Tarbiat Modares University
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
1680-7073
16
7
2014
11
1
Citrus Marketing Channel Strategy and Its Determinants in Mazandaran Province of Iran: An Application of Nested Logit Model
1469
1479
EN
S. M.
Mojaverian
Department of Economics, Sari University of Agriculture, Islamic Republic of Iran.
F.
Rasouli
Department of Agricultural Economics, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Sari, Islamic Republic of Iran.
S. A.
Hosseini-Yekani
Department of Agricultural Economics, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Sari, Islamic Republic of Iran.
One of the really important challenges facing agricultural producers is the choice of their product distribution channels. The present study is aimed at investigating the citrus marketing channel strategy and its determinants among citrus orchardists of Mazandaran using a Nested Logit model. Some two hundred and fifty two orchardists from 15 cities of Mazandaran were taken as the study samples. Four distribution channels and three nests were considered in determining the factors influencing the choice of marketing channel. Since the estimated structural parameter did satisfy the condition of lying between 0 and 1, the nested logit model was proved as appropriate for the intended application. The results indicated that the orchard distance from the nearest city, orchardist’s experience, sale time, marketing costs, the kind of product and the dominant marketing channel constitute the most important factors of distribution channel selection as regards the citrus producers in Mazandaran. According to the obtained results, by increase in the orchards’ distance from the nearest city, the producers' tendency to sell their products through channels of shorter distances from buyers also increases. Also, results revealed that the older the orchardist, the higher his/her degree of risk aversion. An estimation of binomial Logit Model for the second and third nests had consistent results regarding the marketing costs. As the marketing costs increases, the orchardist’s tendency to sell his/her products through other channels of a lower marketing cost will increase. Furthermore, results revealed that as the citrus price rises, the producers get further intended to sell their products in the market rather than selecting either the pre-sale method or selling their produce to the local dealers.
Tarbiat Modares University
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
1680-7073
16
7
2014
11
1
Prediction of Non-Wood Forest Products Trade Using Artificial Neural Networks
1481
1492
EN
I.
Yildirim
Depatmant of Forest Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Forestry, Karadeniz Technical Universty, P. O. Box: 61080, Trabzon, Turkey.
S.
Ozsahin
Departmant of Woodworking Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Forestry, Karadeniz Technical Universty, P. O. Box: 61080, Trabzon, Turkey.
O. T.
Okan
Depatmant of Forest Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Forestry, Karadeniz Technical Universty, P. O. Box: 61080, Trabzon, Turkey.
Wood and non-wood resources in the forests have occupied a very important place in human’s life, since the advent of history. And today, developing technology along with increasing needs enhance the importance of the other functions of forests, in parallel with wood production. Both in the world and as well in Turkey, one of the featured functions of forests is the production of Non-WoodForest Products (NWFP). Certain NWFPs are of high added value and are used in many such fields as food, pharmaceutics, and as well in cosmetics. It is emphatically essential to reveal the potential of these products by conducting studies. Vast contributions could be made to a country’s economy by increasing and utilizing these potentials. With this study, it is intended to reveal the existing as well as the future return within a period of six years to the Turkish economy of NWFPs through a utilization of the foreign trade and production data of the gone years.
Tarbiat Modares University
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
1680-7073
16
7
2014
11
1
Positive Agricultural and Food Trade Model with Ad Valorem Tariffs
1481
1492
EN
S. H.
Mosavi
Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
Interest rate Ad valorem tariffs are considered as the most prominent trade tools extensively used in the framework of Spatial Equilibrium Models (SEMs) to analyze agricultural and food trade policies around the world. However the results obtained from such models have been criticized because of their inadequacy in producing any observed data within the base period. Hence a positive spatial and temporal trade model which incorporates ad valorem tariffs was developed throughout the ongoing study. The calibrated model helps researchers to perform a substantially flawless empirical trade study in the real world. A numerical example is finally presented at the end of the article to justify the findings of the model, and to compare welfare analysis of the calibrated vs. the uncalibrated model.
Tarbiat Modares University
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
1680-7073
16
7
2014
11
1
Morphometric and Molecular Variation in Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Populations on Onion and Tobacco in Iran
1505
1516
EN
L.
Fekrat
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Islamic Republic of Iran.
S.
Manzari
Insect Taxonomy Research Department, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, P. O. Box: 1454, Tehran 19395, Islamic Republic of Iran.
P.
Shishehbor
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Islamic Republic of Iran.
Onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman, is a broadly distributed pest that attacks a wide range of crops. To investigate the intra-specific morphometric variation and the genetic diversity of the species in Iran, four populations from tobacco plus 18 populations from onion were studied in some 17 provinces of Iran. Morphological analysis, using principal components and canonical discriminant analyses indicated that the populations living on tobacco were significantly different from those living on onion. DNA sequence data for the COI gene was obtained for all the populations including some other 21 population sequences retrieved from the GenBank database. Maximum parsimony analyses revealed the distinct clades of T. tabaci on tobacco and on onion with the exception of one population collected from tobacco grown in Golestan Province. The results were identical for maximum likelihood and neighbor-joining analyses. Both molecular and morphometric analyses show heterogenecity of T. tabaci populations representing at least two different biotypes on tobacco and on onion.
Tarbiat Modares University
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
1680-7073
16
7
2014
11
1
Repeatability of Aggressiveness against Con-and Heterospecific Prey in the Predatory Mite Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae)
1517
1528
EN
F.
Borji
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
H.
Rahmani
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
P.
Schausberger
Group of Arthropod Ecology and Behavior, Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter Jordan Strasse 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
Repeatability, (the consistency with which a given trait is expressed) of aggressiveness against prey (attack latency) in gravid females of the predatory mite Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) was examined. In two experiments, prey - conspecific individuals, the onion thrips Thrips tabaci (Lindeman), and the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch- were repeatedly offered in various no-choice vs. choice situations. Throughout the first experiment, the predators were offered conspecific larvae twice, alone and then together with Te. urticae. In a second experiment, the predators were alternately offered Te. urticae and Th. tabaci within choice vs. no-choice situations. Latency to the first successful attack (resulting in death and consumption of prey) was recorded as aggressiveness. In the first experiment, Pearson’s r indicated that the predators were consistent in aggressiveness against conspecific prey. Additionally, latency to attack conspecific larvae and Te. urticae were strongly correlated when the former were offered alone and the latter offered together with conspecific larvae. In the second experiment, aggressiveness against spider mites and thrips was inconsistent, non-repeatable and varied among contexts. However, Te. urticae was attacked more quickly when offered second, following the first prey Th. tabaci than when offered as the first prey. Both experiments, in concert, suggest that the level of behavioral consistency of N. californicus in aggressiveness against prey is strongly context-dependent. Further in-depth studies are needed to determine which foraging traits, (and why and under what circumstances) are more repeatable than others.
Tarbiat Modares University
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
1680-7073
16
7
2014
11
1
Views of Extension Personnel on Extension Methods and Transition to Private Extension: The Case of Isparta Province
1529
1541
EN
H.
Celik Ates
Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey.
Z.
Gokce Cakal
Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey.
Criticism of public extension services has resulted in various countries seeking alternative approaches for provision of these services. In all these approaches, extension personnel are the key factors to the success of the implementation. Today, agricultural extension services in Turkey bear the responsibility of the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock. A number of non-public extension activities, on a very small scale, and in limited regions are being administered by various entities. The present study aims at determining the extension methods used by extension personnel in practice along with their views and evaluations of extension systems (public-private). A number of 103 extension personnel were contacted and then included in the survey. Absolute and proportional distribution, independence test (Chi-square) and Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) were employed to analyze data obtained from the received questionnaires. It was observed that mostly individual and group extension methods were used, with young personnel preferring the individual method, while the others preferring the group model. Although 54.37% of the extension personnel in Isparta believed that extension services should be privatized, 32.14% were of the belief that extension should continue as a public service.
Tarbiat Modares University
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
1680-7073
16
7
2014
11
1
Effect of Some Plant Essential Oils on In vitro Ruminal Methane Production and on Fermentation Characteristics of a Mid-forage Diet
1543
1554
EN
H.
Jahani-Azizabadi
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P. O. Box: 91775-1163, Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran.
M.
Danesh Mesgaran
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P. O. Box: 91775-1163, Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran.
A.
Vakili
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, P. O. Box: 91775-1163, Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran.
K.
Rezayazdi
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of different doses of some 7 natural semi-arid medicinal plants’ essential oils on in vitro ruminal digestion and fermentation patterns of a mid-forage (alfalfa hay: concentrates, 1:1) diet. Treatments consisted of either basal diet alone (control) or added with 35, 70, 140 or 280 µl L-1 of coriander, oregano, caraway, cumin, cinnamon, pistachio hull and thyme essential oils, incubated for 24 hours at 38.7ºC. The essential oils of cinnamon and pistachio applied as 280 µl L-1 and thyme applied at 140 and 280 µl L-1 caused a decrease in DM disappearance as compared with control. Thyme and pistachio essential oils (used at 280 µl L-1) resulted in a decrease of NDF disappearance, while caraway (70 µl L-1) and cumin (140 µl L-1) resulted in an increase in it (14.8% and +18.2%, respectively). Relative to control, the essential oils applied, did not significantly affect the medium N-NH3 concentration (except thyme at 140 and 280 µl L-1), pH (except thyme and cumin essential oils, 6.41 and 6.22 vs. 6.3, respectively), gas produced (except thyme at 280 µl L-1) and Feed Fermentation Efficiency (FFE). Relative to control, addition of all the essential oils resulted in a decrease of CP disappearance and CH4 (except for cumin) production as Mm-1 incubated. Findings revealed that these essential oils may allow manipulation of rumen microbial fermentation.
Tarbiat Modares University
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
1680-7073
16
7
2014
11
1
Use of the Outdoor Range and Activities of Rhode Island Red Hens Grazing on Natural Vegetation in the Tropics
1555
1563
EN
F. M. K.
Abouelezz
Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Yucatan (UADY), Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
L.
Sarmiento-Franco
Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Yucatan (UADY), Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
R.
Santos-Ricalde
Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Yucatan (UADY), Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
J.
Segura-Correa
Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Yucatan (UADY), Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
The aim of this study was to investigate the range utilization of Rhode Island Red hens, grazing outdoor (under tropical conditions) and to scan their activities inside the house as well as during their outdoor visits. The activities of RIR hens, raised in indoor floor pens connected with outdoor areas covered with natural vegetation, were scanned and recorded individually within 15 minute intervals between 08:00 and 17:00 hours (37 scans a day) for a duration of twelve weeks. The results revealed that, 40.5% of the hens were observed to be on the range at each scanning time; where they engaged their outdoor visits in foraging (11.4%), exploring (8.62%), roaming (6.1%), standing (3.5%), primping (5.6%) and resting (5.4%). Besides, the utilization of the closest part of the range to the house was significantly the highest in comparison with the middle and farthest parts (73.0 vs. 24.9 and 2.1%, respectively), and the highest (P< 0.05) average utilization of the range was recorded during the early day hours, versus the midday and late day hours. In total, 24 meters apart from the house forms the most adequate distance for free range RIR hens while longer distances would rarely be visited. The grazing RIR hens (in the tropics) utilized the outdoor area effectively and performed natural behavior.
Tarbiat Modares University
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
1680-7073
16
7
2014
11
1
The Physiological Changes, Growth Performance and Whole Body Composition of Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio Fed on Diet Containing Wood Betony, Stachys lavandulifolia Extract
1565
1574
EN
S.
Bahrami Babaheydari
Department of Natural Resources, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran.
S.
Dorafshan
Department of Natural Resources, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran.
F.
Paykan Heyrati
Department of Natural Resources, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran.
N.
Mahboobi Soofiani
Department of Natural Resources, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran.
M. R.
Vahabi
Department of Natural Resources, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
The Effect of different levels of Wood Betony (WB), Stachys lavandulifolia extract, as complement in feed, on the performance of common carp, Cyprinus carpio was evaluated. The fish (44±0.62 g) was assigned to four treatments, three replicates each. The fish was fed on normal diet with no WB (control) vs. diet containing 2, 4 and 8% of WB extract. Fish were successively fed on the diet, 2% live body weight, three daily for 70 days. The results revealed that final weight, mean weight gain and specific growth rate were significantly improved by increasing WBlevels in the diet. The highest growth performance and the lowest feed conversion ratio were recorded for 8%WBtreatment. No significant changes were observed in the proximate whole body composition among different groups. Hemoglobin content and hematocrit value increased significantly in the second group in comparison with the others (P< 0.05). The highest serum total protein (5.05±1.4 g dl-1) and globulin (2.47±0.3 g dl-1) were recorded in the fish fed on the highest dose of WB (8%). Inclusion of 2% of WB in the diet reduced serum triglycerides (317.44±89 mg dl-1) and cholesterol (141.51±35 mg dl-1) in comparison with control (P< 0.05). It could be concluded that feeding common carp with the diet enriched with WB extract could enhance growth rate, improve some hematological and biochemical characteristics with no adverse effects on body composition.
Tarbiat Modares University
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
1680-7073
16
7
2014
11
1
Antioxidant Properties of Individual vs. Combined Extracts of Rosemary Leaves and Oak Fruit
1575
1586
EN
E.
Ranjbar Nedamani
Department of food Science & Technology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources
A.
Sadeghi Mahoonak
Department of food Scienca & Technology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources
M.
Ghorbani
Dept. of Food Science & Technology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources
M.
Kashaninejad
Dept. of Food Science & Technology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources
The aim followed in the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of individual vs. combined extracts of rosemary leaves and oak fruit to detect the possible interactions in their antioxidant activity following combination and in order to find a way to use oak fruit natural antioxidants as an available massive source in Iran. Towards this end, methanolic extracts of rosemary and oak fruit were prepared and antioxidant activity of individual vs. combined extracts evaluated through 2,2-Di Phenyl-1-Picryl Hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, Total AntiOxidant Capacity (TAOC), reducing power assays as well as peroxide value measurement in soybean oil. Rosemary extract revealed a significantly (P< 0.05) higher antioxidant activity than the extract of oak and than the synthetic antioxidant BHT taken as standard. In combined samples, all the three kinds of interactions were observed namely: as additive effect at 50 and 150 µg ml-1 in DPPH assay, synergistic effect at 150 and 200 µg ml-1 in total antioxidant capacity assay and antagonistic effect in the process of peroxide value measurement in soybean oil. In the peroxide value measurement assay, antioxidant activity of the combined extract was significantly (P< 0.05) higher than those of the individual extracts and that of BHT. Thus, the combined extracts of oak and rosemary can be used as natural sources’ to replace such synthetic antioxidants as BHT to either alleviate or prevent the oxidation process in vegetable oils.
Tarbiat Modares University
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
1680-7073
16
7
2014
11
1
β-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin Hydrolysates as Sources of Antibacterial Peptides
1587
1600
EN
M.
Sedaghati
Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
H.
Ezzatpanah
Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 14515.775, Iran.
M.
Mashhadi Akbar Boojar
Department of Biochemistry, University of Kharazmi, Tehran, Iran
M.
Tajabadi Ebrahimi
Department of Science, Faculty of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Central Branch, Iran
The presence of antibacterial activity in bovine β-lactoglobulin and in α-lactalbumin hydrolysates was investigated. The Plasmin-Digest of β-lactoglobulin (PDβ) and of α-lactalbumin (PDα) were fractionated, using reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. The antibacterial activity of β-lactoglobulin, α-lactalbumin, nisin, plasmin, PDβ and PDα were in vitro tested against pathogenic (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) and probiotic (Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus acidophilus) bacteria. Although α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin and plasmin exhibited no antibacterial activity, PDβ, PDα and nisin revealed antibacterial activity against the bacteria tested. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of these compounds was determined for the bacteria cultures. Similar to nisin, the MIC of PDβ and of PDα against Gram-positive bacteria was recorded as considerably lower than the MICs against Gram-negative bacteria. The study also evaluated the effect of PDβ, PDα and nisin on the growth curves and on the plate count confirmations of the target bacteria. The results revealed that nisin, PDβ and PDα have inhibitory effects on the lag phase, maximum OD620 and on plate count confirmation of the bacteria tested. The maximum inhibitory effect of these compounds was created during the log phase. Their inhibitory effects depended upon their concentrations, higher concentration causing stronger antibacterial activity. The PDβ and PDα proved more active against Gram-negative bacteria than did nisin, but nisin revealed substantial inhibitory activity against Gram-positive bacteria.
Tarbiat Modares University
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
1680-7073
16
7
2014
11
1
Comparison of Phenolic Compounds’ Content and Antioxidant Activity between Some Native Iranian Apples and Standard Cultivar 'Gala'
1601
1611
EN
Sh.
Faramarzi
Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, 14115-336 Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
A.
Yadollahi
Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, 14115-336 Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
M.
Barzegar
Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
K.
Sadraei
Shahid Rajaei School of Agriculture, Damavand, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
S.
Pacifico
Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples, Italy.
T.
Jemric
Department of Pomology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
To determine the phenolic content and antioxidant activity in some native Iranian apple cultivars, some five cultivars namely: 'Bekran', 'Golab-e Kermanshah', 'Golab-e Kohanz' 'Golab-e Sheikhi' and 'Atlasi' were selected and compared with the standard cultivar 'Gala'. The profiles related to four phenolic compounds (chlorogenic acid, quercetin-3-galactoside, catechin, and phloridzin) were determined through HPLC for flesh and flesh+peel of the studied cultivars. Total Phenolic Content (TPC) through Folin-ciocalteu, and antioxidant activity applying DPPH radical (IC50) were also evaluated for flesh vs. flesh+peel for each cultivar. The results of HPLC analysis revealed that catechin constituted the main phenolic compound of flesh and as well the flesh+peel in all the studied cultivars. The highest catechin concentrations in flesh+peel and in flesh were detected in 'Golab-e Kermanshah' (4,064.37 ug g-1 FW) and 'Bekran' (2,315.92 ug g-1 FW), recpectively. The second high concentration phenolic compound was quercetin-3 galactoside, with 'Atlasi' containing the highest content (833.96 ug g-1 FW). A high level of chlorogenic acid was detected in 'Golab-e Sheikhi' (276.106 ug. g-1 FW). The highest level of Total Phenolic Index (TPI) was observed in 'Golab-e Kermanshah' (4392.81ug g-1 FW). The highest TPCs were detected in 'Golab-e Kermanshah' and 'Atlasi'. Phenolic compounds were found as less abundant in the flesh than in the flesh+peel. The scavenging activity of DPPH radical (IC50) revealed a higher antioxidant effect in flesh+peel than in (only) flesh. It can be concluded that in comparison with 'Gala', native Iranian cultivars contained higher concentrations of phenolic compounds, making them appropriate for use in breeding and being reintroduced into the production cycle. Also, it was revealed that whole fruit (flesh+peel) provides phytochemicals in levels far greater than the amounts provided by the fruit’s (only) flesh.
Tarbiat Modares University
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
1680-7073
16
7
2014
11
1
Incidence of Patulin in Apple Juices Produced in West Azerbayjan Province, Iran
1613
1622
EN
Sh.
Forouzan
Food & Hygiene Control Laboratory, Deputy for Food & Drug, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
A.
Madadlou
Department of Food Science, Technology and Engineering, University College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karadj, Iran
Food safety is a global concern due to an increasing awareness of consumers concerning exposure of foods to chemicals and contamination with such hazardous biochemicals as dioxins, mycotoxins, pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, drugs and hormones. Patulin is one of the most injurious mycotoxins produced by a variety of molds, particularly Aspergillus and Penicillium species. Based on valid international standards, a maximum permitted level of patulin is 50 µg L-1 in fruit products. In the present study, patulin content of seventy two apple juice samples from West Azerbayjan Province of Iran was determined through High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Results revealed the contamination of all the analyzed samples with toxin at a mean content of 48.64 µg L-1. Almost 29% of samples were contaminated with a dose more than 50 µg L-1 of patulin. Implementation of appropriate agricultural, as well as, technical practices in apple juice preparation factories of the region is recommended, in order to decrease the contamination level and its deleterious risks.
Tarbiat Modares University
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
1680-7073
16
7
2014
11
1
Production of Butter Incorporated with Hazelnut Powder
1623
1632
EN
Sh.
Emami
Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran.
S.
Azadmard-Damirchi
Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
J.
Hesari
Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran.
S. H.
Peighambardoust
Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran.
Y.
Ramezani
Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran.
M.
Nemati
Department of Pharmacognosy and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran.
M.
Esmaili
Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Urmia, Urmia, slamic Republic of Iran.
S. A.
Rafat
Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran.
World consumption of butter has declined over the last decades partly due to its physical limitations and partly due to its poor nutritionalproperties. In this study, the effect of hazelnut addition on the properties of butter, was evaluated taking into account that hazelnut is a source of unsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants. Powdered hazelnut was added to butter at 3 levels (10, 20 and 30 percent w/w). The butter samples were then kept in refrigerator for 4 weeks. The acid and peroxide values, oxidative stability, fatty acid profile, tocopherol content as well as sensory characteristics of hazelnut added butter samples were determined and compared with those of control as during cold storage. Results revealed that hazelnut fortified butter samples bore higher acid values vs. lower peroxide value, as well as oxidative stability values than the control samples. Both acid values, and peroxide values increased in all the samples throughout storage. The concentration of unsaturated fatty acids, including essential fatty acids were recorded as significantly higher (P< 0.05) in the fortified butter samples. The contents of α- and γ,β-tocopherol were also higher for the fortified samples, however, their levels especially the level of α-tocopherol, decreased during storage. Sensory evaluation showed no significant difference (P> 0.05) between fortified vs. control samples in terms of either the overall acceptance or any undesirable flavor characteristics. This study introduces a new functional dairy product that can be a step forward towards the modification of butter nutritional drawbacks through an increase in its essential fatty acids as well as antioxidant constituents.
Tarbiat Modares University
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
1680-7073
16
7
2014
11
1
A Comparison of Yield Potential and Cultivar Performance of 20 Collected Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) Accessions Employing Seeds vs. Stem Cuttings
1633
1648
EN
M. A.
Alam
Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, DE 43400, Malaysia.
A. S.
Juraimi
Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, DE 43400, Malaysia.
M. Y.
Rafii
Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, DE 43400, Malaysia.
A. Abdul
Hamid
Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, DE 43400, Malaysia.
F.
Aslani
Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, DE 43400, Malaysia.
G. M.
Mohsin
Chief Plant Breeder, Lal Teer Seed Limited (Bangladesh), Bashon, Gazipur, Bangladesh.
A glasshouse experiment was conducted in Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) to evaluate the regeneration and yield potential in purslane using both seeds and stem cuttings of 20 collected accessions from different locations in Western Peninsular Malaysia. Analysis results revealed significant variations (P< 0.05) for morphological traits viz., plant height, number of main branches, number of nodes, internodal distance, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, number of flowers, root length, fresh and dry weight but no significant difference were observed for physiological traits viz., total chlorophyll, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration, water vapor deficit and for either major micro or macro minerals. Hope our research findings will eliminate the doubt of using cutting methods for purslane propagation and cultivation among producers and consumers and will promote their determination to follow purslane production in this summer at any season and anywhere. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to evaluate and to detect any significant variations arising in morphological, physiological, and especially mineral nutrition in purslane propagated through cuttings vs. through seeds.
Tarbiat Modares University
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
1680-7073
16
7
2014
11
1
Flavonols and Flavones Changes in Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Fruit Peel during Fruit Development
1649
1659
EN
X.
Zhao
Nanjing Forestry University; Shandong Institute of Pomology
Z.
Yuan
Shandong Institute of Pomology
Y.
Fang
Nanjing Forestry University
Y.
Yin
Shandong Institute of Pomology
L.
Feng
Shandong Institute of Pomology
Four Chinese pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cultivars were analyzed for their individual flavonols and flavones (in fruit peel extracts) using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), with changes in flavonols and flavones as occurring during fruit development. The results revealed the presence of kaempferol, quercetin, myricetin, luteolin, and apigenin in all the four cultivars. In addition, the concentrations of flavonols were found out as always higher than those of the flavones in different cultivars and throughout the different fruit developmental phases. Kaempferol was the most prominent flavonol in Hongbaoshi, Lvbaoshi and Shuijingtian, while myricetin the major and dominant flavonol in Moshiliu. The pattern of kaempferol was similar to quercetin in each individual cultivar, but quite differing among the four cultivars. The level of luteolin was higher than that of apigenin in all the cultivars. During test course, similar change patterns for luteolin and apigenin were revealed in each individual cultivar. This is the first report regarding the flavonols and flavones concentration changes in pomegranate peel extracts. The results indicated that the changes in flavonols and flavones were significantly affected by cultivar and its developmental stages. Moshiliu proved to be an excellent pomegranate cultivar with rich flavonol contents. It can be further studied for its potential uses being more fully exploited.
Tarbiat Modares University
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
1680-7073
16
7
2014
11
1
Impact of Elevated Atmospheric CO2 Concentration on the Growth, and Yield in Two Potato Cultivars
1661
1670
EN
A.
Aien
Agricultural Research Center of Jiroft and Kahnooj, Jiroft, Iran
M.
Pal
Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI)
S.
Khetarpal
Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI)
S.
Kumar Pandey
Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI)
Concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is likely to increase up to 550 µmol mol-1 by the middle of 21st century. Such an increase in the atmospheric CO2 would affect plant growth, and as well the productivity of crop plants. A field experiment was conducted with two potato cultivars namely Kufri Surya and Kufri Chipsona-3 grown inside Open Top Chambers (OTCs) at ambient (385±30 µmol mol-1) vs. elevated CO2 (570±50 µmol mol-1) levels during rabi (winter) season of the year 2009-2010. The photosynthetic rate significantly increased in both cultivars when under high CO2 concentration, with the enhancement being more in Kufri Chipsona-3 than in Kufri Surya. There were significantly increased accumulations of reducing, non-reducing and total sugars observed in the leaves of both cultivars as due to CO2 enrichment. Crop Growth Rate (CGR) and Tuber Growth Rate (TGR), in both cultivars, were recorded higher in plants grown under elevated CO2 as compared with the ambient CO2 content. High CO2 increased the partitioning of dry matter towards the tubers at all the harvesting stages. Potato plants grown under elevated CO2 exhibited increased tuber yield due to the enhanced number of tubers per plant. At the final harvest, total tuber fresh weight was by 36% higher, under high CO2 treatments, as compared with that in the ambient. The response of K. Chipsona-3 was more pronounced, to elevated CO2 concentration, as compared with K. Surya. It is concluded that rising atmospheric CO2 in the future climatic change scenario may be beneficial to such tuber crops like potato to enhance growth as well as tuber number and finally yield.
Tarbiat Modares University
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
1680-7073
16
7
2014
11
1
The Effect of Micronutrients (B, Zn and Fe) Foliar Application on the Growth, Flowering and Corm Production of Gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) in Calcareous Soils
1671
1682
EN
S.
Fahad
Department of Horticulture, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.
Kh.
Masoud Ahmad
Department of Horticulture, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.
M.
Akbar Anjum
Department of Horticulture, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.
S.
Hussain
Department of Horticulture, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.
Gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) is one of the most widely cultivated, economically important and common flowering plants worldwide including Pakistan. However, its yield of flower is quite low when grown under agro-climatic conditions of Multan. A field experiment was conducted at the Experimental Area, Department of Horticulture, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan (Pakistan), during 2010-2012 to investigate the effect of micronutrients (B, Zn and Fe) on growth, flower yield and quality of gladiolus cv. Traderhorn. Eight treatments comprised of either each micronutrient alone or a combination of Fe, B and Zn were applied. Corms were planted within the first week of November 2010, and 2011 on 60 cm apart ridges with 20 cm distance allowed within rows. Twenty corms were planted in each treatment, of three replicates. Micronutrient sprays were applied at 30 and 60 Days After Planting (DAP). Application of the micronutrients significantly increased plant height, leaf chlorophyll content, flower stalk length, flower fresh weight, spike length, florets per spike, florets’ fresh weight and diameter, flower vase-life, flower diameter as well as fresh weight of corms. Leaf number and days to spike emergence were only influenced by a combined application of all the three micronutrients. Among the micronutrient treatments, the treatment containing FeSO4.7H2O, H3BO3 and ZnSO4.7H2O (all at 2% level) performed the best for all the parameters except for number of corm per plant, which was not affected significantly by the foliar application of the micronutrients.
Tarbiat Modares University
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
1680-7073
16
7
2014
11
1
Observations on the Cytology and Karyogram of an Onobrychis viciifolia Scop. New Variety in Callus, In vivo and In vitro Cultures
1683
1698
EN
S.
Mohajer
Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
R. M.
Taha
Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Genus Onobrychis is an important forage crop consisting of approximately 130 annual and perennial species. The present research focused on the cytological studies of Embryogenic (E) and Non-Embryogenic (NE) callus as well as root meristem cells of in vitro and in vivo grown plants. On the contrary to the previous studies, a diploid viciifolia variety with 2n= 2x= 16 chromosomes was observed for the first time in Onobrychis viciifolia ScopSyn. Onobrychis sativa L. Mitotic division was in general regular for all the growth conditions, but some such division irregularities as cytomixis, binucleate cells, micronucleus, asynchronous nucleus and chromosome bridge were also observed particularly in non-embryogenic callus samples. Ratio of nuclear to cell area of callus was slightly less than those in in vivo and in vitro values. Polyploidy level of DNA (C-value) was only indicated in callus. G1 had the highest percentage of nucleus among different stages of the interphase in in vitro and in vivo growth cultures. Karyotypic formula was 10 m+6 sm and a secondary constriction was distinguished in the short arm of the second pair chromosomes. Ultimately, scanning electron microscopy was employed to differentiate between root cells of the in vitro and in vivo growth systems.
Tarbiat Modares University
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
1680-7073
16
7
2014
11
1
Relationship between Soil Properties and Abundance of Tylenchulus semipenetrans in Citrus Orchards, Kohgilouyeh va Boyerahmad Province
1699
1710
EN
A.
Salahi Ardakani
Head of Department of Plant Protection
Agricultural and natural resources research center
Kogyloyeh and Boyreahmad province
Z.
Tanha Mafi
Department of nematology, Iranian research institute of plant protection
A.
Mokaram
Afagh Gheyr-e-entefayi University of Urmia, Iran
E.
Mohammadi Goltapeh
Department of Plant Pathology and Mycology,college of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran
To understand the relationship between natural physicochemical properties of soil and abundance of citrus root nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans), a survey was conducted during 2009-2010 in some 37 citrus orchards, in Kohgilouyeh va Boyerahmad Province, Iran. Distribution of the citrus nematode was determined by collecting random samples from the soil and citrus plant roots, extracting and enumerating the number of second stage juveniles, males/100 g of soil and females/5 g of root. The relationships between nematode population, and the factors of: organic matter content, Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), organic carbon, Calcium Carbonate, soil texture, Electrical Conductivity (EC) and pH were determined. Increase in nematode population density was observed by increasing soil saturation percentage (up to 43%), and by an increase in soil silt, sand, P, K and organic carbon, but by an increase in soil salinity, Calcium Carbonate, total Nitrogen and the amount of clay in soil, the nematode population decreased. Maximum nematode population density was recorded in a loamy soil texture. The most suitable soil pH for nematode activity was found almost seven while either an increase or decrease in soil pH, resulted in a decrease in nematode population. The number of second stage juveniles ranged from 58 to 2,730/100 g of soil while females were present by 11 to 331 individuals/g of root respectively. About 62% of the studied orchards were infested with T. semipenetrans.
Tarbiat Modares University
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
1680-7073
16
7
2014
11
1
Risk Assessment of Vegetation Degradation Using GIS
1711
1722
EN
M.
Masoudi
Department of Natural Resources and Environment, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Islamic Republic of Iran.
The entire land in the Southern Iran faces problems arising out of various types of land degradation, of which the vegetation type forms one of the major ones. The Payab basin (522,470 ha), which covers the lower reaches of Mond River, was chosen for a test risk assessment of this type. The different kinds of data for indicators of vegetation degradation were taken from the records and published reports of Iran governmental offices. A new model was developed for assessing the risk of vegetation degradation. Taking into consideration nine indicators of vegetation degradation, the model identifies areas with ‘Potential Risk’ (risky zones) and areas of ‘Actual Risk’ projecting the probability of the worse degradation in future. The preparation of risk maps, based on the GIS analysis of these indicators will be helpful for prioritizing the areas to initiate remedial measures. A hazard map for each indicator was first prepared in GIS by fixing the thresholds of severity classes of the indicators. The risk classes were defined on the basis of risk scores arrived at by assigning the appropriate attributes to the indicators and the risk map prepared by overlaying some nine hazard maps in the GIS. Areas under actual risk were found to be widespread (93%) in the basin and when the risk map classified into subclasses of potential risk with different probability levels the model would project a statistical picture of the risk of vegetation degradation.