Tarbiat Modares University Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 1680-7073 22 1 2020 01 01 Estimation of Irrigation Water Demand Function, Analyzing its Cross and Symmetrical Relations with other Inputs (Qazvin Plain) برآورد تابع تقاضای آب در بخش زراعی وتحلیل روابط متقابل و متقارن میان نهاده آب و سایر نهاده‌ها (دشت قزوین) 1 12 16387 EN S. Avazdahandeh Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran. Islamic Republic of Iran. S. Khalilian Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran. Islamic Republic of Iran. M. H. Vakilpour Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran. Islamic Republic of Iran. H. Najafi Alamdarlo Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran. Islamic Republic of Iran. Journal Article 1970 01 01 Water is the most important input used in agriculture. Due to the scarce water resources and dry and semi-arid climatic conditions of Iran, water demand management has special importance in the whole economy, including the agricultural sector, because this sector has the largest share in water consumption. The purpose of this study was to estimate the water demand function and to analyze the cross and symmetrical relationships between water and other inputs. For this purpose, the Ordinary, Allen, and Morishima's substitution elasticity were calculated, and the substitution and complementary relationship between water and other inputs were determined. These elasticities determine the amount and sign of cross relationship of water. In order to achieve the objectives of research, the translog cost function, along with the input share equations were estimated using iterative seemingly unrelated regressions. The information was related to crops and period (2007-2015) in Qazvin. The results showed that water was a low-elasticity input and its value was -0.75. Also, the cross elasticity with pesticide, labor, machinery and land was calculated as 0.71, 0.99, 0.93, and 0.89, respectively, which implied the substitution relationship. Investigating symmetry of elasticities also implies the asymmetry of Ordinary and Morishima elasticities and symmetry of Allen's elasticity with other inputs. In this regard, the cross elasticity of inputs of pesticide, labor, machinery, land and water were calculated as 0.28, 0.86, 0.91, and 0.90, respectively, indicating the asymmetry of this elasticity. Differences between levels of cross elasticities depend on the cost share of the two inputs and the sign of estimated coefficient.

https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_16387_f27a4f23a9840cbee6ccaa3194e86ea0.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 1680-7073 22 1 2020 01 01 Land Use and Agricultural Support Policies: Evidence from Iran’s Irrigated Wheat Planting کاربری زمین و سیاست‌های حمایتی کشاورزی: شواهدی از کاشت گندم آبی در ایران 13 26 16388 EN A. Alipour Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran. S. H. Mosavi Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran. S. Khalilian Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran. S. A. Mortazavi Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran. Journal Article 1970 01 01 The self-sufficiency policy for wheat production in Iran has increased external costs for the country besides causing the destruction of water and land resources. Nevertheless, due to various political, economic, and socio-economic reasons, self-sufficiency in wheat production in Iran is a binding policy. According to statistics, an average of about 67 percent of wheat production across the different regions of Iran is irrigated wheat. Thus, in this study, the effect of a guaranteed price policy on the distribution of irrigated wheat land-use in Iran during the period 2001–2016 was evaluated with an emphasis on the role of the regional differences using the pooled mean group approach. The results indicated that, in the long run, the increase in the irrigated wheat land use in the country would be sensitive toward the increase in the guaranteed price of wheat and the yield per hectare. However, with the rise in the price of barley, in the long run, the irrigated wheat land use would decrease further. In addition, in the short run, the increase in the irrigated wheat land use in most of the western provinces is sensitive to the increase in the yield per hectare, and in most of the central provinces, it is sensitive to the changes in the barley prices. Finally, in order to have adequate land for irrigated wheat in the country, both in the short and long run, it is proposed that the farmers' expectations regarding the guaranteed price policy and improvement in the yield per hectare of this product be satisfied.

https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_16388_4f8b5dedab6f650dbf1b2532aa11f646.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 1680-7073 22 1 2020 01 01 Analyzing Impacts of Farmer Field School on the Economic, Social, Production, and Knowledge Status of Greenhouse Owners: Evidence from Tehran Province and its Surrounding Counties تحلیل اثرات برنامه مدرسه مزرعه کشاورزان بر وضعیت اقتصادی، اجتماعی، تولیدی و دانشی گلخانه داران: شواهدی از استان تهران و حومه 27 41 16389 EN E. Karimi Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, College of Agriculture, Garmsar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Islamic Republic of Iran. M. Niknami Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, College of Agriculture, Garmsar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Islamic Republic of Iran. Journal Article 1970 01 01 The purpose of this study was to analyze effects of using Farmer Field School (FFS) on the economic, social, production, and knowledge status of greenhouse owners in Tehran Province and surrounding, Iran. The research method was a comparative causal study. The statistical population was composed of 80 greenhouse owners who had participated in FFS program as treatment group and 716 owners who had not participated in this program, as the control group. Sample size for non-participant group was determined to be 152 people using the Cochran formula. They were chosen by simple random sampling method. The results of comparative tests indicate that the two groups significantly differ in crop marketability, job creation, production risk, cooperation, participation in social organizations and entities, use of macro and micro fertilizers, application of organic fertilizers, application of pesticides, and technical knowledge of safe crop production. However, there were no significant differences in annual income, marketing, and crop yield. The structural analysis also indicates that the FFS program has had some positive effects on participants in economic, social, production, and knowledge aspects.

https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_16389_c64c1dc40ade60a3aba8332e10260c93.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 1680-7073 22 1 2020 01 01 Climate Change Risk Perception among Agriculture Students: the Role of Knowledge, Environmental Attitude, and Belief in Happening درک خطر تغییرات آب و هوایی در میان دانشجویان کشاورزی: نقش دانش، نگرش محیطی و اعتقاد به وقوع 43 55 16390 EN T. Zobeidi Department of Agricultural Extension, Communication and Rural Development, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Islamic Republic of Iran. M. Yazdanpanah Department of Agriculture Extension and Education, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollasani, Ahvaz, Islamic Republic of Iran. A. Bakhshi Department of Agriculture Extension and Education, Khuzestan Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Mollasani, Ahvaz, Islamic Republic of Iran. Journal Article 1970 01 01 Climate change has arisen due to "enhanced greenhouse effect", as a result of human activities and lifestyle. Mitigation of greenhouse gases is dependent on climate change risk perception. Therefore, the present study aimed to provide a conceptual model to determine risk perception and explore whether knowledge about causes and consequences of climate change influence individuals’ environmental attitudes, beliefs in the happening of climate change, and risk perception. The study was designed as a cross-sectional survey. The study sample consisted of 320 undergraduate students who were selected through random sampling. Structural Equation modeling showed that the relationship between knowledge of causes and consequences and risk perception was mediated by environmental attitude and beliefs. Respondents with higher knowledge about the causes and consequences of climate change are significantly more likely to consider climate change as a risk. Knowledge of causes and consequences has a direct effect on the belief that climate change is happening and on environmental attitude, and indirect effect on risk perception. Environmental attitude and belief have a significantly positive effect on risk perception. The suggested model could account for about half of the variance (49%) in risk perception. The results showed that the suggested framework is an effective tool for the prediction of risk perception.

https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_16390_7fe6f43b1fa74eaab7e0388b4c24c010.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 1680-7073 22 1 2020 01 01 Designing an Agricultural Occupational Health Behavioral Model 57 66 16391 EN S. Moradhaseli Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran. C. Colosio Department of Health Sciences of the University of Milano and International Center for Rural Health of the University Hospital San Paolo, Milano, Italy. H. Farhadiana Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran. E. Abbasi Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran. 0000-0002-5238-7185 F. Ghofranipour Department of Health Education, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran. Journal Article 1970 01 01 Occupational injuries have several psychological, economic, social, and institutional consequences. Agriculture is a high-risk industry, but occupational injuries are mainly rooted in the behavior of farmers. The present study was conducted using the qualitative approach and the grounded theory method. The study population included members of the Faculty of Agricultural Science and Occupational Health of the School of Medical Science, agricultural experts, occupational health experts, and farmers who were selected through snowball sampling in Kermanshah province in western Iran. The data was collected through interviews. The findings showed that cognitive, personal management, cultural, organizational and economic factors affect agricultural occupational health behavior. In the research model, healthy growers, healthy products, and healthy society were the consequences of the use of appropriate strategies for agricultural occupational health behavior. Designing a native model of healthy behavior to promote occupational health is a step towards reducing injuries among farmers.

https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_16391_6d179945d495cfa31025c8a9299ec401.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 1680-7073 22 1 2020 01 01 Effect of Quantitative Characteristics of Hydrology and Topography on the Spatial Distribution Pattern of Nomad Camps in Kermanshah Province اثر ویژگی‌های کمی ژئوهیدرولوژی بر الگوی توزیع فضایی اتراقگاه‌های عشایر استان کرمانشاه 67 79 16392 EN A. Azmi Department of Geography, Literature and Human Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Islamic Republic of Iran. A. Maleki Department of Geography, Literature and Human Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Islamic Republic of Iran. H. Marabi Department of Geography, Literature and Human Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Islamic Republic of Iran. H. Rahimi Department of Geography, Literature and Human Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Islamic Republic of Iran. Journal Article 1970 01 01 The reason for this study was the lack of a coherent work on the role of quantitative characteristics of hydrology and topography in determining the spatial distribution pattern of nomad camps in Iran. In this investigation, Kermanshah Province, in west of Iran, was studied. Quantitative hydrology and Topography indices of the province including Heterogeneity Index (TRI), Topographic Wetness Index (TWI), Altitude, slope, slope direction, stream distance, ridge distance, spring distance, formation type, Topographic Position Index (TPI), Surface Relief Ratio (SRR), and Compound Topographic Index (CTI) were calculated. To determine the results, Pearson correlation and linear regression (for parametric data) and LOWESS regression (for non-parametric data) were used between hydrology and topography data and the camps’ area. Then, the type of spatial distribution pattern and spatial pattern type radius of the camps were determined for each one of the above-mentioned factors using Moran’s Autocorrelation Index and Ripleys’ K Function, respectively. There was a significant relationship between the TPI index (the steep slope landform) and the camps’ area. In sum, the first priority in determining the regular pattern of nomads in the Kermanshah Province considers two heterogeneity and slope indices, and the second priority is among the rest of hydrology and topography indices. The nomads’ almost identical choices in selecting location of their camps are dependent on access to non-jagged lands, flat lands, the places with more than 600 m distance from the ridges and less than 500 m from the streams and 2 km distance from the springs, special ranges of TWI, CTI and SRR indices, the altitude range of 1,400 to 2,000 m above sea level, and establishment in the Landform 3 range of the TPI index and limestone formation.

https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_16392_bf9452f935bd53b41c9c7b441423d815.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 1680-7073 22 1 2020 01 01 Model Sites: A New Direction towards Cooperation among Extension Agents, Field Experts, Researchers, and Farmers سایت الگویی: رویکردی نوین در همکاری بین کارکنان ترویج، کارشناسان اجرایی، محققان و کشاورزان 81 94 16393 EN M. R. Shahpasand Imam Khomeini Educational Centre, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran. Journal Article 1970 01 01 Participatory approaches have been advocated as ways of increasing knowledge through technology transfer to farmers. Model sites as a participatory approach consist of a Main Unit (MU), owned by the extension local assistant or facilitator, and about 25 subordinate units belonging to the surrounding farmers. These sites disseminate technical knowledge through the MU among the subordinate units. This approach seeks to create synergies among researchers, extension agents, field experts, and farmers to improve the quality and quantity of agricultural products. This investigation, carried out in the production units of Extension Local Assistants (ELA) along with the participation of farmers through the dissemination of knowledge, benefits from the results of a survey through researcher-made checklists. The sample population consisted of 724 farmers in Khuzestan Province, Iran, selected through census method, 34 of whom were extension local assistants and the rest (as large as 690) included ordinary farmers. The results showed that the farmers participating in the sites had gained significantly higher quantity and quality of field crops, horticulture, and vegetables production. Degrees of reduction in water consumption, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides application were observed in MU sites and subordinate units. Moreover, in each site, some new technologies were transferred to subordinate farmers. The sites could be considered as demonstration farms for non-member farmers. This study brings new insights into the impact of synergy between all stakeholders in the form of new agricultural extension approach to improve quantity and quality of field crops, horticulture, and vegetables production, using the capacity of local communities.

https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_16393_8241b23ef1376599b08f3a51c8a5a61e.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 1680-7073 22 1 2020 01 01 Antioxidant Activity of Pericarp Extract from Different Varieties of Pomegranate Fruit فعالیت آنتی اکسیدانی عصاره پریکارپ رقم های مختلف میوه انار 95 107 16394 EN S. Jalili Department of Biochemistry, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran. A. Tabatabee Naini Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran. M. Ashrafi Department of Biochemistry, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran. M. Aminlari Department of Biochemistry, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran. Journal Article 1970 01 01 The pomegranate Punicagranatum fruit pericarp, contain polyphenolic compounds including alpha and beta punicalagins and ellagic acid, which exhibit remarkable antioxidant activities. The aim of this study was to purify and quantify the phenolic components from different varieties of Pomegranate Pericarp Extracts (PPEs) and determine their antioxidant properties. Methanolic and aqueous extracts of four pomegranate cultivars (Shahvar, Siahsorfeh, Torshsabz and Abdorahimkhany, from Shiraz, Iran) were prepared and total phenolic content of PPEs was determined. PPE components were further purified by XAD-16 column chromatography followed by LH-20 gel filtration. The eluted components were subjected to HPLC analysis to differentiate and quantify polyphenolic compounds. Antioxidant activity was measured using DPPH assay. The result revealed significant difference in total phenolic contents and phenolic components in four cultivars. Total phenolic content in methanolic PPE was significantly (P< 0.05) higher than aqueous extracts. Shahvar cultivar had the highest total phenols (11.72±0.01 mg mL-1 in water, 17.7±0.12 mg mL-1 in methanol) and exhibited the most antioxidant property among cultivars. Analysis of components of Shahvar PPE by HPLC showed that proportions of different phenolic components were alpha punicalagin (28.34±2.12%), beta punicalagin (39.75±2.14%) and ellagic acid (3.49±0.93%). Antioxidant activity of alpha punicalagin, beta punicalagin, punicalagin (sum of alpha+beta) and ellagic acid was 50.8, 60.5, 56, and 27%, respectively. Taken together, these results indicate that PPE of Shahvar cultivar is an excellent source of natural antioxidants and can potentially replace the current synthetic antioxidants in food and pharmaceutical industries.

https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_16394_0bd791e117caac17417e27915180616f.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 1680-7073 22 1 2020 01 01 Characterization, Optimization, Physicochemical Properties, and Bioactive Components of Drum-Dried Apple Puree تشخیص ویژگی ها، بهینه سازی، خواص فیزیکوشیمیایی و ترکیبات زیست فعال پوره سیب خشک شده با خشک کن غلتکی 109 119 16395 EN F. Coskun Topuz Department of Food Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Yüzüncü Yıl University, 65080, Van, Turkey. F. Pazir Department of Food Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Ege University, 35000, İzmir, Turkey. Journal Article 1970 01 01 The aim of this study was to detect the effect of drum-drying parameters on certain physical and chemical properties of apple puree powder. Optimum drying conditions were determined using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The qualities of apple puree powder products were investigated in terms of water activity, pH, color, phenolics, antioxidant activity and sensory properties. Apple puree (13 Bx°) and maltodextrin (10 DE) were used as the raw material and carrier agent, respectively. Steam pressure, rotational speed and the puree/maltodextrin ratio were chosen as variable parameters. The effects of three of the parameters mentioned were found to be statistically significant: water activity, pH, and the a* and b* parameters of the powders (P< 0.05). In this study, the results showed that the optimum drying parameters and the highest desirability could be obtained for a treatment using a 60/40 apple puree/malodextrin ratio at 3.5 bar steam pressure and a 1 rpm drum rotation speed.

https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_16395_9e36d5294d8f32155b8178bb26fd024c.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 1680-7073 22 1 2020 01 01 Effects of Level and Particle Size of Date Fruit Press Cake on Batter Rheological Properties and Physical and Nutritional Properties of Cake تاثیرات مقدار و اندازه ذرات کنجاله خرما بر ویژگی های رؤلوژیکی خمیر و خصوصیات فیزیکی و تغذیه ای کیک 121 133 16396 EN M. Majzoobi Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 7144165186, Islamic republic of Iran. G. Karambakhsh Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 7144165186, Islamic republic of Iran. M. T. Golmakani Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 7144165186, Islamic republic of Iran. G. Mesbahi Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 7144165186, Islamic republic of Iran. A. Farahnaky Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 7144165186, Islamic republic of Iran. Journal Article 1970 01 01 Date Press Cake (DPC) is a by-product of date fruit juicing, which has remained mostly underutilized in food products. The main objective of this research was to investigate the viability of adding DPC in cake formulation. Thus, different levels (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40%) and particle sizes (210 µm= DPC210 and 500 µm= DPC500) of DPC were used in cake formulation. The results showed that DPC had higher fiber, ash, and fat content than cake flour. Increasing the level and reducing the particle size of DPC increased batter consistency, firmness, stickiness, cohesiveness and viscosity. Inclusion of DPC increased cake density, reduced pH and crust moisture content, but these were not affected by DPC particle size. The samples became harder and less cohesive as the level of DPC increased. DPC210 resulted in softer and less cohesive cakes compared to the DPC500. Addition of DPC improved the antioxidant content of the cakes, particularly when DPC210 was added. Overall, the sample produced with 10% DPC210 had acceptable sensory characteristics.

https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_16396_96b8ee525c85be84c2536bd86564a585.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 1680-7073 22 1 2020 01 01 Evaluation of Chitosan-Nisin Coating on Quality Characteristic of Fresh Chicken Fillet under Refrigerated Conditions ارزیابی پوشش کیتوزان –نیسین بر روی ویژگی‌های کیفی فیله مرغ تازه در شرایط یخچالی 135 146 16397 EN B. Sotoudeh Department of Food Science and ‎Technology, Islamic Azad University North ‎Tehran ‎Branch, ‎Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran. ‎ 0000-0003-4645-4406 M. H. Azizi Department of food science and ‎Technology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, ‎ Islamic Republic of Iran. ‎ 0000-0001-6608-2481 A. Mirmajidi Hashtjin Agricultural Engineering ‎Research Institute, Agricultural ‎Research, ‎Education ‎and ‎Extension ‎Organization ‎‎(AREEO), ‎‎‎ Karaj, Islamic Republic of Iran. ‎ 0000-0002-4957-4406 R. Pourahmad Department of Food Science ‎and Technology, Islamic Azad University ‎Varamin-Pishva ‎Branch, ‎Varamin, Islamic Republic of Iran. ‎ 0000-0002-8099-2112 H. Tavakolipour ‎Department of Food Engineering, ‎Islamic Azad ‎University, ‎Sabzevar ‎Branch, ‎Sabzevar, Islamic Republic of Iran. ‎ Journal Article 1970 01 01 Poultry should be stored in appropriate conditions to prevent its fast spoilage. Using ‎antimicrobial coatings is considered as one of the ‎methods to preserve‎ this product. In this study, ‎‎Chitosan and Chitosan-Nisin coatings were examined under refrigerated‎ conditions at a temperature of 4°C. The ‎samples were packed in ‎ uncoated as the control, ‎Chitosan coating, and Chitosan-Nisin coating groups. The chicken fillets were tested for microbial (total ‎bacterial count, Salmonella count, and staphylococcus aureus coagulase) and ‎physicochemical (pH, color, and texture) features on the first, third, fifth, and ‎seventh days of storage. Based on the results, the ‎Chitosan coating increased the shelf life of fresh chicken under refrigerated conditions by three-days, which demonstrated‎ an inhibitory effect on the overall bacterial growth until the ‎third day. Finally, Chitosan coating demonstrated an antibacterial effect on the Salmonella and positive ‎staphylococcus aureus coagulase until the fifth day. The samples with‎ Chitosan-Nisin were found to be more effective than the Chitosan ‎coated samples. In addition, the‎ Chitosan-Nisin coated samples‎ prevented the growth of total bacteria including‎ Salmonella, ‎and‎ positive staphylococcus‏ ‏aureus coagulase. Further, it increased the shelf life of fresh ‎chicken under refrigerated conditions at the temperature of 4 °C for seven days.

https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_16397_674b1117ecbd3cbd34c71f328b1c49a5.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 1680-7073 22 1 2020 01 01 Evaluation of Fatty Acids and Volatile Compounds in Iranian Ghee by Head Space-Solid Phase Microextraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy ارزیابی اسیدهای چرب و ترکیبات فرار در روغن های حیوانی ایران با استفاده از ریزاستخراج فاز جامد فضای فوقانی به همراه کروماتوگرافی گازی-طیف سنجی جرمی 147 158 16398 EN S. H. Erfani Department of Food Science and Technology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran. M. Ghavami Department of Food Science and Technology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran. Sh. Shoeibi Food and Drug Laboratory Research Center, Food and Drug Organization, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran. A. Zand-Moghaddam Department of Food Science and Technology, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Islamic Republic of Iran. H. Rastegar Food and Drug Laboratory Research Center, Food and Drug Organization, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran. Journal Article 1970 01 01 Ghee, a nutritional dairy product in Iranian culture, can be easily produced on a small scale. This study was undertaken to analyze fatty acids and volatile compounds of collected ghee samples from different ghee production sites of Iran (Ilam, Kermanshah and Hamedan) using HeadSpace Solid Phase MicroExtraction (HS-SPME) technique. According to the results, palmitic and oleic acids were the dominant fatty acids in all the samples investigated. Further, it might be concluded that compounds such as dodecane, acetone, butyric acid, hexanoic acid, 2-pentanone, 2-heptanone, and 2-undecanone, which are present and might have accumulated as the results of oxidative, hydrolytic, or microbial activities, contribute to the flavor of ghee. Lactones, which are produced at high temperatures, were not collected in any sample except the Hamedan sample (< 1%). Low thermal processing in the ghee production prevented the formation of off-flavor volatile compounds. The qualitative and quantitative parameters determined in this study might be useful in assessing the quality of the ghee and may help the industry to improve its commercial production.

https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_16398_5939cbe46f1512291125700ee2e7236a.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 1680-7073 22 1 2020 01 01 Production of Functional Sausage Using Pomegranate Peel and Pistachio Green Hull Extracts as Natural Preservatives تولید سوسیس فراسودمند با استفاده از عصاره های پوست انار و پوست سبز پسته به عنوان دو نگهدارنده طبیعی 159 172 16399 EN P. Aliyari Department of Food Science and Technology, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-336, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran. F. Bakhshi Kazaj Department of Food Science and Technology, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-336, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran. M. Barzegar Department of Food Science and Technology, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-336, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran. 0000-0001-6811-5566 H. Ahmadi Gavlighi Department of Food Science and Technology, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-336, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran. Journal Article 1970 01 01 This study investigated partial replacement of nitrite by Pomegranate Peel (PPE) and Pistachio Green Hull Extracts (PGHE) in cooked sausages and their effects on oxidative, microbial, and physicochemical properties of the samples. To this end, 250, 500, 750, 1,000, and 1,250 ppm of the two extracts and 100, 80, 60, 40, and 0 ppm of nitrite were added to the sausages and the peroxide and TBARS values, microbial tests, sensory evaluation, and color factors were measured during 30 days storage at 4ºC. Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of both treatments were as well as the control, or sometimes better than it. PGHE treatments had better color factors compared to PPE treatments. Sensory scores of PPE3 and PGHE3 (containing 60 ppm nitrite and 750 ppm of extracts) were not significantly different compared to the control. Thus, reduction of nitrite up to 50% and replacement of it by PPE or PGHE do not cause great changes in quality parameters of sausage and improve its functional properties.

https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_16399_d57812289771598c8a5e3f9aaae10358.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 1680-7073 22 1 2020 01 01 Immune Responses and Haematological Parameters Changes of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) under Effects of Dietary Administration of Sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) پاسخ ایمنی و تغییرات فاکتورهای خونی ماهی قزل آلا (Oncorhynchus mykiss) تحت تاثیر سماق خوراکی (Rhus coriaria L.) 173 186 16400 EN A. Gharaei Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources and Hamoon International Wetland Research Institute, University of Zabol, Zabol, Islamic Republic of Iran. 0000-0002-0942-0592 M. Shafie Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Zabol, Zabol, Islamic Republic of Iran. J. Mirdar Harijani Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Zabol, Zabol, Islamic Republic of Iran. P. Hasanein Department of Biology, School of Basic Sciences, University of Zabol, Zabol, Islamic Republic of Iran. A. Arshadi Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Zabol, Zabol, Islamic Republic of Iran. Journal Article 1970 01 01 The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) administration on the growth performance, immune response, and haematological parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Rainbow trout juveniles with an initial weight of 38±2.65 g were allocated into 12 tanks at a density of 15 fish per tank. Fish were fed four experimental diets containing 0% (as control diet), 0.5%, 2%, and 5% sumac-supplementation for 56 days. After the feeding trial, fish were challenged with Yersinia ruckeri, and survival rate was calculated for 15 days. Sumac diet significantly increased resistance to the pathogen and led to the control of infection in rainbow trout without changing weight. The leukocyte (WBC) and erythrocyte (RBC), lymphocyte, monocyte, and neutrophil value was significantly higher in fish that were fed a sumac-supplemented diet when compared with the control. Serum lysozyme, and alternative complement pathway haemolytic activity (ACH50) as well as the hepatic expression of TNF-α and IL-1b were recorded to be the highest in fish fed 2% and 5% sumac-supplement. Meanwhile, mRNA expression levels of IL-10 significantly decreased in fish fed 5% sumac supplementation for 56 days. These results suggest that sumac administration, especially 2% and 5%, may effectively enhance the immune system, resistance to the pathogen, and hematopoiesis in rainbow trout.

https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_16400_e375a58ebc307dbc4633ac7fe91f2394.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 1680-7073 22 1 2020 01 01 Biochemical Resistance Mechanisms to Dimethoate in Cabbage Aphid Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) (Hom.: Aphididae) ساز و کارهای بیوشیمیایی مقاومت به دیمتوات در شته کلم (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) 187 196 16401 EN K. Hamedani Radja Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, P. O. Box 14115–336, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran. A. Mikani Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran. 0000-0002-8482-0211 H. Mosallanejad Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran. Journal Article 1970 01 01 Cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) (Hom.: Aphididae) is an important pest of crucifers and is controlled by different insecticides, especially dimethoate.The toxicity of dimethoate in six populations of the pest from different parts of Iran was assayed using Leaf-dip method. The bioassay results indicated significant difference in susceptibility to dimethoate among the six populations that were investigated. The highest level of resistance to dimethoate was obtained for Mehrshahr (Meh) population (RR= 91.25). Diethyl maleate (DEM), ,piperonylbutoxide (PBO), and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) suppressed the level of resistance to dimethoate, indicating the resistance to this insecticide was caused by glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), mixed function oxidases, and esterases, respectively. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and GSTs activity increased, respectively, 2.7 and 9.6-fold in resistant population compared with the susceptible one. When α-naphthyl acetate was used as substrate, up to 4-fold increase in esterase activity was observed in resistant population. Moreover, 6.2-fold elevation in esterase activity was shown in resistant strain when β-naphthyl acetate was the substrate. Overall, the mechanisms of insecticide resistance in cabbage aphid populations from six regions of Iran were related to GSTs, esterase, and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases activities.

https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_16401_19c768e48aca9308d1a11fe86157731f.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 1680-7073 22 1 2020 01 01 Selected Demographic Data of the Bird Cherry-Oat Aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi L. on Corn, Zea mays L. at Different Temperatures داده های انتخابی دموگرافی شته‌ی یولاف Rhopalosiphum padi L. روی ذرت Zea mays L. در چند دمای ثابت آزمایشگاهی 197 207 16402 EN A. Abotalebian Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Islamic republic of Iran. M. Haghani Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Islamic republic of Iran. H. Norbakhsh Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Chahar Mahal Va Bakhtiari, Shahrekord, Islamic republic of Iran. H. Abbasipour Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Shahed University, Tehran, Islamic republic of Iran. A. H. Toorani Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Shahed University, Tehran, Islamic republic of Iran. Journal Article 1970 01 01 The bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a serious pest of Poaceae plants, especially wheat and corn, in the world and in Iran. In this study, the demographic parameters of R. padi were determined at seven constant temperatures (8.5, 15, 20, 25, 27.5, 29 and 31±0.5 °C), 65±5% RH, and 14:10 (L: D) photoperiods on Zea mays L., KSC704 cultivar. The total lifespan, from birth to death, decreased with increasing the temperature from 8.5 to 29 °C, but the nymphal stage duration increased a little at 29 °C. The highest value of life expectancy (ex) was observed at 8.5 °C and at 31 °C, the nymphs died before reaching the adult phase. The percentage of survival for nymphal stages was highest at 15 and 25 °C, and the net reproductive rate (R0=23.671 female/generation) had the highest value at 15 °C. The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) and the finite rates of increase (λ) increased at the temperature interval of 8.5 to 25 °C. At this range, the doubling time (DT) and the mean generation time (T) decreased as the temperature increased. According to the highest value of rm (0.22 day-1) and λ (1.134day-1) and also the lower value of T (9.095 d) and DT (2.16 d), the temperature of 25 °C was determined as the optimal temperature and the data showed that the proper temperature range for growth and reproduction of this aphid was between 15-25 °C. The effect of temperature on reproduction, especially the intrinsic rate of increase (rm), of R. padi would be useful for predicting its long-term population fluctuation over several generations and establishing integrated pest management (IPM) strategies against this pest.

https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_16402_b9ba7122b9e4bdbedf144589ffd294f5.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 1680-7073 22 1 2020 01 01 Improvement of Salt Tolerance and Growth in Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by Co-Inoculation with Native Rhizobial Strains بهبود رشد و مقاومت به شوری درلوبیای معمولی (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) با تلقیح همزمان با ریسه های ریزوبیوم بومی 209 220 16403 EN B. Khaitov Department of Plant Science, Tashkent State Agrarian University, Uzbekistan. J. Vollmann Department of Crop Science, Vienna University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Austria. J. Yeong Pyon Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, Korea. K. W. Park Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, Korea. Journal Article 1970 01 01 Beneficial association of rhizobial strains with leguminous plants may result in the enhancement of nodulation in the root and overall plant performance. In this study, the efficacy of inoculation was tested with pre-isolated Rhizobium phaseoli R9 and Mesorhizobium ciceri R6 as a single and in combined treatments on common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in a field experiment at soil salinity level of 5.6 dS m-1 over two growing seasons. The bacterial inoculations increased the plant height, root and shoot biomass, grain yield, number of nodules per plant, nodule dry weight, and root length of common bean, with a significant difference. Compared to single inoculation, co-inoculation of the rhizobial strains was more effective in all plant parameters and increased the seed yield by 35.1 and 37.9%, respectively, over the two consecutive seasons compared to the uninoculated control. Chemical analysis showed a significantly (P< 0.05) higher protein and oil content in the seeds of the co-inoculated plants than those of the control. The result of the experiment showed a strong correlation (r2= 0.87) between the increased nodule dry weight and seed yield of common bean. It might be concluded that co-inoculation with rhizobial strains could be the most effective biofertilization strategy for achieving greater nodulation and yield of common bean under saline conditions of Uzbekistan.

https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_16403_e5085f260c2bc7e50f153bd3d3a463d9.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 1680-7073 22 1 2020 01 01 Effect of Surface Microbiome and Osmo-Conditioning on Restoration of Storage-Induced Losses of Seed Viability in Muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) اثر میکروبیوم سطحی و آماده سازی اسمزی بر ترمیم صدمات ناشی از انبارداری روی زیوایی بذر طالبی (Cucumis melo L.) 221 233 16404 EN A. Kalia Electron Microscopy and Nanoscience Laboratory, Department of Soil Science, Ludhiana, Punjab, India-141004. S. P. Sharma Department of Vegetable Science, Ludhiana, Punjab, India-141004. S. Devi ICAR-Central Potato Research Station, Jalandhar, Punjab, India-144003. Journal Article 1970 01 01 Seed priming can restore age-induced loss of seed viability or longevity; however, these invigoration responses may vary with priming agents and seed aging duration. The present study investigated the effect of two potassium salts (K-salts) individually and in combination (1:1) on different lots of muskmelon genotype, MS-1 seeds stored for four consecutive years, from 2013 to 2016 under ambient conditions. The combination of K-salts significantly enhanced the percent germination of seeds stored for two years (from 2015 to 2016). Further, it also improved root morpho-traits of 10-day-old seedlings. The storage duration had significant effect on the seed surface bacterial and fungal populations. A significantly higher cfu mL-1 microbial counts were recorded for 2013 harvested seeds on three different agar-based media compared to 2014 to 2016 stored seeds. Further, the Scanning EM and FT-IR study revealed the surface microbiological status and functional groups variations, respectively. Thus, aging-related seed coat microflora is responsible for deterioration of the seed coat. Osmo-conditioning cannot restore viability of seeds stored under ambient conditions for more than two years.

https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_16404_faccafbeafb441f36660f0747fea7950.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 1680-7073 22 1 2020 01 01 Overall Fruit Quality of ‘Lane Late’ Orange on Sub-Standard and Semi-Dwarfing Rootstocks کیفیت کلی میوه پرتقال Lane Late روی پایه های زیر-استاندارد و نیمه کوتاه 235 246 16405 EN A. Hervalejo IFAPA Las Torres Center. Ctra. Sevilla- Cazalla Km. 12,2. 41200. Alcalá del Río, Seville, Spain. M. P. Suarez Department of Agroforestry Sciences, ETSIA, University of Seville. Ctra. Utrera Km. 1. 41013. Seville, Spain. J. M. Moreno-Rojas IFAPA Alameda del Obispo Center. Avda. Menéndez Pidal s / n. 14004. Cordoba. Spain. F. J. Arenas-Arenas IFAPA Las Torres Center. Ctra. Sevilla- Cazalla Km. 12,2. 41200. Alcalá del Río, Seville, Spain. Journal Article 1970 01 01 Appearance, taste, and bioactive compounds of `Lane Late´ orange fruits on three sub-standard or semi-dwarfing rootstocks [Forner-Alcaide no. 5, Forner-Alcaide no. 13 and Forner-Alcaide no. 41] were evaluated in Spain against three more traditional rootstocks [Carrizo citrange, Citrus macrophylla and `Cleopatra´ mandarin]. Different harvesting times were identified per rootstock. The most suitable harvesting time for `Lane Late´ orange fruits on `Cleopatra´ mandarin, Forner-Alcaide no. 13 or Forner-Alcaide no. 5 was March, between one and two months later than Citrus macrophylla, Carrizo citrange or Forner-Alcaide no. 41, more relevant date for this late-season navel orange. Despite harvesting `Lane Late´ orange fruits on the most suitable date for each rootstock, significant differences in overall fruit quality were observed among them. Thus, Citrus macrophylla induced the largest size but also the lowest organoleptic quality, Carrizo citrange induced the lowest bioactive compounds content, while Forner-Alcaide no. 5, Forner-Alcaide no. 13 and `Cleopatra´ mandarin induced the highest internal quality. Lane Late orange fruits on Forner-Alcaide no. 41 showed an intermediate behavior.

https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_16405_2390243c9f76219138eed6daa4beee0f.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 1680-7073 22 1 2020 01 01 Visual Preferences Assessment of Landscape Character Types Using Data Mining Methods (Apriori Algorithm): The Case of Altınsaç and Inkoy (Van/Turkey) ارزیابی ترجیحات بصری انواع کاراکترهای منظر با روش کاوی داده (الگوریتم آپریوری): مورد التین ساچ ـ این کوی (وان / ترکیه) 247 260 16406 EN F. Asur Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Architecture-Design, University of Yuzuncu Yil, Van, Turkey. S. Deniz Sevimli Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Architecture-Design, University of Yuzuncu Yil, Van, Turkey. K. Yazici Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Architecture-Design, University of Yuzuncu Yil, Van, Turkey. Journal Article 1970 01 01 Nowadays, in environmental planning and management, the approach to protect visually diverse landscapes has been an important component in planning decisions. Visual quality analysis is a method to determine the visual quality and visual preferences of the landscape, by correlating its physical characteristics with perceptual parameters, whereby it is possible to demonstrate the visual potential of a field by converting qualitative definitions into quantitative data. The visual quality of the landscape is widely considered as an important resource worth preserving. Despite making a great effort to determine the factors that guide aesthetic preferences, the consensus in the judgments of people is neglected in most of such surveys. This study examines various types of landscape characters in Altınsaç and Inkoy Regions (Gevaş/Van) with spatial heterogeneity, because of the region’s topographic structure and location. The characteristic structure of the region consists of mountains, lakes, forests, natural vegetation landscapes, and wildlife as natural landscapes. Also, road, rural settlement, agricultural landscapes, and historical structures are considered as cultural landscapes. In order to determine the participants’ visual preferences of various landscape types with perceptual parameters, this study focused on consensuses through the Apriori algorithm, which is a data mining tool. Giving reference to define perceptual parameters, a survey with 202 participants was conducted using 9 different landscape character types selected. With questions about the appreciation of the beauty of the landscape scene, the consensuses on the landscape and its relationship with perceptual parameters, such as mysteriousness, typicality, vitality, safety, impressiveness, silence, perspective, degradation, and worth being protected, were examined. It was proven that the higher the visual quality of the landscape, the higher was the observers’ consensus rate. Some suggestions and objectives are presented, based on the data derived from this study.

https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_16406_3b5f4f19719aa9a67efe63169ce94037.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 1680-7073 22 1 2020 01 01 Importance of Hormonal Elicitors in Inducing Morphine Biosynthesis in the Cell Culture of (Papaver bracteatum Lindl.) اهمیت الیسیتورهای هورمونی در القای مورفین در کشت سلولی Papaver bracteatum Lindl. 261 270 16407 EN M. Behzadirad Agronomy and Plant Breeding Department, Agricultural College, University of Tehran, Karaj, Islamic Republic of Iran. M. R. Naghavi Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Islamic Republic of Iran. A. A. Shahnejat Bushehri Agronomy and Plant Breeding Department, Agricultural College, University of Tehran, Karaj, Islamic Republic of Iran. Journal Article 1970 01 01 Plant cells have enough capacity to produce many of secondary metabolites, similar to the whole plants. Elicitation is one of the most significant methods to increase the synthesis of secondary metabolites in the medicinal plants. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of three different hormones on alkaloids production in suspension culture of Papaver bracteatum Lindl., in order to identify the relationship between the alkaloid biosynthesis and gene expression. Inducible factors initiate BenzylIsoquinoline Alkaloids (BIAs) biosynthesis in Opium poppy. The current study investigated the accumulation of alkaloids content and Tyrosine/DopadeCarboxilase (TYDC), Berberine Bridge Enzyme (BBE), Salutardinol Acetyl Transferase (SAT), and Codeinone Reductase (COR) gene transcripts in suspension culture of P. bracteatum. Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA), Indole Butyric Acid (IBA) and Gibberellic Acid (GA) were used as hormonal elicitors in the suspension cultures with three different doses and two timings along with the control. This research showed the induction of morphine alkaloid in the suspension culture of P. bracteatum. Elicitation by 20 mg L-1 concentration of IAA after 48 h indicated significant increase in morphine amount. Comparison among genes revealed that the expression levels of COR dramatically increased while TYDC, BBE and SAT had no significant difference compared to the control. After elicitation by IAA, IBA, and GA, the highest levels of morphine were measured as 243.2, 207.2, and 178.1 mg g-1, respectively. The results demonstrated that timing had a significant effect on the hormonal elicitation: 48 h treatment could induce more morphine alkaloids compared to 24 hours treatments.

https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_16407_5e09ce33a20f1c276ffcc43627f6e891.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 1680-7073 22 1 2020 01 01 IRAP and REMAP-Based Genetic Diversity among Iranian, Turkish, and International Durum Wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) Cultivars تنوع ژنتیکی در یک مجموعه از ژنوتیپ‌های گندم دوروم با استفاده از نشانگرهای IRAP و REMAP 271 285 16408 EN N. Marzang Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Islamic Republic of Iran. B. Abdollahi Mandoulakani Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Islamic Republic of Iran. S. Shaaf Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Islamic Republic of Iran. M. Ghadimzadeh Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Islamic Republic of Iran. I. Bernousi Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Islamic Republic of Iran. H. Abbasi Holasou Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran. B. Sadeghzadeh Dryland Agricultural Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Maragheh, Islamic Republic of Iran. Journal Article 1970 01 01 Retrotransposons (RTNs) are a major source of genomic changes in plant genomes and, therefore, are extensively used as ideal molecular markers for genetic variability, DNA fingerprinting, and genetic mapping studies in plant species. In the present study, two RTN-based marker systems, inter-retrotransposon amplified polymorphisms (IRAPs), and the retrotransposon-microsatellite amplified polymorphisms (REMAPs) were used to assess genetic variability and structure in a collection of 94 durum wheat genotypes. In general, 63 and 141 loci were amplified using 6 IRAP and 15 REMAP primers, respectively. Percentage of polymorphic loci (PPL) in the studied collection for IRAP and REMAP markers were 47.15% and 47.81%, respectively. The average of expected heterozygosity (He), number of effective alleles (Ne), and Shannon's information index (I), separately estimated based on IRAP and REMAP data, were not considerably different. A model-based Bayesian method and cluster analysis using Neighbor joining (NJ) algorithm depicted five clusters. A moderate level of inter-group genetic variability was detected among the clusters (11%) obtained from STRUCTUR software (PhiPT =0.111; P=0.001) with the vast majority of variation (89%) still uncaptured within groups. Most of the accessions and landraces from Iran aggregated together in clusters I and III with the cultivars from Turkey. Also, Iranian and foreign durum wheat landraces were assigned to different clusters or subpopulations in both clustering methods. In conclusion, the results showed that the genetic diversity of Iranian durum wheat is low and it is necessary to extend the genetic base of durum wheat germplasm in Iran.

https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_16408_7c738d9871e7093863bb5786cd8168e8.pdf