in the academic slang expressions used by students of Isfahan and which of them are the most productive? With respect to Shaghaghi’s (1386) division of word formation processes in Persian, some lexical processes involved in making academic slang expressions by university students are determined. In addition, based on Akrami’s (1384) definition of the main ways to construct words and expressions, the semantic rules are introduced.
Participants of the study were 90 male and female university students of Isfahan including undergraduate students (BA), post-graduate students (MA) and doctoral students (Ph.D).  As a viable instrument for collecting data, there is currently a trend in sociolinguistic research to use questionnaires in favor of a corpus of naturally occurring data; therefore, in order to accomplish the objectives of the study, a two-section questionnaire was selected to collect viable data. All improperly filled questionnaires and those in which the students had answered to very few questions were discarded, as predicted, such questionnaires could distort the findings of study. Therefore, 160 academic slang expressions were elicited from the students participated in this study.
The method of data analysis was simple and no complicated statistical procedures were employed. Since percentile score adequately describes data, it was used in this study. By considering the process of making academic slang expressions by Isfahan students, compounding, phrasal lexical items, semantic extension, borrowing, derivation, coinage, compounding-derivation, clipping, acronym, and blending were noticed.
among these processes compounding with 31.6% is the most common and blending with 0.062% is the least. It can also be said that university students utilize compounding (a common word formation process in Persian language) to make academic slang expressions more than others.
Moreover, some semantic rules used by university students to make academic slang expressions were introduced. The results showed that Isfahan students have rich and wide slang expressions for labeling various aspects of their academic life, including their academic performance, their teachers, and the way they teach. In the end, this study shows that two main word formation processes – semantic extension (lexical aspect of using academic slang) and compounding (morphological aspect of using academic slang) are the most frequent ones in the speech of university students in Isfahan. Compounding is, predictably, more productive than other word formation processes. Surprisingly, derivation, one of the most productive processes in Persian language, was not so productive in this study.

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Background: Mupirocin is a topical antibiotic inhibiting most Gram-positive cocci. Shortly after taking mupirocin, drug resistance emerges. This study aimed to determine mupirocin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from clinical specimens in Rasht.
Materials & Methods: In this study, a total of 85 clinical isolates of S. aureus were collected. Biofilm formation ability and antibacterial resistance patterns of isolates were investigated. Disc diffusion method and MIC determination were used to determine the susceptibility of strains to mupirocin antibiotic. Agr types, the presence of mupA, and mutation in ileS-1 were evaluated in mupirocin non-susceptible isolates by PCR and PCR sequencing, respectively.
Findings: Out of 85 tested strains, 57 (67%) isolates were recognized as biofilm producers, and all of which showed multidrug resistance phenotype. Agr type 1 was the most commonly detected type. Additionally, 12 mupirocin-resistant strains were identified in the disc diffusion and MIC tests. A total of four strains were mup-A positive and showed high-level resistance. In sequencing and mutation evaluation of the ileS-1 gene in eight low-level mupirocin-resistant strains, 12 types of silent mutation and one type of missense mutation were determined.
Conclusion: The study of mupirocin-resistant strains in this study showed the need to identify factors affecting the occurrence of resistance and to take control and prevention measures before mupirocin losses its efficacy.

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Aspergillus flavus is a saprophytic fungus contaminating different food and nut products by aflatoxin which is a major problem worldwide. Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) could be an effective method for control of saprophytic fungi and their toxins and secondary metabolites production. This study gives the consequences of fungal isolates growing under MAP condition on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Two isolates of A. flavus (A42 and CHAO50) were packed under 100% CO₂, 100% O₂ and vacuum conditions. The mycelial growth of fungal isolates on PDA was controlled up to 80% with CO₂ treatment. Under the vacuum condition, mycelial growth of the isolates was inhibited up to 30%, while 100% oxygen had no inhibition on mycelial growth. Examination of isolates A42 and CHAO50 under UV light showed that both isolates produced yellow pigments on aflatoxin producing ability (APA) medium after 10 days. The levels of aflatoxin B₁, B₂, G₁, G₂ and total aflatoxin were analyzed chromatographically. The results revealed that the highest concentration of total aflatoxin was produced by fungal isolates grown in an atmosphere of 100% O₂, while the level of aflatoxins was significantly reduced in 100% CO₂. 

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Translation is responsible for transferring knowledge from the source-language text to the target-language text. This process of transfer is sometimes difficult due to the specific complexities of the structure and style of the source language. It becomes more important when the Qur’an, which has an independent linguistic culture on the one hand and is a sacred (non-human) text on the other, be the case. A problem occurring in most of the Persian translations is how to find a true equivalent for the Qur’anic phrase “’an yadin wa hum sāghirūn” (Tawbah (9): 29), resulting to issue special jurisprudential rulings. Applying the analytical-descriptive method, this paper tries to evaluate the opinions of commentators, jurists and translators for finding the meaning and translation of the verse, and then present its exact Persian equivalent. Findings show that based on this verse, many commentators and jurists as well as most of the translators emphasize the humiliation of the People of the Book in paying jizya (tribute), while it contradicts the literal meaning of sāghir and its semantic range in the Qur’an, Islamic hadith and Sunnah. In conclusion, it is proved that the meaning of the phrase, in harmony with the words, verses and traditions, will be “to pay jizya as much as possible while accepting a low status”, which is not observed in most of the translations examined here.

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Abstract: Recent experiments and analytical investigations have shown that the mechanical behavior of concrete is strongly dependent on its microstructure. However, the concrete behavior is composed of three phases as grains, cement paste and interfacial transition zone. The grains type, size and distribution of aggregate affect the concrete's characteristics. Because of the random distribution and size variation of aggregate in concrete, the modeling of concrete's behavior based on component in meso structure is difficult and so we must use simple assumption. In this paper, through mixing design and grading curve, a simple method was developed to replace real aggregate with equivalent sphere aggregate with effective diameter. So we can use simple methods instead of complex numeral and randomness or X ray methods to find effective diameter and to determine two arrangements with maximum and minimum aggregate volume as a repeatable basical element. As a result, we can use this element for modeling the behavior of sample concrete in meso scale and three phases.

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In this research We introduce a new distribution center (DC) location model that incorporates working inventory and safety stock inventory costs at the distribution centers. In addition, the model incorporates transport costs from the suppliers to the DCs that explicitly reflect economies of scale through the use of a fixed cost term. The model was formulated as a non-linear integer-programming problem. The algorithms were tested on the problems with 15 retailers and 5 distribution centers. We uses SOLVER of Excel for modeling, solution and sensitivity analysis of the results. Finally, the sensitivity of the results to changes in key parameters including the fixed cost of placing orders was discussed. Significant reductions in these costs might be expected from e-commerce technologies. The model suggests that as these costs decrease, it is optimal to locate additional facilities.

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Objective: It is a firm belief that blood transfusion is life-saving in many situations, but at the same time transfusion complications could be life-threatening. The possible effects of blood Transfusion Related Immunomodulatory (TRIM) and its related mechanisms is one of the important debatable subjects in the field of blood transfusion medicine. One of the mechanisms through which transfusion can induced TRIM effects in recipient is apoptosis induction. Aim of this study was to investigate the apoptotic effects of stored blood in an in vitro model. Materials and Methods: To evaluate the apoptotic effects of blood storage, we studied the effect of the plasma (from whole blood) during storage on days 3, 10, 21 and 35 on Jurkat cells, which are sensitive to apoptosis .The plasma of whole blood was separated by centrifugation on different days. Then, Jurkat cells were cultured with plasma for 24 hours. Finally apoptosis level was studied by using flowcytometry for analyzing Annexin V on Jurkat cells (by SeroTec Annexin V:FITC Assay Kit). Results: The percentages of apoptosis on days 3, 10, 21 and 35 were 3.85±1.52, 5.27±2.12, 8.44±1.90, 12.01±2.32, respectively. The percentages of apoptotic cells in negative and positive control group was 3.85±1.94 and 65.80±2.28, respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that plasma of whole blood have the apoptotic effects which enhanced during the storage of plasma. This in vitro model is also suitable for studying other TRIM related mechanisms.

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One of the most important permanence factors in today’s competition environment is decreasing of the cost of the products. Selecting the appropriate suppliers can significantly reduce the purchasing cost and increase organization competitiveness. It is due to the fact that in most industries, the cost of raw material and component parts includes the main cost of a product. The aim of this paper was to introduce a fuzzy decision making approach for supplier selection problems in supply chain. Most of such decisions are unstructured and many of the performance criteria such as quality, cost, flexibility and delivery time to determine the best supplier should be considered. In this paper, verbal variables were used for evaluation and determination of the performance of supplier under each criterion and determination of the weight of the criteria. Verbal variables were described by means of the triangular and trapezoid fuzzy numbers. Furthermore, the priority and the rank of suppliers by fuzzy multi-criteria decision making were determined. Finally, an example was presented to the process of decision making.

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 Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common autoimmune diseases in Iran and the world. To date, many drugs have been developed to control the progression of MS as a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. Rituximab is a chimeric mouse-human monoclonal antibody that binds to the CD20 receptor on the surface of B cells and induces apoptosis. Today, Numerous studies have confirmed the increasing role of non-coding RNAs in regulating the expression of genes and molecular processes, including apoptosis. Furthermore, bioinformatic analysis results indicate that TUG1 LncRNA is differentially expressed in MS patients. Thus, In the present study the possible role of TUG1 in regulating rituximab mechanism of action and apoptosis induction was experimentally investigated. To do this, specific DNAzyme against TUG1 was designed and transfected into Raji cells in the presence or absence of the drug. After transfection, RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis were performed. Then, the expression of target genes was examined by Real-Time PCR technique. The results showed an increase in CD20 expression and a decrease in SMAD2 expression levels. Furthermore, decreased TUG1 gene expression led to an increase in apoptosis and cell accumulation in the G1 phase. It seems that TUG1 expression level can play a significant role in CD20 expression in B cells and therefore on the therapeutic efficacy of rituximab.
 

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Kinematic trajectory optimization of the dual-arm cam-lock parallel robot in the different lock configuration has been done in this paper. A different path has been considered for each of lock configuration. The optimal trajectory of each joint has been calculated by minimizing an objective function in whole trajectory. According to the number of redundancy in the different configurations, an initial guess of the variables have been considered. Then the initial guesses have been modified and optimum results have been obtained by using Pontryagin’s minimum principles and determining the governing initial condition on the system. According to the optimal joint variable, optimal trajectory has been obtained for each of the joints. In all of the configurations, optimal performance index has been achieved. Also the direct kinematic equations have been considered as the constraints of the system.

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Twenty spices were employed to preserve the cooked and uncooked fillet of Puntius sarana (Hamilton) and Puntius ticto (Hamilton). IC₅₀ values of 2,2^’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) based free radical scavenging activity ranged from 0.1123 μg ml^-1 in turmeric to 13.035 μg ml^-1 in roman coriander. Phenol content ranged from 0.365 μg g^-1 in onion to 5.67 μg g^-1 in clove. The raw and cooked fillets of P. sarana, and the cooked fillet of P. ticto, treated with garlic recorded the highest rates of thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reactivity (P< 0.05). For raw P. ticto, both the control and garlic treated fillet recorded higher rates of TBA reactivity (P< 0.05). Fillet of both fish species recorded higher TBA reactivity under raw condition, compared to cooked fillet. This condition was similar for the spice treated fillet. The exceptions were garlic, green and black cardamom, roman coriander and onion for P. sarana and garlic, cumin, field mustard, black pepper and poppy seed for P. ticto, where TBA reactivity was higher in cooked condition. It is recommended that spices with active phenolic antioxidants be used to inhibit the lipid oxidation in P. sarana and P. ticto. However, application of garlic extract for fillet preservation should be avoided until further documentation.

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Different competitor weed fungi Rhizopus stolonifer, Penicillium glabrum, Fusarium oxysporum and Coprinopsis kimurae were found to have associated with the fruit beds as constant contaminants of Pleurotus sajor-caju and Lentinula edodes. Several antagonists, plant extracts and chemicals were tested against the weed fungi to screen the most effective ones and to have an integrated combination for better management of the disease. Among the chemicals used, Baynate and Bavistin at the dose of 0.5% provided highly significant inhibition of all the competitors. Different plant extracts were treated against the weed fungi and it was found that garlic (Allium sativum) preparation exhibited the best result followed by Cycas revoluta and Azadirachta indica. Among the antagonists, Trichoderma viride was proved to be the most efficient one. Out of the various compatible combinations, the T. viride, garlicextract and Bavistin combination was found to be the most potent integrated combination providing more than 97% growth inhibition of the weed fungi in vitro. Under in vivo condition, biological efficiency of the combination of T. viride, T. hamatum, bavistin and garlic preparation was found to be significantly higher than untreated beds of both edible mushroom species.

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In this paper a method has been developed to obtain an optimum material distribution for a cylindrical shell with Functionally Graded (FG) material and additional piezoelectric outer layer. The objective of the optimization is to satisfy full stress loading criterion. For this purpose; firstly, a solution method has been outlined in which, the governing equations are developrd by combining First order Shear Deformation Theory (FSDT) and Maxwell equations, with the use of Hamilton principle. Dynamic analysis is a major concern in this solution method because of the significant dynamic displacements, strains and stresses due to the effect of moving load. Hence, the time dependent transient responses of the structure and stress distribution have been obtained. At the next stage, a methodology has been introduced to obtain the optimum material distribution. In this method, instead of using pre-assumed material distribution functions which impose limitations to the manufacturing of the shell and also to the optimization solution, control points with Hermite functions are used. The thickness of the shell and volume fraction of the FG material at these points have been regarded as optimization variables. The optimization method is based on the genetic algorithm and to reduce the solution time, calculations are carried out using parallel processing in four cores. The results show that the developed method is capable of analyzing the FG structures and provide optimum solution. The major advantage of this method is its flexibility in providing volume fraction distribution of the material.

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Blends of sorghum and soybean flours were processed in a co-rotating twin screw extruder to prepare expanded product. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to study the effect of soya level (SL), feed moisture (FM), barrel temperature (BT) and screw speed (SS) on extruder system parameters and physical properties of the extrudate. Response variables were product temperature (PT), motor torque (MT), specific mechanical energy (SME), expansion ratio (ER), bulk density (BD), hardness (H), crispness (C), water absorption index (WAI), and water solubility index (WSI). Second order polynomial models were developed to determine the responses as a function of process variables. FM, BT, and SS had a significant effect on all the responses except BT on WAI, while SL considerably affected ER, BD, H, C, and WAI.  All the models were found to be statistically significant (R²> 0.85; insignificant lack of fit). Sorghum-soya extruded product was found to be feasible and the optimum values of processing variables were: SL: 14 per cent; FM: 14 per cent wb; BT: 129°C; and SS: 422 rpm.

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The research focused to evaluate physical, chemical, and sensory properties of raw, blanched, and 2, 4, and 6% osmotically salt treated Mandarin (Citrus reticulata) peel powder. The yields of Mandarin Peel Powder (MPP) were found in the range of 29.1 to 30.4% (db) for different treatments, which were not significantly different. The bulk density and solubility were found in the range of 1,267-1,308 (kg m^-3) and 17.4-28.4%, respectively, the highest value was for blanched peel powder. Blanched peel powder contained highest carotenoids (3245 µg g^-1) and polyphenols (102.72 mg GAE g^-1) whereas 6% salt treated peel powder contained the highest Tannin (0.19 mg of GA 100 g^-1 FW), ascorbic acid (13.62 mg 100 g^-1), and antioxidant activity (66.1% DPPH inhibition) among the other treatments. Blanched peel powder was found to be the best in terms of sensory evaluation.

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Disproportionate punishments are those punishments passed or enforced without considering the criteria of proportionality, namely the criteria of harm done, the absolute or relative seriousness of crimes, the kind of committed crime and offender characteristics, the degree and kind of victim’s culpability. Considering the penological aims, such as retribution, deterrence and securing social defense, as a part of proportionality test, in the process of determining, distinguishing and enforcing proportionate punishments, is contrary to the rationale and philosophy of proportionality principle. In fact, this approach eviscerates this principle and leaves only an empty shell. The main cause of the prohibition of disproportionate punishments in the international, regional, national human rights' documents is the proscription of using human beings as a means to an end (instrumentalism), aiming at the heart of human dignity. In the Iranian legal system, there are no clear rules and regulations about the prohibition of these kinds of punishments and the determined punishments in many penal codes, such as the Islamic penal code (1991, 1996), the Penal Code of Armed Forces Crimes (2003), the Act against Narcotics (1997) and the Punishment aggravating Act of Bribery, Embezzlement and Fraud (1988) are not compatible with the standards of proportionality, especially with the absolute and relative seriousness of offences, offender characteristics and victim’s culpability. This article tries to explore the principal criteria of proportionality between crime and punishment, the concept of disproportionate punishments and the philosophical foundations of the prohibition of such punishments and their contradiction with human dignity.