2024-03-29T02:56:51+04:30 http://jast.modares.ac.ir/browse.php?mag_id=350&slc_lang=en&sid=23
350-8626 2024-03-29 10.1002
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology JAST 1680-7073 2345-3737 10.22034/jast 2008 10 4 Crop Nutrients for Sustainable Agricultural Production in the Drought-Stressed Mediterranean Region J. Ryan Most areas of the world where rainfall is limiting are characterized by low agricultural output and, ironically, high population growth rates that generate increased food de-mand. Arid and semi-arid regions permit a range of vegetative biomass production, from rainfed crops to native pasture, and sparse steppe shrubs to true desert. Given the harsh climatic conditions in areas such as West Asia-North Africa, where less than 10% of the land area is amenable to rainfed cropping, soil resources are fragile and cropping condi-tions precarious. Yet with appropriate manipulation of soil fertility and crop management within a systems context, including breeding of improved cultivars, conservation tillage, and rotations, substantial production increases can occur at the farmer's level. While irri-gation has increased considerably in the past few decades, having a major impact on crop yields, surface and ground water sources remain limited. Applied research specific to the region has shown that crop output can be considerably enhanced with adequate nutrition, most of which has to be added as commercial fertilizer. The substantial yield increases that have taken place in several countries of the region have been attributed to three fac-tors: water, fertilizers, and improved varieties. Technologies that potentially produce such high yield increases include identification of nutrient stresses and taking corrective action, and, where appropriate, adapting the plant to the soil conditions. If managed properly, innovative cropping systems to overcome these constraints can improve rather than de-grade soil conditions. Regardless of the advances in biotechnology, crop adaptation, and integrated cropping systems, chemical fertilizers will, in future, play an even greater role in the nutrition of both rainfed and irrigated crops in Mediterranean agriculture. Crop nutrition research will have to keep pace with agronomic developments. The future chal-lenge in soil fertility-crop nutrition lies as much in overcoming obstacles to technology transfer as in the generation of new knowledge. This selective review is based mainly on the author’s research experiences in the field of soil fertility and crop nutrition in the WANA region for the past 32 years. It seeks to highlight research developments within the context of the region's crop production constraints, culminating in a perspective on future research challenges within the framework of cooperation between international in-stitutions and the region’s national research and development programs. Irrigated cropping Mediterranean agriculture Micronutrients Nutrient dynamics Nitrogen fertilizer use Phosphorus 2008 10 01 295 306 http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-8626-en.pdf
350-8886 2024-03-29 10.1002
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology JAST 1680-7073 2345-3737 10.22034/jast 2008 10 4 Effects of Nitrogen Levels, Nitrogen Sources and Zinc Rates on the Growth and Mineral Composition of Lowland Rice Y. Hosseiny M. Maftoun Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is usually lower in paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.) than in upland crops. For this reason, any attempt to improve NUE through the use of different nitrogen (N) carriers, different rice cultivars, properly timed N application, the use of ni-trification and urease inhibitorsis of prime interest. Moreover, zinc (Zn) next to N seems to be the most important soil factor affecting rice growth. Although the response of rice N and Zn fertilization has been reported elsewhere, the authors are not aware of any such information for the calcareous paddy rice soils of Iran. Therefore, the present experiment was conducted to study the effects of varying sources and levels of N and Zn rate on the growth and N and Zn concentrations and uptake by rice. Treatments consisted of five N levels (0, 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg N kg-1soil), four N sources [urea (U), sulfur–coated urea (SCU), ammonium sulfate (AS), and ammonium chloride (AC)] and three Zn rates (0, 5, and 10 mg Zn kg-1 soil as zinc sulfate). The experiment was factorially arranged in a com-pletely randomized design with three replicates. The results showed that the highest top dry weight was obtained with SCU, and followed by AS, AC and U. Application of N up to 200 mg kg-1 as U, AS, and AC increased rice growth significantly. However, there was a consistent significant increase in shoot growth with the addition of SCU. In the present study, Zn fertilization had no significant effect on rice growth. The uptake and concentra-tion of N and Zn were increased by application of N and Zn. However, the highest Zn concentration and uptake were obtained with AC and SCU, respectively. Nitrogen and Zn addition generally increased leaf area and the maximum leaf area was obtained with SCU. Nitrogen yield efficiency (NYE) was reduced with increasing N rates (as U, AS, and AC) and increased up to 200 mg N kg-1 as SCU. Apparent N recovery (ANR) increased with increasing N up to 200 mg kg-1 as U, AS, and AC and declined thereafter. However, there was an increase in ANR with an increasing N level as SCU. On the other hand, N physiological efficiency (NPE) decreased with increasing N rates regardless of N sources. From the results reported here, it appears that 200 mg N kg-1 is the most appropriate N level and SCU appears to be the most efficient N source for lowland rice. Zinc Rice Nitrogen Nitrogen-use efficiency 2008 10 01 307 316 http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-8886-en.pdf
350-3476 2024-03-29 10.1002
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology JAST 1680-7073 2345-3737 10.22034/jast 2008 10 4 Effects of Surface Soil Removal (Simulated Erosion) and Fertilizer Application on Wheat Yield M. Gorji H. Rafahi S. Shahoee An experiment involving erosion simulation was conducted at the Soil and Water Con-servation Research Center of the University of Tehran. A split-factorial plot with four replications was designed. Five soil desurfacing treatments of blank, 5, 10, 15, and 20 cm of soil surface removal (E0, E5, E10, E15, and E20) were carried out, respectively. Fertilizer treatments were 0, 65, and 130 kg ha-1 of urea (equal to 0, 30, and 60 kg ha-1 of pure N) and 0, 107, and 214 kg ha-1 of triple super phosphate (equal to 0, 50, and 100 kg ha-1 of P2O5). Wheat (Triticum aestivum), Sardary cultivar, was cultivated in November 2001. To-tal precipitation was 223 mm during the growing season and 336 mm for the whole year (23 September 2001–22 September 2002). In order to reduce the effect of drought stress, three supplementary irrigations were applied during the growing season (13mm each). The crop was harvested in July and plant density recorded. Grain, dry matter and straw yields, as well as 1,000 grain weight were determined. The results showed that erosion had a significant effect (P<0.05) only on dry matter and straw yields. Each centimeter of soil surface removal, induced a reduction of 0.8% in dry matter. Phosphorus fertilizer had a significant effect (P<0.01) on yield parameters, relatively compensating the negative ef-fects of erosion. Nitrogen fertilizer did not show any significant effect on the determined parameters. Erosion Wheat Desurfacing Productivity Soil surface removal 2008 10 01 317 323 http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-3476-en.pdf
350-2346 2024-03-29 10.1002
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology JAST 1680-7073 2345-3737 10.22034/jast 2008 10 4 Interactive Effects of NaCl Levels and Zinc Sources and Levels on the Growth and Mineral Composition of Rice J. Saleh M. Maftoun The effects of sodium chloride and Zn rates and sources on the growth and chemical composition of lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) were studied using calcareous soil in a greenhouse experiment. The treatments comprised 5 levels of NaCl (0, 12.5, 25, 37.5 and 50 mmol kg-1 soil), three Zn rates (0, 5 and 10 mg kg-1 soil) and two Zn sources (ZnSO4, 2H2O and ZnEDTA). Applied salinity decreased shoot dry weight, leaf area and chloro-phyll concentration, whereas Zn supply significantly increased these growth parameters. However, the enhancing effect of soil Zn fertilization was more pronounced at lower NaCl levels than under higher salt stress, irrespective of Zn sources. Concentrations of Zn, P and K were significantly decreased and those of Na and Cl increased in NaCl-treated plants. Zn application markedly increased Zn concentration and decreased Na and Cl and P accumulation in shoots. Moreover, there was a significant difference between the two Zn sources to affect rice growth. Free proline increased but reducing sugars de-creased with an increase in the levels of substrate NaCl. However, Zn-untreated rice con-tained higher proline and reducing sugars than Zn-treated plants. Furthermore, an in-crease in proline was greater in the presence than in the absence of Zn and with ZnSO4 than with ZnEDTA. It is concluded that a decrease in soil osmotic potential, nutrient im-balance and excessive plant accumulation of Na and Cl in NaCl-treated plants caused growth suppression, whilst Zn supply decreased the suppressing effects of excess salt on rice growth. Therefore, it is recommended that for growing rice in saline soils that are low in available Zn, Zn should be supplied in a adequate quantities. Zinc Calcareous soil NaCl Proline Reducing sugars 2008 10 01 325 336 http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-2346-en.pdf
350-10578 2024-03-29 10.1002
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology JAST 1680-7073 2345-3737 10.22034/jast 2008 10 4 Effects of Different Concentrations of α-naphthaleneacetic Acid and 6-benzylaminopurine on Shoot Regeneration of Vinca minor L. F. Raouf Fard A. Moieni R. Omidbaigi Periwinkle (Vinca minor L.) is an evergreen perennial herbaceous plant that belongs to the family Apocynaceae. The aerial part of this plant contains certain alkaloids such as vincamine, isovincamine and vincine. The most important of these is vincamine that re-duces blood pressure and promotes memory and the ability for mental concentration. Mi-cropropagation could be a good alternative for the mass propagation of Vinca minor. For direct shoot regeneration, single node explants of field-grown Vinca minor cv. Budakalasz were aseptically cultured on a medium consisting of WPM salts, MS vitamins, 3% su-crose, 0.8% agar and 25 different combinations of BAP and NAA. After one month, ex-plants were subcultured to the same medium. The number of shoots (taller than 3 mm), average shoot length, height of the longest shoot, callus amount, number of roots, and av-erage root length per explant were measured two months after culture. The maximum shoot regeneration (5.6 shoots per explant) was obtained using 7.21 mg l-1 BAP and 0.0186 mg l-1 NAA. Shoot regeneration Callogenesis In vitro Vinca minor L 2008 10 01 337 344 http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-10578-en.pdf
350-2866 2024-03-29 10.1002
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology JAST 1680-7073 2345-3737 10.22034/jast 2008 10 4 Comparison of Antioxidative Effect of Tea and Sesame Seed Oils Extracted by Different Methods A. Rajaei M. Barzegar M. A. Sahari Tea and sesame seed oils extracted by different methods (including supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), at a pressure of 350 atm, a temperature of 60oC, a static extraction time of 20 minutes, a dynamic extraction time of 30 minutes and 150 g kg-1 of ethanol as a modifier). Solvent (SE) and ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction (UE)), as natural anti-oxidants, were evaluated during 15 days storage by monitoring their effects on refined sunflower oil at 60oC. The peroxide value (PV) and the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value were used to assess the antioxidant activity of these extracted oils. The highest extraction yields were from SE and SFE, while UE gave a lower yield. Considering oil extraction yield and antioxidant activity, SE and SFE were the preferred methods. The results showed that tea seed oil had strong antioxidant activity, which was almost equal to sesame oil. Therefore, tea seed oil can be used in the same way as sesame seed oil in fat, oil and other food products as a natural antioxidant to suppress lipid oxidation. Antioxidant activity Sesame seed oil SFE Solvent extraction Sunflower oil 2008 10 01 345 350 http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-2866-en.pdf
350-12106 2024-03-29 10.1002
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology JAST 1680-7073 2345-3737 10.22034/jast 2008 10 4 Determining Optimum Conditions for Sugarcane Juice Refinement by Pilot Plant Dead-end Ceramic Micro-filtration B. Farmani J. Hesari M. H. Haddadekhodaparast S. Aharizad The conditions for the refinement of clarified sugarcane juice, including temperature (50o, 60o and 70oC) and pressure (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 bars) by micro-filtration membrane technology were investigated. The raw sugarcane juice was initially pre-filtrated with lime and then the juice obtained (clarified juice) processed using a ceramic micro-filter mem-brane (0.2 micrometer). The characteristics investigated included brix, polarity (sucrose percent), turbidity, color and purity. The results showed that the effects of different proc-ess conditions with micro-filtration on reduction of turbidity and color were significant at probably <0.01 and probably <0.05, respectively. For other characteristics, no significant difference was observed. Finally, a temperature of 70oC and transmembrane pressure of 1.5 bar were determined as the optimum conditions for ceramic micro-filtration. Mem-brane processing at 70oC and 1.5 bars reduced the turbidity, viscosity and color of clari-fied juice 56.25%, 16.67% and 6.49%, respectively, and increased 0.87 units of purity. Ceramic membrane Clarification Colorants Sugarcane juice Turbidity 2008 10 01 351 357 http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-12106-en.pdf
350-6087 2024-03-29 10.1002
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology JAST 1680-7073 2345-3737 10.22034/jast 2008 10 4 Microscopic Study on Expression of Yr-18 Gene Related to Adult Plant Resistance in a Near-isogenic Line of Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to the Stripe Rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) S. A. Elahinia In this study, isolate SR99-UA (Race 70E 128) of wheat stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis West. f. sp. tritici Eriks) was used to infect susceptible spring wheat (cultivar Thatcher) and its near isogenic line possessing Yr-18 adult-plant resistance gene. Samples were taken at the flag leaf stage and observed using light, transmission and scanning electron micro-scopes. No major differences in the infection process were detected prior to haustorium formation, but sub-stomatal vesicles appeared to be formed after penetration, slightly ear-lier in susceptible than in the resistant genotypes. Higher numbers of haustoria were formed at any particular time in the susceptible cultivar than in the resistant near isog-enic line 2-3 days after inoculation. In the early stages of infection, host cell necrosis was not observed in the susceptible host, but was occasionally seen in the resistant isogenic line. Fourteen days after inoculation, the number of necrotic cells of hypersensitive re-sponse were higher on the resistant genotype than on the susceptible cultivar at this time when many of the infected mesophyll cells of the resistant host had collapsed. The first clearly developing pustules were usually observed 12 days after inoculation on the suscep-tible cv. Thatcher and 14 days after inoculation on its resistant near isogenic line. Eight-een days after inoculation, the mean number of pustules produced, per unit of infected leaf area, was high on the susceptible cultivar but on the resistant genotype the pustules were much less in number, diminutive and poorly sporulating. Wheat Histological expression Resistance Stripe rust 2008 10 01 359 369 http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-6087-en.pdf
350-6488 2024-03-29 10.1002
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology JAST 1680-7073 2345-3737 10.22034/jast 2008 10 4 The Role of Forest-and Nonforest Species on Slope Stability in the North of Iran Gh. Habibi Bibalani B. Majnounian Slope instability due to landslides is particularly common in Iran. It is possible to fight against these hazards thanks to the roots of trees, which provide an important contribu-tion towards the stability of hillslopes. However, our knowledge of the effectiveness of roots for slope stability needs improvement. Therefore this study was carried out on the effect of tree roots on slope stability, in particular for the following species: tea (Thea sinensis L.) and citrus (Citrus spp.), which are of economic interest; and Lilaki (Gleditshia caspica Dsf.) and Angili (Parrotia persica D. C.), without economic interest. The study area was located at Roudsar Township in Gilan Province of Iran. A large part of the area had slopes of steep gradients on which natural vegetation was present. Other parts of the same area have been cleared and planted with tea and citrus crops. Soil samples with and without roots of the mentioned species were taken, on an area covering approximately 70 ha, for testing in the laboratory. Soil shear tests were carried out on these samples and the Factor of Safety (FS) was calculated. Results showed that the FS was increased in soils with tree roots present. The global slope FS was then determined using Bishop’s method. We calculated FS in order to protect slopes where the gradient exceeds 25%. In this case study, minimum FS corresponds to e.g. Parrotia sp. vegetation with 40-60% crown cover, a soil internal friction angle of 15° and slope angle of 21°. When the soil internal friction angle equals 15° and the slope angle is >31°, slope stability cannot be increased by any mentioned vegetation species. The most important results show that the main contribu-tory factors which affect slopes’ stability are: angle of slope, angle of internal friction, and percentage of vegetation cover. Factor of safety Root reinforcement Roots Roudsar Slope stability 2008 10 01 371 381 http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-6488-en.pdf
350-12283 2024-03-29 10.1002
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology JAST 1680-7073 2345-3737 10.22034/jast 2008 10 4 Sensitivity of the Nematophagous Fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora to Fungicides, Insecticides and Crop Supplements Used in the Commercial Cultivation of Agaricus bisporus E. Mohammadi Goltapeh M. Shams-bakhsh B. S. Pakdaman The effect of various pesticides (diflubenzuro, malathion, mancozeb and carbendazim), disinfectants (calcium hypochlorite and formaldehyde) and oil cakes (sunflower and soy-bean oil cakes) commonly used as supplements in mushroom cultivation on the growth of the nematophagous fungus, Arthrobotrys oligospora, was studied under in vitro conditions. Carbenazim caused 99% inhibition of radial mycelial growth in Petri dishes at all concen-trations tested (10-40 µg a. i. ml-1) in comparison to non treated dishes. Mancozeb caused 43% and 23% inhibition at 250 and 500 µg a. i. ml-1 respectively and 99% inhibition at concentration of 1000 µg a. i. ml-1 and above. Diflubenzuro and malathion at 10-40 µg a. i. ml-1 caused 30-41% and 24-54% inhibition, respectively. Formalin (0.5-2.0% v/v) inhib-ited growth of A. oligospora completely. However, calcium hypochlorite, sunflower and soybean oil cake at concentrations of up to 2.0% w/v caused less than 3.5% inhibition. Agaricus bisporus Arthrobotrys oligospora Biocontrol Disinfectant and Oil cakes 2008 10 01 383 389 http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-12283-en.pdf