Tarbiat Modares University Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 1680-7073 28 3 2026 05 01 Energy Consumption Patterns, Environmental Sustainability and Human Development Outcomes in Iran 521 535 16869 10.48311/jast.2026.16869 EN Mohammad Hassan Tarazkar Department of Agricultural Economics, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran. Navid Kargar Dehbidi Department of Economic, Social and Extension Research, West Azerbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center (AREEO), Urmia, Islamic Republic of Iran. 0000-0003-1366-3084 Effat Ghorbanian Department of Agricultural Economics, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran. Azar Sheikhzeinoddin Department of Agricultural Economics, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran. Journal Article 1970 01 01 A major goal of this study was to document how renewable and non-renewable energy consumption is related to human development in Iran. For this purpose, all variables were tested for structural breaks using the breakpoint unit root test. Additionally, long-run relationships are examined using the Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds test. The outcomes of the diagnostic tests showed that the panel ARDL model parameters were stable, predictable, and reliable in the long term. Significant positive and negative relationships were found between renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and the Human Development Index (HDI), respectively. Additionally, the elasticity of renewable energy consumption was lower than that of non-renewable energy consumption. Human development in Iran has also been enhanced by CO₂ emissions. Conversely, economic growth and increased trade transparency would lower the HDI in Iran. To improve human development in Iran, energy consumption as well as clean energy production and consumption should be considered. https://jast.modares.ac.ir/article_16869_b1491b673670aeae2dbf8827ba87a758.pdf