Tarbiat Modares University
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
1680-7073
2345-3737
2
3
2000
7
1
Variation in Virus Content Among Individual Leaves and Roots of Barley and Wheat Infected with a BYDV-PAV Isolate
151
160
EN
S. E.
Sadeghi
Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Plant Protection Division, P.O.Box 13185-116, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
Y
C. A.
Dedryver
INRA, Laboratoire de Zoologie, Domaine de la Motte, 35653 Le Rheu, France
N
G.
Riault
INRA, Laboratoire de Zoologie, Domaine de la Motte, 35653 Le Rheu, France
N
S.
Tanguy
INRA, Laboratoire de Zoologie, Domaine de la Motte, 35653 Le Rheu, France
N
ELISA values (O.D.s) of extracts of separately roots and individual leaves of barley and wheat plants infected by a French BYDV-PAV isolate (PAV-4), were assessed for five dif-ferent virus incubation periods in controlled conditions (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 days after in-oculation). In most cases, virus contents of individual roots or leaves were not statistically different for barley and wheat. For both plant species, ELISA values peaked sooner in roots than in leaves and in most harvesting dates were higher in roots. The old leaf had a significantly lower virus titre than other leaves. Upper leaves exhibited the highest ELISA values. These results indicate that the upper part of infected plants is the most suitable for virus acquisition by aphids. A scheme for BYDV-PAV spread in young plants is proposed, and compared to the distribution of vectors on the plants.
Wheat,Barley,Leaf,Root,BYDV-PAV,Rhopalosiphum padi
http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-7817-en.html
http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-7817-en.pdf
Tarbiat Modares University
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
1680-7073
2345-3737
2
3
2000
7
1
Toxic Effects of Malathion and Endosulfan on Chick Embryo
161
166
EN
A. A.
Pourmirza
Department of Plant Protection, Urmia University, Urmia, Islamic Republic of Iran.
Y
Toxic effects of malathion and endosulfan to fertile chicken eggs were determined. In-jection of 1.25, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/egg of malathion into yolk sac of fertile eggs prior to incubation caused mortality of 10.0, 30.0, 83.33 and 93.33% respectively. Similar trend was observed with injection of endosulfan doses. Malathion and endosulfan at 1.25 mg/egg caused no pronounced LD50 increase in mortality as compared to control groups. The LD50 values for these insecticides proved malathion to be more toxic than endosulf- an. The hypothesis that the dose response of viable embryo fitted a linear regression line was statistically acceptable. Combination of malathion and endosulfan increased the mor-tality rate as compared with either one alone. With either compound, an increased dose generally resulted in a decrease in embryonic body weight.
Fertile chicken egg,Insecticides,Lethal effect
http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-978-en.html
http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-978-en.pdf
Tarbiat Modares University
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
1680-7073
2345-3737
2
3
2000
7
1
An Acetocarmine Staining Procedure for Chromosome Banding Studies of Immature Pollen in Triticeae
167
175
EN
A.
Arzani
Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan-84156, Islamic Republic of Iran.
Y
M.
Poursiahbidi
Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan-84156, Islamic Republic of Iran.
N
E.
Mortazavi
Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan-84156, Islamic Republic of Iran.
N
Studies of postmeiotic chromosomes have been impeded by the thick exine of immature pollen grains. Chromosome staining of immature and adult pollen grains through conven-tional acetocarmine procedure is tedious and often leads to unsatisfactory results. An acetocarmine stain, used in conjugation with Carnoy’s solution as fixative for 72 hrs or until the chlorophyll-containing tissues of spike became colorless, were successfully used to stain chromosome bands and nucleoli of the immature pollen grain in Aegilops cylin-drica. Mitosis of immature pollen exhibited several remarkable features, one being the distinguishable haploid chromosome set of immature pollen. Only one of two nucleolus organizer regions of Ae. cylindrica produced nucleolus at the prophase of first pollen mi-tosis. An acetocarmine-banded karyotype with only minor variations in the acetocarmine-banding pattern was revealed within and between plants of the accession of Ae. cylindrica. Some of banding patterns in the chromosome complement was identical to marker C-bands or accession-specific bands in corresponding genome in Ae. caudata (CC) or Ae. squarrosa (DD). The reliability of the acetocarmine banding for Triticeae chromosome identification is discussed.
Acetocarmine,Immature pollen mitosis,Chromosome banding,Aegilops cylindrica
http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-7077-en.html
http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-7077-en.pdf
Tarbiat Modares University
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
1680-7073
2345-3737
2
3
2000
7
1
Can Tritipyrum, a New Salt Tolerant Potential Amphiploid,
Be a Successful Cereal Like Triticale?
177
195
EN
H. S.
Hassani
Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Islamic
Republic of Iran.
Y
I. P.
King
Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, SY23 3EB, U.K.
N
S. M.
Reader
John Innes Center, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UH, U.K.
N
P. D. S.
Caligari
School of Plant Science, Department of Agricultural Botany, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading,
RG6 6AS, U.K.
N
T. E.
Miller
John Innes Center, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UH, U.K.
N
Soil affected by salt (NaCl) is a major problem worldwide and in areas with potential
agriculture; lands in many countries are not enough to support crop production. The development
of salt tolerant cultivars would be enhanced by better understanding of the genetic
control of tolerance to salt stress. A new cereal, tritipyrum, a range of amphiploids
between Triticum spp. and Thinopyrum spp. offers such a new chance. Those with the 6x
construction (2n=6x=42, AABBEbEb) derived from Triticum durum (2n=4x=28, AABB)
and Thinopyrum bessarabicum (2n=2x=14, EbEb) are of the potential to become a new high
salt tolerant cereal crop. Tritipyrum is prone to problems similar to those exhibited by
early triticales, e.g. chromosome instability and low fertility, which in that crop were eventually
overcome by breeding. Other problems could be overcome through substitution of
Eb genome chromosomes by D genome ones, and the feasibility of this has been assessed in
the progenies of (6x tritipyrum) x (6x wheat) hybrids with the aid of fluorescent in situ
hybridization (FISH). The cytological, morphological and agronomic studies of existing
tritipyrum lines, including the effect of vernalization, were carried out, too. A novel multiple-
pistil/seed characteristic of one original tritipyrum line has also been investigated
and its genetic basis established. The results have shown that, first creation of substituted
lines is feasible, and thus it could be a route for the elimination of undesirable traits. Second,
improvement should be possible via selection for chromosomally stable lines, with increased
fertility and yield. Third, it may also be possible to exploit the perennial habit and
multi-tillering traits in a dual-purpose forage/grain crop. Fourth, the multiple-pistil/seed
trait may be controlled by two recessive genes. Fifth, there is a high probability of having
established the seven possible monosomic additions of Th. bessarabicum to T.durum for
the first time.
Amphiploid,Tritipyrum,Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH),Multiplepistil/
seed,Triticum durum,Thinopyrum bessarabicum,Salt tolerance
http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-6258-en.html
http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-6258-en.pdf
Tarbiat Modares University
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
1680-7073
2345-3737
2
3
2000
7
1
Reclamation of a Sandy Desert Through Floodwater
Spreading: II. Characterization of Clay Minerals in
the Watershed and the Freshly-Laid Sediment
197
206
EN
S. K.
Mirnia
Tarbiat Modarres University, P.O. Box 14155-4838, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
N
S. A.
Kowsar
Fars Research Center for Natural Resources and Animal Husbandry, P.O. Box 71365-458, Shiraz, Islamic
Republic of Iran.
Y
The artificial recharge of groundwater (ARG), where practicable, is an easy and economical
method for desertification control in the arid and semi-arid zones where overpumping
has critically lowered the watertable. Although desiltation of floodwaters, which
is a prerequisite for the ARG, leads to rehabilitation of the eroded sites that house the
sedimentation basins (SBs), the gradual impermeability of these basins and infiltration
ponds by migrating phyllosilicates shortens the economic life of such projects. Therefore,
characterization of these minerals is necessary if treatments for their removal are to be
found. As soil erosion in the watershed that supplies the ARG systems with floodwater deteriorates
the land, and threatens the recharge facilities and other hydraulic structures
downstream with siltation, identification of the erosion source facilitates prioritization of
soil conservation activities. Clay mineralogical analysis has been developed in recent years
as a powerful tool in sediment source attribution. However, applicability of such methods
to cases in Iran requires regional studies. Sediment samples were collected at 0-10,10-20,
and 20-30 cm increments on two transects in the 1st, 4th and 6th SBs in a Gareh Bygone
Plain ARG system. Rock samples were collected on the southern flank of the Bisheh Zard
Basin that supplies floodwater to the ARG systems. All samples were characterized by the
XRD method. Transmission--electron micrograph (TEM) of one sample was also obtained.
Chlorite, mica, smectite, and possibly kaolinite were detected in all samples. The
presence of palygorskite was revealed only in a TEM. The non - clay minerals were calcite,
dolomite, alkali and plagioclase feldspars, gypsum, halite and quartz. The common origin
of these inherited clay minerals precludes their utility in sediment source detection.
Erosion,sedimentation,The Agha Jari Formation,Aquifer Management,Gareh Bygone Plain
http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-5827-en.html
http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-5827-en.pdf
Tarbiat Modares University
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
1680-7073
2345-3737
2
3
2000
7
1
The Effects of Sowing Rate, Defoliation Intensity and Time of
Defoliation Commencement on Vegetative and Reproductive
Growth of Medic Swards
207
216
EN
M. R.
Chaichi
Agronomy Department, College of Agriculture, Tehran University, Islamic Republic of Iran
Y
P. G.
Tow
Department of Agronomy and Farming Systems, College of Agriculture, The University of Adelaide,
Adelaide, Australia.
N
To obtain detailed information of sowing density and defoliation intensity under more
controlled conditions on herbage production and seed yield, Paraggio medic was grown
on raised-beds located outdoors at the Waite Agricultural Research Institute. A split split
randomised block design was used. Treatments comprised three sowing rates (densities):
Low (3 kg/ha), Medium (15 kg/ha) and High (75 kg/ha) (based on pure germinating seed
which gave 75, 375 and 1875 seedlings/m2 respectively); four defoliation intensities: Control
(undefoliated), Low (6 cm from ground level), Medium (4 cm) and High (2 cm) to
simulate different grazing pressures and two defoliation systems of continuous (defoliation
from June 1) and deferred (defoliation from June 29). The total combination for
experimental blocks was:Main plots, defoliation systems (2) x Sub plots. sowing densities
(3) x Sub-sub plots defoliation intensities (4) x Blocks (4) = 96 micro plots.The continuous
defoliation system produced significantly higher (P<0.05) available forage as well as total
pasture production (P<0.05) than the deferred. High sowing rate increased (P<0.01) forage
availability and total pasture production. Medium and high defoliation intensities
significantly (P<0.01) reduced available forage and total pasture production in the deferred
defoliation system. Seed production was adversely affected by defoliation intensity.
Forage production,Medic,Sowing rate,Defoliation,Seed production
http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-4873-en.html
http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-4873-en.pdf
Tarbiat Modares University
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
1680-7073
2345-3737
2
3
2000
7
1
Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy of Raw and
Heated Veal Semimembranosus Muscle
217
214
EN
M. S.
Yarmand
Department of Food Science and Technoloy, Faculty of Agriclture, University of Tehran, Islamic Republic
of Iran.
Y
P. A.
Baumgartner
Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, Richmond, NSW 2753,
Australia.
N
The environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) is a new development in the
field of electron microscopy. In this study ESEM has been used to study the structure of
veal semimembranosus muscle. Four treatments, raw (control), conventional heating,
domestic and industrial microwave heating, were observed using ESEM. The temperature
used in conventional heating was 163 0C. Frequency applied for microwave heating was
2450 MHz with two wattage levels of 700 (domestic microwave) and 12000 (industrial microwave).
All samples were heated to 70 0C internal temperature. Occasional cracks
across the individual muscle fiber and shrinkage were present in all images of the structure
for heated muscle. Erosion at the edges of muscle fibers was clear and increased with
continued heating. A gap between perimysium of each muscle bundle was effected with
the domestic microwave samples in cross section. This phenomenon was more apparent in
industrial microwave heating and the depth of gap between perimysial collagenous fiber
is more than that in domestic microwave heating. More damage was observed in the connective
tissue network for conventional heating as compared with microwave heating.
Denaturation and distortion of connective tissue caused more damage during longer time
of conventional heating. Surface damage in structure of semimembranosus was not observed
in either conventional heating or the low powered microwave heating. Rapid
increase of heat and penetration of the microwaves, at the 12000 wattage level, caused
granulation and separation of some parts of the muscle fibers.
Environmental scanning electron microscopy,Veal,Semimembranosus Muscle,Microwave heating,Conventional heating
http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-2135-en.html
http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-2135-en.pdf
Tarbiat Modares University
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
1680-7073
2345-3737
2
3
2000
7
1
An Investigation of Chemical and Physical Properties
of Kordestan (Iran) Acorn
225
228
EN
I.
Alemzadeh
Biochemical and Bioenvironmental Research Center, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Islamic
Republic of Iran.
Y
M.
Vosoughi
Biochemical and Bioenvironmental Research Center, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Islamic
Republic of Iran.
N
V.
Maghsoodi
Biochemical and Bioenvironmental Research Center, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Islamic
Republic of Iran.
N
Different layers of acorn (Quercus infectoria), hull, seed coat and seed kernel were analyzed
for determination of chemical composition. The results of the preliminary analysis
showed that acorn contained more than 65% carbohydrates, 8% lipid and 10% tannin
among other constituents. The fatty acid composition of the seed oil was determined using
thin layer chromatography and comparing with standards. The results showed the presence
of both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Saturated fatty acid: are C14:0, C16:0,
C18:0, and C20:0. Unsaturated fatty acid: C18: 1 and C18: 2. Total saturated fatty acids
represented 20% and unsaturated fatty acids contributed 80% to acorn fat content.
Acorn,Seed coat,Seed kernel,Tannin
http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-7457-en.html
http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-7457-en.pdf