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From 2009 to 2012, 16 species of Curculionidae (Coleoptera) from the subfamily Lixinae were collected on 17 species of food plants in Iranian rangelands. Identified species belong to seven genera in the tribes Lixini and Cleonini. The host plants from which they were collected were in the families Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Apiaceae, Campanulaceae, Brassicaceae and Zygophyllaceae. Of the 16 species that we captured, two (Lixus subfarinosus Desbrochers, 1893 and Larinus remissus Faust, 1889) represent the first records from Iran. These new data also extend the known ranges of several species (Larinus fucatus Faust, 1894, Larinus grisescens Gyllenhal, 1835, Microlarinus rhinocylloides Hochhuth, 1847 and Bangasternus planifrons (Brulle, 1832) in Iran. The distribution of beetles and their associated host plants are presented and ecological notes on each species are provided.

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While sports are often viewed from a health perspective or with an emphasis on economic aspects, in this article, the author tries to examine the ethical function of sports and show its dimensions. The existence of some common patterns and attitudes towards sports and the dominance of medical or commercial attitudes towards them has prevented attention to the fundamental ethical aspects of sports. While sports, especially aerobic and non-competitive, are tied to moral virtues. With this in mind, the author suggests that non-competitive endurance sports have three moral functions in the long run. First, it leads to self-understanding, self-awareness and self-knowledge, second, it leads to domination of the body, emotions and feelings, and third, it cultivates many moral virtues, including courage, order, tolerance of pain and wisdom.
 

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Recent critical studies have raised concerns about the dynamics of international competition in Africa, particularly regarding China's influence and its cooperation with both national and local elites. While some observers emphasize these risks, many African intellectuals and practitioners perceive China's presence as both effective and beneficial, especially highlighting the transformative impact of Chinese infrastructure initiatives on the continent. This divergence in perspectives has led to the categorization of the images emerging from China–Africa relations into three distinct types: African perceptions of China from a global perspective, from a multilateral perspective, and from a bilateral perspective. In light of these debates, the central question of this study is: what are the foundations of the problem-oriented image in China–Africa relations from the perspectives of stakeholders on both sides? The hypothesis suggests that the images of China in Africa and Africa in China are not solely shaped by China’s competition with major powers. Instead, the agency of African states plays a decisive role. Contrary to portrayals that depict these states as passive actors, they actively pursue diversification of their international partnerships. This creates a competitive environment in which they construct a positive self-image while simultaneously shaping a negative image of China.
 

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Soil and Water Assessment Tool model, SWAT, uses different layers of watershed data which out of soil layer is the important one. Soil layer data should be extracted from detailed soil maps. In most developing countries including Iran, these detailed maps are not available except for irrigation districts and rarely for dry land farming areas and also for some strategic places of development purposes. For larger plains, the available soil maps information are reduced to semi-detailed scale which adds uncertainty in data required for catchments and hydrologic modeling. This research studied the relations between land use (LU) maps, land suitability for agricultural activities (LS) and physiographic soil unit (PU) on one hand and detailed soil maps and their embedded data on the other hand. The research has focused on the replacement of data derived from the detailed soil maps (from large scale soil map information) with those of readily available LS, PU and LU maps. Using these two sets of data for modeling of hydrologic system with SWAT on a 5793 Km²-watershed in west of Iran showed no significant difference between the simulated discharges at the watershed outlet. So the available LS map for the whole country may be used for both plains and catchments in SWAT simulation.

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Provinces of Iran bordering with Iraq were battle fields during Iran-Iraq war and today are among tourist attracting places in Iran. The factors provoking tourists to see these regions are important to characterize because the needs of the tourists should be identified and supplied. This paper tries to characterize factors driving and provoking the tourists who visit battle fields in Kermanshah. The research method adopted here is field finding and the data gathering procedure is based on library and field findings (N= 384) methods. The T-test and Friedman Test are used to analyze the data. The research sample includes the tourists who visited battle fields in Kermanshah in 2018. Random sampling is used to reach the required sample. The research results show that driving factors are more effective than attracting factors in journey to visit the battle fields in Kermanshah. Political-national identity, perseverance, curiosity and self-flourishing factors are among the most important driving factors with 3.32, 2.85, 2.37 and 1.45 mean rank, respectively. And location holiness, leisure and necessity are among the most important attracting factors with 2.59, 1.72 and 1.69 mean rank, respectively.

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This article according to the American School of Comparative Literature is addressed  to the content similarities of the poems of Ali Reza Qazveh (born 1963) and Samih Al-Qasem (1939-2014), two contemporary Iranian and Palestinian poets in three areas of love;  protestation and satire.  It shows that in spite of the differences in the views of these two poets, due to the experience of similar situations such as the involvement of their homeland in war and some of its sufferings, their view of love, protestation and satire  is remarkable and thought-provoking;  As this view in love changes to the transformation of the beloved of lyrical poetry to the beloved who is a martyr and a fighter;  in protestation, he inclines to his own protestation and fellowmen, and  at a higher level, to human rights organizations.  And in satire, he uses biting and deep satire on three levels of vocabulary, sentence or clause , and the generality of the poetry.

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Aims: Tightness of the hamstrings and hip flexors are two well-known disorders in people with Low Back Pain (LBP). According to the kinesiopathological model, these two disorders may have occurred before the onset of pain and may be predisposing factors for LBP. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of the tightness of these two muscles in men who were identified as prone to LBP through the Prolonged Standing Protocol (PSP).
Methods and Materials: This study was a descriptive comparative cross-sectional study in which the statistical population included men prone to LBP aged between 18 to 75 years. The criterion for identifying men prone to LBP was reporting at least 10 mm of pain on a 100 mm Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Thomas test was used to assess hip flexors muscles length. Straight Leg Raise (SLR) test was used to assess hamstring length.
Findings: The results of this study showed that hamstring tightness rate among men prone to LBP was 63% and hip flexor muscle tightness in this group was 35%. According to these results, hamstring tightness can be considered as a common disorder in men prone to LBP, and its identification as well as its correction in men can be one of the ways to LBP improvement.
Conclusion: Based on these results, it can be explained that hamstring tightness is one of the most common disorders in men prone to LBP, and its identifying and correcting in time, can prevent and improve LBP.

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Persian poetry has been a vehicle for reflecting plays and theatrical games, a source if absent might reduce the quality of performative arts. Accordingly, this study attempts to show which themes and features of the plays have been most prominent in the Persian poetry, and in this interplay, what the poetry has gained from the play, and which themes and images are taken from the world of play. The research method is descriptive-analytical based on the library study and document analysis. Two programs called Erfan e Noor and Darj have also been used. This study shows that the Persian poetry has retained some of the features of the play, and more attention has been paid to two games called acrobatics and puppet shows. Reflecting the themes of the play, the poets have paid more attention to theme creation and their poetic imagination, and the imagination based on the play has a significant role in this regard. The earliest Persian poets of Dari as well as the contemporary poets have reflected theatrical themes in their poems; from Ferdowsi and Manouchehri to Qa’aani and Farahani. Among them, Nizami Ganjavi has paid more attention to this aspect than the others. Also, for the first time in this study, the mystic attitude towards the plays has been examined; it has been realized that they have often used the allegorical form of the plays. The mystic allegories are rather codified. They are similar to Khayam's philosophical allegories. In terms of literary analysis, most images are created by metaphor, simile, allegory, and coded allegory.
 

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ECO is one of the relatively successful regional trade associations over the world and Iran is also an active member since it has been founded. After collapse of the Soviet :union:, a group of new independent Moslem countries along with Afghanistan has joined the ECO. Since Russia and China have strong economy and located in the ECO member regoin, this study examines the effects of joining these two countries in the ECO. Based on the econometric estimates of gravity models, in the first model in which the common border among countries under study is not considered, the joining of Russia will increase the volume of trade among the countries compared to the current situation. In the second model in which the common border is considered, the greatest trade will be achived when both countries, Russia and China, join the ECO. Based on the findings of three different models, if Russia and China join individualy, the average increase in the capcity of trade among the ECO members will be 74.0, 67.4, and 42.1 percentage.

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In some statements and literary terms of the Holy Quran, has been used body language to convey the message, such as "hand gestures". Proper translation is very important in translating these metalinguistic communications and requires extra attention on the part of the translator. Accordingly, due to the cultural similarities and extensive historical ties between the two languages, Persian and Arabic, it has been assumed that metalanguage concepts based on hand gestures have common Equivalents in Persian language. In the present study, the research method is descriptive-analytical and in it, the translation of literary terms and propositions based on hand language in the translation of Mousavi Garmaroodi and Khorramshahi has been studied with a comparative view to determine the commonalities of the two languages in this field and to explain the limits and dimensions of the strengths and weaknesses of translators in the use of cultural patterns and terms that reflect these patterns. The results show that most of the Quranic sentences and phrases based on hand movements and the resulting concepts have an equivalent in Persian culture and language, Regarding the performance of translators, it has been determined that due to this rich context in Persian, they have paid attention to body language Equivalents in their translation. In some instances, they have inevitably taken the literal method, and this is due to the difference in the cultural pattern of the two languages, and it is natural that one cannot expect the same and perfectly consistent spelling conditions.
 

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Aims: This study aims to examine the epidemiology of bodybuilding injuries among amateur bodybuilders and explore the association between mental aspects, sleep quality, and other potential factors with such injuries.
Method and Materials: We conducted a internet- based survey gathering data from 320 amateur bodybuilders. These data were about personal characteristics, practice routines, Mental Aspect (obsessive passion and exercise motivation), sleep quality, and injuries over the preceding six months. The descriptive analysis and logistic regression were applied to analyze collected data.
Findings: The findings revealed that 170 participants (53.8%) of participants had experienced at least one injury, predominantly affecting the knee and shoulder 61 participants (19%), and the finger/wrist 33 participant (13%). Obsessive passion, sleep quality, and being male were significant risk factors for these injuries. Obsessive passion had an Odds Ratio (OR) of 1.65, sleep quality an OR of 1.07, and male sex an OR of 2.11.
Conclusion: The present study revealed the multifactorial nature of bodybuilding injuries, emphasizing the importance of considering mental aspects and sleep quality in injury prevention and management strategies for bodybuilders.

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Implementing social responsibility has created a positive outlook and competitive advantage for companies. They are under constant pressure from employees, suppliers, community groups, NGOs and the government to increase their participation in the legal activities of the community. In this regard, companies operate beyond economic and social responsibilities. However, companies face barriers to implementing social responsibility, and improper implementation and disregard for these barriers not only do not create a competitive advantage for companies, but also waste resources. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to rank and model barriers to the implementation of social responsibility. The research was conducted in four steps. In the first and second steps, the barriers to the implementation of social responsibility were identified using a study of research literature. In the third step, these barriers were ranked using the best-worst technique, which the findings show that lack of communication between stakeholders is the most important barriers to the implementation of social responsibility and in the fourth step, using a fuzzy cognitive map, the framework of barriers to the implementation of social responsibility was presented. Finally, according to the framework designed for barriers to the implementation of social responsibility, the scenarios was written. By examining different scenarios, the results showed that as the impact of company culture increases, other factors also increase; However, reducing the impact of lack of top management support makes the relationship between cost-effectiveness analysis and cost-effectiveness negative.

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Introduction
Affixation is one of the two main word-formation processes in Persian. The suffix ‘-ɑr’ is a nominal (or adjectival) suffix in Persian which is believed by most researchers to express the subject/agent (like xæridɑr ‘buyer’), object/patient (like gereftɑr ‘captive’) or infinitive (like ræftar ‘behavior’) meaning. In Cognitive Grammar (Langacker, 2008, 2009) and Construction Morphology (Booij, 2010, 2016) word-formation patterns are considered to be constructional schemas, i.e. schematic representations of morphological constructions. Constructions are pairings of form and meaning. The form pole of a construction includes morpho−syntactic and phonological properties. The meaning pole of a construction comprises semantic properties (conceptual structure), pragmatic properties and discourse properties. Cognitive Grammar posits that an expression invokes a set of cognitive domains as the basis for its meaning, i.e. as the content to be construed. Therefore, the meaning of a linguistic expression depends on two key notions of ‘cognitive domain’ and ‘construal’. A cognitive domain is a coherent area of conceptualization which provides the conceptual base for the meaning of a linguistic expression. The term construal refers to human manifest ability to conceive and express the same situation or event in alternate ways.
 
Purpose: The present research aims to explore the suffix ‘-ɑr’ within the framework of Cognitive Grammar and Construction Morphology and tries to identify its various constructional schemas and subschemas. Furthermore, it attempts to investigate cognitive domains that underlie the meaning of each subschemas and to analyze the role of construal in formation of each subschemas.
 
Study questions: the study questions are: (1) what are constructional schemas and subschemas of the suffix ‘-ɑr’ and how is hierarchical relationships among them?
(2) What cognitive domain(s) underlie the meaning of each subschema?
(3) Which cognitive processes do play determinant role in formation of these (sub) schemas?
 
Methodology: Empirically, the paper adopts corpus-based method and theoretically, it adopts cognitive and construction-based approach. The data include a corpus of 38 derivational words having the suffix ‘-ɑr’ extracted from the authors own morphological corpus (including more than 10000 complex words) and Farhang-e Zansoo (Keshani, 1993).
 
Analysis: Analysis of research data showed that derivatives of the suffix ‘-ɑr’ belong to different constructional schemas. The schematic-constructional network of the suffix ‘-ɑr’ is represented in Figure 1. As is shown in the figure, ‘-ɑr’ appears in six different subschemas, in five of which the base of derivation is past stem of a verb while in the other the base is a noun. The conceptual base of the five subschemas that have a verb stem as their base is the cognitive domain of ‘processes. The difference among these subschemas is that each subschema profiles a different aspect of the conceptual base. In other words, the difference among them is due to the key notion of ‘profiling’. In the subschema with a noun as the base of derivation, the conceptual base is the cognitive domain of ‘relation’.

Figure 1: The schematic-constructional network of the suffix ‘-ɑr’ in Persian
 
Conclusion: Results of the study show that the suffix ‘-ɑr’, which is added to past stems of verbs or nouns, can appear in six different constructional subschemas to indicate the cognitive domains of process, agenthood, aspect and relation. These subschemas are:
1) <[[x]_(Vpast)i -ɑr]_Nj ↔ [The human agent who perform the process of SEM_i]_j>
2) <[[x]_(Vpast)i -ɑr]_Nj ↔ [The non-human agent (or instrument) which perform the process of SEM_i]_j>
3) <[[x]_(Vpast)i -ɑr]_Nj ↔ [The act of doing the process of SEM_i]_j>
4) <[[x]_(Vpast)i -ɑr]_Nj ↔ [The result of the process of SEM_i]_j>
5) <[[x]_(Vpast)i -ɑr]_Aj ↔ [The property of being affected by the process of SEM_i]_j>
6) <[[x]_Ni -ɑr]_Nj ↔ [The thing closely related to SEM_i]_j>
 
The findings reveal that the cognitive process of ‘construal’ and especially its two aspects of ‘profiling’ and ‘specification’ have a determinant role in the formation of these constructional subschemas.

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The research purpose was qualitatively analyzing human resources’ risks in teacher’s retention area in education training system of Yazd Province. The research is of qualitative approach conducted based on inductive method. Research population was included all people who were somehow relevant to human resource management in education training system and Farhangian University of Yazd Province. Finally, the sample size included ten people were reached theoretical saturation using purposive sampling method.  Resulted findings by applying Brown and Clark’s theme analysis method  (2006) have shown that four main themes and fourteen subthemes  were achieved in retention area which are respectively as: (structural risks, personal risks, process risks and merit risks) and (problems in law, violation of laws by executors, organizing related problems, , self-demand of education training system, inadequacy of human resources, lack of skills and specialty, existing negative attitude, teacher’s own wishes, education loss, lack of needs analysis, employment process related problems, lack of motivational mechanism, employment variation, absence of continuous evaluation and supervision). Whereas, education training system is one of organizations which its success is depending on having committed and active human forces, as a result, , teachers are considering as the most important and effective forces of education training system which related authorities can use results of present study in line with planning and supportive actions associated with teacher’s retention.

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Aims: Healthcare workers are crucial in the healthcare sector, and understanding their educational prerequisites is of paramount importance. This study employed interpretive structural modeling to develop a comprehensive framework for elucidating these prerequisites in Iran.
Participants & Methods: We engaged 27 participants, including academic staff from the Universities of Medical Sciences and managers from the health and treatment network in Iran. Data were collected through self-administered questionnaires. The identified educational needs underwent validation using the Lawshe content validity index, resulting in a substantial content validity ratio (CVR) of 98%. Interpretive structural modeling was then applied to categorize and prioritize these educational needs.
Findings: The study unveiled nine essential educational needs for healthcare workers in Iran, covering domains, including effective communication skills, internet resource utilization, responsibility, work ethics, healthcare-related laws and regulations, decision-making and problem-solving abilities, teamwork, legal and ethical principles, management skills, and specialized healthcare knowledge, of which communication skills, internet resource utilization, responsibility, and work ethics emerged as the most influential factors.
Conclusion: This research offers valuable insights for the improvement of healthcare worker education and training programs in Iran.