2024-03-29T12:00:29+04:30 http://jast.modares.ac.ir/browse.php?mag_id=348&slc_lang=en&sid=23
348-6567 2024-03-29 10.1002
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology JAST 1680-7073 2345-3737 10.22034/jast 2008 10 2 Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization and Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) on Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. Shiraz A. Shekoofa Y. Emam Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are widely used for lodging control in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown at high N rates. Although the introduction of semi-dwarf wheat cultivars had largely solved the problem of lodging, evidence was already accumu-lating that the timely application of a growth retardant such as chlormequat (CCC) or ethephon could increase the grain yield of wheat, by the alteration of dry matter parti-tioning independently of any control of lodging. A field experiment was conducted the during 2004-5 growing season at the experimental farm of the College of Agriculture, Shi-raz University (Shiraz, Iran,) located at Badjgah. The design of the experiment was a randomized complete block with treatments arranged as split plot with four replicates. Nitrogen levels (0, 100 and 200 kg ha-1) were the main plots. The N was applied as Urea (46% N), half at the time of stem elongation and the other half at onset of flowering. The PGR treatments included CCC at 2.20 kg ha-1 applied at Zadoks growth stage (ZGS) 25, ethephon at 0.28 kg ha-1 at Zadoks growth stage (ZGS) 39, and controls (without any PGR) were assigned to sub-plots. The results showed that both PGR treatments reduced the plant height and this reduction played an important role in the increase of the grain yield in wheat, via the alteration of dry matter partitioning into the spikes. However, CCC at 2.20 kg ha-1 applied at ZGS 25 increased the grain yield (8.9 t/ha) significantly, com-pared to the ethephon (8.2 t ha-1) and control (7.2 t ha-1) treatments; the highest grain (8.9 t ha-1) yield was obtained at 200 kg ha-1 N and 2.20 kg ha-1 CCC application. The benefi-cial interactive effects of PGRs and nitrogen rates on winter wheat yield are worthy of further exploration. Wheat Nitrogen CCC Ethephon Yield Yield components 2008 4 01 101 108 http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-6567-en.pdf
348-1620 2024-03-29 10.1002
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology JAST 1680-7073 2345-3737 10.22034/jast 2008 10 2 Evaluation of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes under Pre- and Post-anthesis Drought Stress Conditions A. Sanjari Pireivatlou A. Yazdansepas The responses of yield and yield components of 24 advanced bread wheat genotypes to pre- and post-anthesis drought stress conditions were studied at Ardabil Agricultural Re-search Station during the 1997-2000 cropping seasons. Results showed that genotypes produced significantly lower spikes No./m2, seeds No./spike and grain yield under pre- than in post-anthesis drought stress conditions. However, an average of 1,000 kernel weight of genotypes under pre-anthesis was higher than under non-stress and post-anthesis drought stress conditions. Selection based on TOL and SSI identified the drought tolerant genotypes with low grain yield. However, selection based on MP, GMP and STI identified drought tolerant genotypes with a high yield. Genotypes No. 13, 14 and 21 were determined as desirable genotypes based on their high grain yield under non-stress, pre-anthesis and post-anthesis drought stress conditions. The interaction effect of genotype x year was significant for membrane stability and membrane damage, however, the interac-tion effect of genotypes stages of measurement (booting and heading) were not signifi-cant. On the basis of these results, genotypes No. 13, 14 and 21 with low membrane dam-age were also identified as drought tolerant genotypes. It can be concluded that the labo-ratory test can be an useful tool in a breeding program for improving drought tolerance in wheat. Bread wheat Drought Stress Grain yield 2008 4 01 109 121 http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-1620-en.pdf
348-9710 2024-03-29 10.1002
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology JAST 1680-7073 2345-3737 10.22034/jast 2008 10 2 Natural Enemies of Cypress Tree Mealybug, Planococcus vovae (Nasonov) (Hem., Pseudococcidae), and their Parasitoids in Tehran, Iran A. A. Talebi A. Amiri Y. Fathipour E. Rakhshani The cypress tree mealybug, Planococcus vovae (Nasonov) (Hem., Pseudococcidae) is one of the most important pests of cypress trees, especially Cupressus semprevirens fastigiata L. in Iran. A survey was carried out to determine the natural enemies of cypress tree mea-lybug in Tehran Province, during 2004-2005. As a result of this study, 17 species of preda-tors, parasitoids and hyperparasitoids belonging to 10 families and 15 genera were col-lected and identified. Among the natural enemies associated with P. vovae three species, Coccidoxenoides perminutus Girault (Hym., Encyrtidae), Aprostocetus ceroplastae (Girault) (Hym., Eulophidae) and Pachyneuron bonum Xu and Li (Hym., Pteromalidae) were recorded here for the first time from Iran. The diagnostic morphological character-istics of the newly recorded species are given here and illustrated. The host range and economic importance of its natural enemies are reviewed and discussed. IRAN Natural enemies Biological control Cypress tree mealybug Planococcus vovae 2008 4 01 123 133 http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-9710-en.pdf
348-10221 2024-03-29 10.1002
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology JAST 1680-7073 2345-3737 10.22034/jast 2008 10 2 The Effects of Entomopathogenic Fungus, Tolypocladium cylindrosporum on Cellular Defence System of Galleria mellonella A. R. Bandani The entomopathogenic-fungus-life cycle is associated with the synthesis and secretion of a number of toxic metabolites, including extracellular enzymes and the low-molecular weight compound (toxin). The potential for a successful pathogen relies on the ability to overcome the various host-defence systems. Interaction between the fungus, Tolypocla-dium (Deuteromycetes), its secondary metabolite, and its host cellular defence were inves-tigated using in vivo and in vitro studies. In vitro studies showed that toxins (efrapeptins) inhibit phagocytic activity of Galleria mellonella (Lep: Pyralidae) haemocytes. The effect of efrapeptins on phagocytosis was in a dose-dependent manner i.e. the amount of phago-cytosis in a treated cell-culture with 0, 3, and 30 g efrapeptins per well was about 12, 7.5, and 4.5 %, respectively (P<0.05). In vivo studies showed that injection of insects with 0, 0.25, and 0.025 g toxin rendered percentages of phagocytosis of 13, 11.5, and 7.2, respec-tively (P<0.05). There was no significant reduction in the total haemocyte count (THC) when larvae were injected with Tolypocladium cylindrosporum spores until 24 hours fol-lowing injection. However, THC was suppressed at 48 hours post-treatment of larvae with spores. Considering that toxin suppresses phagocytosis, nodule formation, but not THC, this study suggests that efrapeptins may interfere with the ligand-receptor interactions that are likely to occur in the plasma membrane of specific haemocytes. Entomopathogenic fungi Cellular defence system Efrapeptins Galleria mellonella Interactions 2008 4 01 135 146 http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-10221-en.pdf
348-4886 2024-03-29 10.1002
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology JAST 1680-7073 2345-3737 10.22034/jast 2008 10 2 Rheological and Sensory Evaluation of Yoghurts Containing Probiotic Cultures M. Mohebbi H. B. Ghoddusi In this study, the possibility of including probiotic starter cultures for making yoghurt was investigated. Set yoghurts were made using three bio-cultures, all containing Bifido-bacterium spp.. The effects of these starter cultures and total solids (i.e. addition of 0, 1 and 2% skim milk powder) on the rheological and sensory characteristics of the bio-yoghurts were compared with a standard starter culture (CH1) on the day of production (Day 0) and after 7 and 14 days storage at 4oC. The rheological properties were evaluated using a Universal Texture Analyser and sensory analyses were carried out using a five point hedonic scale. The results of texture studies showed that the type of starter culture had a significant effect on the rheological parameters including hardness, springiness, co-hesiveness, adhesiveness, chewiness and gumminess (P<0.05). It was also concluded that addition of skim milk powder (at the levels tested) did not change the hardness and springiness significantly, while adhesiveness, cohesiveness, gumminess and chewiness were statistically different at P<0.05. The results of sensory analysis indicated that the overall acceptance of bio-yoghurts was higher compared with the control. The higher sen-sory and textural scores of bio-yoghurts as well as their potential therapeutic effects may well be encouraging for the Iranian dairy industry. Bio-yoghurt probiotic Rheological Sensory Starter culture 2008 4 01 145 155 http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-4886-en.pdf
348-6524 2024-03-29 10.1002
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology JAST 1680-7073 2345-3737 10.22034/jast 2008 10 2 Moisture Repellent Effect of Acetylation on Poplar Fibers B. Mohebby R. Hajihassani Fibers of poplar wood (Populus nigra L.) were prepared and oven dried. Afterwards, they were acetylated with acetic anhydride without a catalyst. Acetylation was carried out for different durations at 120ºC. Different weight percentage gains (WPGs) were achieved based on the operating conditions. Acetylated fibers were exposed to varying levels of relative humidity to determine equilibrium moisture contents (EMC). IR-spectra were also taken from the fibers to indicate substitution of the hydroxyl groups by the acetyl groups. Results showed that the acetylation decreased moisture absorption in the fibers. It was revealed that a WPG of about 10% had a proper moisture repellent effect on fibers. IR-spectra confirmed fully the substitution of the acetyl groups. Acetylation EMC IR-spectroscopy Moisture repellent effect Populus nigra L 2008 4 01 157 163 http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-6524-en.pdf
348-4151 2024-03-29 10.1002
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology JAST 1680-7073 2345-3737 10.22034/jast 2008 10 2 Reproduction of the White Tip Nematode (Aphelenchoides besseyi Christie, 1942) in Different Monoxenic Cultures S. Jamali E. Pourjam A. Alizadeh F. Alinia The reproductive range of the Iranian population of white tip nematode in rice, Aphel-enchoides besseyi, was investigated in vitro to find out a suitable medium as well as a fa-vorable fungal host for monoxenic culturing this nematode. Studies were carried out on rice seed associated fungi, pathogenic fungi and one mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) grown on three culture media, RPA (rice polish agar), OMA (oat meal agar) and PDA (potato dextrose agar). The nematode showed the greatest multiplication on Fusarium verticillioides, F. proliferatum, Curvularia lunata and Magnaporthe salvini in OMA and on Alternaria alternata, Bipolaris oryzae and Pyricularia oryzae in PDA. Among the fungi, tested A. alternata, C. lunata, F. verticillioides, B. oryzae, M. salvini, F. proliferatum and P. oryzae supported a high reproduction rate in the nematode in a descending rank. The nematode failed to multiply on Aspergillus niger, Rhizoctonia solani and Agaricus bis-porus grown on any of the three media. The highest sex ratio (F:M) was achieved on OMA but the highest male percentage ratio was observed on PDA. The two pathogenic fungi, B. oryzae and M. salvini are reported as new fungal hosts for monoxenic culturing of this nematode. reproduction Aphelenchoides besseyi Fungi Host range Monoxenic culture 2008 4 01 165 171 http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-4151-en.pdf
348-3583 2024-03-29 10.1002
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology JAST 1680-7073 2345-3737 10.22034/jast 2008 10 2 Comparison of Complete and Sulfur Coated Urea Fertilizers with Pre-plant Urea in Increasing Grain Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Wheat M. J. Malakouti A. Baybordi M. Lotfolahi A. A. Shahabi K. Siavoshi R. Vakil J. Ghaderi J. Shahabifar A. Majidi A. Jafarnejadi F. Dehghani M. H. Keshavarz M. Ghasemzadeh R. Ghanbarpouri M. Dashadi M. Babaakbari N. Zaynalifard In order to increase grain yield, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and nitrogen apparent recovery fraction (NARF) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), this experiment was carried out with 5 or 6 treatments and 3 or 4 replications in 14 locations at 22 different sites in Iran during the 2004-05 growing season. The experiment was designed as a completely randomized block. The effect of N sources and timing on the grain yield, protein content, NUE and NARF of the current best adapted cultivars of different regions were evaluated. The treatments included T1= the control; T2= 150 kg ha-1 of N as urea in 3-split applica-tions; T3= 150 kg ha-1 of N as urea in 2-split applications; T4= 150 kg ha-1 N as SCU as the base fertilizer; T5= 1/3 N as SCU as the base fertilizer +2-split urea applications and T6=1/3 N as complete fertilizer as the base fertilizer +2-split urea applications. Protein content, NUE and NARF were calculated by measuring grain yield, N% and N-uptake. While the average grain yield and protein% for the control plots were 2,840 kg ha-1 and 10.03%; the yield and protein for T2, T3 and T4 were 4,160 kg ha-1 and 11.66%; 4,278 kg ha-1 and 11.78%; and 3,921 kg ha-1 and 11.60%, respectively. Grain yield and protein content for T5 were 4,330 kg kg-1 and 11.89%. Yield of 4,674 kg ha-1 and protein content of 12.01% were ob-tained by substituting complete fertilizer with 1/3 urea (T6). The grain yield for T6 was significantly different from T2 for various reasons, including higher levels of available P, K, S, Zn, lower N-leaching and appropriate N-timing. NUE for T2, T3, T4, T5, and T6 was measured to be 8.8, 9.6, 7.3, 9.9, and 12.2 kg kg-1, respectively, and NARF were calculated to be 23.2, 25.3, 19.4, 26.3 and 31.6%, respectively. While the superiority of complete and SCU fertilizers over pre-plant urea has been proven, especially in the light-textured soils, it is highly recommended that the experiment be further tested and evaluated, since this practice has been increased the grain yield up to 12%, NUE up to 39 kg kg-1 and NARF up to 36% in comparison with the best wheat growers’ N-fertilization practice. Wheat Yield Complete fertilizer NUE and NARF Sulfur Coated Urea (SCU) Urea 2008 4 01 173 183 http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-3583-en.pdf
348-11631 2024-03-29 10.1002
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology JAST 1680-7073 2345-3737 10.22034/jast 2008 10 2 Forage Production of Eight Annual Medic Cultivars under Rainfed Conditions of Golestan Province M. A. Dorry Medics are native to semi-arid areas around the Mediterranean Sea and have long been used in degraded pastures in the region. Annual medics are now widely distributed throughout the world, largely in areas with mild, rainy winters and alkaline soils. This study was conducted at a site located in the north east of Golestan Province (55° 57´ E, 37° 48´ N), on a silty clay loam soil in 2002 and 2003. The experimental design was a random-ized complete block with four replications. Cultivars were seven annual medics (includ-ing: Medicago truncatula cv. Caliph, Mogul; M. scutellata cv. Sava, Robinson; M. poly-morpha cv. Spineless; M. litoralis cv. Herald; M. sphaerocarpas cv. Orion) in addition to the indigenous annual medic M. minima. Results showed significant differences among cultivars (P<0.01) in terms of forage and protein production. Average forage production ranged between 216 kg ha-1 in the first year and 1,179 kg ha-1 in the second year. Average seed production ranged between 26 kg ha-1 in the first year and 890 kg ha-1 in the second year. The amount of protein production per unit was very low in some cultivars for both years. The results of this experiment suggest that Robinson and Sava might be recom-mended for cultivation in the region. Annual Medic Forage production Golestan Province 2008 4 01 185 190 http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-11631-en.pdf