@article{ author = {Salami, H. and SadatBarikani, H. and NooriNaeini, M. S.}, title = {Can Agriculture Be Considered a Key Sector for Economic Development in an Oil Producing Country? The Case of Iran}, abstract ={In the light of the 2008 World Development Report, this paper revisits the impact of agriculture on overall economic growth, in the case of an oil producing country, using indices of intersectoral linkages. To this end, four input-output tables of Iran’s economy are utilized. The results support the importance of the agricultural sector in stimulating the economic growth of Iran, but also show that the manufacturing sector has a higher potential to increase domestic production through its intersectoral linkage effects. Consequently, the results provide a caveat to the recommended general policy of the World Bank that the agricultural sector can be considered a key sector for the economic development in developing countries, at least in an oil producing country like Iran.}, Keywords = {IRAN,Agriculture,Economic development,Forward and backward linkages,Inputoutput}, volume = {14}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-10}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-5378-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-5378-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Zamani-Miandashti, N. and Malek-Mohammadi, I.}, title = {Effectiveness of Agricultural Human Resource Development Interventions in Iran (Three Cases in Fars Province)}, abstract ={Literature review indicates that systemic agricultural Human Resource Development (HRD) interventions are rarely carried out in developing countries, and limited knowledge exists about how successful they have been. A comparative study was carried out to investigate the effectiveness of three multi-project HRD interventions including Extension Plans, Adaptation Plans and Diffusion-Push Plans in Fars Province of Iran, and to determine factors correlated with their effectiveness. The research population consisted of 41 target farmers of HRD interventions, whom were all interview surveyed. 41 farmers were also randomly selected from non-plan partners of the same communities as the comparison group. Data were gathered through two separate questionnaires. Face validity was verified by a panel of experts, and reliability was obtained through pilot test. Wilcoxon Test revealed significant differences in HRD levels of interventions partners, before and after the programs, and Mann-Whitney Test showed significant differences between HRD levels of partners and non-partners. Statistically significant correlations were observed between some variables such as supportive environment or plans characteristics and plan effectiveness. The results could improve the understanding of HRD effectiveness and its influencing factors.}, Keywords = {Adaptation plans,Agricultural human resource development,Diffusion-Push Plans,Effectiveness,Extension plans}, volume = {14}, Number = {1}, pages = {11-25}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-8214-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-8214-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Omid, M. H. and Akbari, M. and Zarafshani, K. and Eskandari, Gh. H. and Fami, H. Sh.}, title = {Factors Influencing the Success of Water User Associations in Iran: A Case of Moqan, Tajan, and Varamin}, abstract ={The purpose of this descriptive correlational study was to determine problems and success factors among members of Water User Associations (WUAs) in Moqan, Tajan and Varamin areas in northern Iran. The population consisted of farmers who were members of Water User Associations (N= 2,500). Using simple random sampling procedure, 262 farmers were selected for the study. A researcher made structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Exploratory factor analysis revealed six factor solutions explaining 78% of variance in problems faced by members in WUAs. Problems common in all three regions were: Dissatisfaction of member farmers towards PIM, network ineffectiveness, inequitable distribution of water, lack of trust towards managers, lack of government support, and lack of in group coherence. Moreover, success determinants were factor analyzed using Varimax method. Common factors explaining success mechanisms in all three regions were elimination of administrative and technical problems, canal rebuilding and restoring, farmers’ education, fee collection, and farmers’ legal rights. These factors accounted for 74 percent of the variance in the success of Water Users Associations. The result of this study has implications for water management practitioners in Iran. If Water Users Associations are to take over government-based irrigation networks, farmer members should be provided with clear objectives inherent in PIM as well as sufficient support after the takeover. In addition, clear national policy along with legal basis and functional irrigation facilities warrant attention.}, Keywords = {Irrigation Management Transfer (IMT),Irrigation networks,Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM),Water User Association}, volume = {14}, Number = {1}, pages = {27-36}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-1421-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-1421-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Abdollahzadeh, G. and Kalantari, Kh. and Asadi, A. and Fisher, R. and DaneshvarAmeri, Zh.}, title = {Spatial Patterns of Agricultural Development: Application of the Composite Index Approach (A Case Study of Fars Province)}, abstract ={The interest for the spatial dimensions of agricultural development has been recently increased. This paper aimed at redefining the spatial patterns of agriculture to formulate appropriate strategies based on regional potentials. A Composite Agricultural Development Indicator (CADI), which is useful for the identification of spatial structure, has been developed. The developed composite Index (CI) includes five dimensions of Agricultural Development: (1) social-cultural, (2) structural-farming, (3) technical-management, (4) economical-financial, and (5) infrastructural-services and consists of 87 indicators selected at the county level. Indicators were normalized according to a coherent framework and using the division by means technique and were combined via weightings derived from Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) and Principal Components Analysis (PCA). The evaluation of agricultural development based on desired CADI was used to map the spatial development patterns at county level. Province counties are compared and ranked in order to show the spatial gap between them. Then, spatial development patterns were divided into three zones based on CADI. Results showed that the nature of spatial agricultural development firstly depends on the service and infrastructural development and secondly on utilization of natural and physical endowments.}, Keywords = {Agricultural development,Agricultural development indicators,Agricultural spatial development,Composite index,Spatial patterns}, volume = {14}, Number = {1}, pages = {51-64}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-5983-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-5983-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Malek-Saeidi, H. and Rezaei-Moghaddam, K. and Ajili, A.}, title = {Professionals’ Attitudes Towards Organic Farming: The Case of Iran}, abstract ={Organic farming as an approach to sustainable agriculture tries to decrease environmental problems and possible health hazards caused by the residues from pesticides. Since the agricultural professionals are responsible to inform the farmers and the public by education and extension efforts, it is necessary to understand their attitudes. The main purpose of this research was to investigate factors influencing agricultural professionals’ attitudes towards organic farming. We used a survey research by questionnaire in Fars province (a southern province in Iran) to collect data from 138 agricultural professionals in autumn 2007. Major independent variables in the study were knowledge of organic farming, general attitude towards the environment, social norm about organic farming, moral norm about organic farming, nutrient attitude, health attitude, perceived transitional difficulty and negative attitude towards conventional agriculture. The findings showed that negative attitude towards conventional agriculture, general attitude towards the environment, perceived transitional difficulty and moral norm had significant and direct effects on attitude towards organic farming. Negative attitude towards conventional agriculture had the most direct effect. As it was expected, the perceived transitional difficulty had a negative effect on attitude towards organic farming.}, Keywords = {Agricultural professionals,Attitude towards organic farming,Environment,Knowledge,Moral norm,Social norm}, volume = {14}, Number = {1}, pages = {51-64}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-2119-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-2119-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Ghorbani, Z. and Hemmat, A. and Masoumi, A. A.}, title = {Physical and Mechanical Properties of Alfalfa Grind as Affected by Particle Size and Moisture Content}, abstract ={Physical and mechanical properties of alfalfa (Medicago sativa, L.) grind are required for optimum design of equipment used in transporting, processing and storage of the material. This study was conducted to determine the effect of particle size (2.38, 3.36 and 4.76 mm) and moisture content (8, 9.3 and 11% wb) on some physical and mechanical properties of alfalfa grind. These properties include: geometric mean diameter, bulk density, coefficient of static friction (on galvanized iron, Plexiglass, rubber and polished steel surfaces), filling angle of repose, coefficient of internal friction, cohesion, and adhesion to polished steel plate. The bulk density varied from 161.6 to 202.2 kg m-3. The coefficient of static friction changed from 0.26 on polished steel plate to 0.87 on rubber surface. Larger particles with higher moisture content had the highest filling angle of repose (54.5°). The coefficient of internal friction varied from 0.64 to 0.88. The 2.38-mm alfalfa grind at moisture content of 11% (wb), and the 4.76-mm at moisture content of 8% (wb) had the highest and lowest cohesion (7.65 and 4.80 kPa), respectively. The adhesion on polished steel plate varied from 0.19 to 1.54 kPa.}, Keywords = {Alfalfa grind,Bulk density,Coefficient of static friction,Cohesion}, volume = {14}, Number = {1}, pages = {65-76}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-3546-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-3546-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Sheibani, S. and Ghadiri, H.}, title = {Integration Effects of Split Nitrogen Fertilization and Herbicide Application on Weed Management and Wheat Yield}, abstract ={A field study was conducted to determine the integration of split N fertilization and herbicide application on weed management and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield in Shiraz, Iran, in 2005/2006 and 2006/2007 growing seasons. The experimental design was split plot with four replications. Main factors consisted of N timing and splitting, and sub plots included iodosulfuron–methyl–sodium plus mesosulfuron–methyl–sodium, solfosulfuron and two weedy and weed free controls. Compared with the weedy check, iodosulfuron–methyl–sodium plus mesosulfuron–methyl–sodium and solfosulfuron reduced weed biomass by 66% in 2005/06 and 55% in 2006/07, 37% in 2005/06 and 45% in 2006/07, respectively. In all herbicide treatments applied in both years, the highest (353.6 kg h-1 in 2005/06 and 224.1 kg h-1 in 2006/07) and the lowest (65.6 kg h-1 in 2005/06, and 24.0 kg h-1 in 2006/07) weed biomass were obtained from the full N (304 kg urea ha-1) application at tillering stage and zero N application at sowing and stem elongation stages T1N0, T2N1, T3N0 and no N fertilization at sowing, tillering and stem elongation stages T1N0, T2N0 and T3N0. Nitrogen use efficiency of the crop increased when N was split. Consequently, wheat LAI and grain yield increased. However, in the presence of weeds, both LAI and grain yield increases were lower. The results of the present study showed that integration of N and herbicide treatments caused even a higher increase in wheat LAI and grain yield, but resulted in a higher reduction in weed biomass when compared with either treatment alone. N splitting of T1N½, T2N½ and T3N0 increased wheat grain yield (61% in 2005/06 and 75% in 2006/07), biological yield (76% in 2005/06, 94% in 2006/07), and LAI (62% in 2005/06 and 2006/07). In conclusion, weed control was essential for efficient use of N fertilizer by the crop. Therefore, in order to increase wheat grain yield, integration of split N and herbicide is recommended for the region. The results of this study showed that N splitting treatments of T1N½, T2N½, T3N0 and iodosulfuron–methyl–sodium plus mesosulfuron–methyl–sodium had the best efficiency in terms of weed control in wheat.}, Keywords = {Herbicide,Nitrogen splitting,Nitrogen timing,Weed control,Wheat yield}, volume = {14}, Number = {1}, pages = {77-86}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-6056-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-6056-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Jalali, A. H. and Bahrani, M. J. and kazemeini, A. R.}, title = {Weed Nitrogen Uptake as Influenced by Nitrogen Rates at Early Corn (Zea mays L.) Growth Stages}, abstract ={The effect of nitrogen (N) levels on N uptake by high weed densities at early growth stages of corn (Zea mays L., CV. Double Cross 370) was investigated for two years (2008-2009) at the Agricultural Research Station of Shiraz University. The experiment was arranged in a split-plot arrangement in the randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Two levels of weed control (weedy and weed free) and three levels of preplanting N (0, 50, and 90 kg ha-1) were employed as main and subplots, respectively. One month after crop sowing, total weed species were determined and shoot dry weights of both corn and weeds were measured. The highest weed biomass and N uptake by weeds were obtained from the application of 50 kg N ha-1. In the first year of the study, average N content of weed seedlings grown at any rates were not significantly different, whereas in the second year, N content of the weeds in the zero N plot was 31 and 39 % less than the weeds grown in 50 and 90 kg N ha-1 applied plots, respectively. Higher uptake of N by weeds, especially redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) at the early corn growth stage is an important issue for crop-weed competition.}, Keywords = {Corn,Nitrogen uptake,Redroot pigweed,Weed}, volume = {14}, Number = {1}, pages = {87-93}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-4829-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-4829-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Ghorbani, Sh. and Kamali, M. A. and Abbasi, M. A. and Ghafori-Kesbi, F.}, title = {Estimation of Maternal Effects on Some Economic Traits of North Iranian Native Fowls Using Different Models}, abstract ={This study was conducted to investigate direct and maternal effects on some economic traits in north Iranian native fowls. Traits considered were body weight at 1 day of age (BW1), body weight at 8 weeks of age (BW8), body weight at 12 weeks of age (BW12), egg number (EN) during the first 12 weeks of laying period, egg weight at 1st day of laying (EW1), mean egg weight at 28th, 30th and 32nd weeks (MEW), age at sexual maturity (ASM) and weight at sexual maturity (WSM). The data were analyzed using Restricted Maximum Likelihood procedure fitting an animal model with DFREML software package. A series of six different animal models with and without maternal effects were fitted for all traits, and the best model for each trait was chosen based on log-likelihood ratio tests (LRT). The direct heritability (h2) estimates ranged from 0.03 (BW1) to 0.51 (MEW). Maternal effects were significant on all the traits studied. The estimates of maternal heritability (m2) ranged from 0.01 (BW8, WSM, ASM, EW1) to 0.15 (BW1), and the estimates of maternal environmental variance as a proportion of phenotypic variance (c2) varied from 0.02 (WSM, EW1, EN) to 0.23 (BW1). The correlations between direct and maternal additive genetic effects (ram) were negative for all traits. These results indicate that genetic selection schemes for body weight and egg traits should utilize models incorporating both direct and maternal effects.}, Keywords = {Genetic parameters,Maternal effects,North Iranian native fowls}, volume = {14}, Number = {1}, pages = {95-101}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-6725-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-6725-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Saki, A. A. and Abbasinezhad, M. and Ghazi, Sh. and Tabatabai, M. M. and Ahamdi, A. and Zaboli, Kh.}, title = {Intestinal Characteristics, Alkaline Phosphatase and Broilers Performance in Response to Extracted and Mechanical Soybean Meal Replaced by Fish Meal}, abstract ={An experiment was conducted to evaluate the extracted (ES) and mechanical (MS) soybean meals two levels 25% and 35% in broiler chicken feeding. Three hundred and fifty two one-day-old unsexed Lohman chickens were placed in four treatments by 4 replicates and 22 chickens in each in a 2×2 factorial arrangement. Feed intake was increased significantly in starter period by ES in comparison with MS. Feed conversion ratio was significantly improved when 25% of ES was replaced by fish meal compared with 35% of ES in starter period. Body weight was significantly higher by 25% ES replaced by fish meal in comparison with 25 and 35% MS in grower period. Metabolizable energy was declined in all options (AME, AMEn, TME and TMEn) in MS than ES. Significant depressing in jejunum length was observed by 35% in the two types of soybean meal compared with 25% mechanical soybean meal replaced by fish meal in 14 days. In more details, villous length was lower by mechanical soybean meal in comparison with ES. Alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity was significantly higher in 35% ES in comparison with 25% ES replaced by fish meal and 35% MS in 14 days. In contrast, alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity was reduced remarkably by 35% mechanical soybean meal compared with 25% extracted soybean meal replaced by fish meal in starter period. Urease activity in extracted soybean meal (0.07) was lower than mechanical soybean meal (0.22). The results of this study have shown better performance by extracted soybean meal compared with mechanical soybean meal. In spite of this, less expensively processed mechanical soybean meal (MS) at 25% level replaced by fish meal could be more economical in broiler chicken feeding.}, Keywords = {Broiler,Alkaline phosphatase,Intestinal Characteristics,Soybean meal}, volume = {14}, Number = {1}, pages = {105-114}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-1165-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-1165-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Kamalak, A. and Guven, I. and Kaplan, M. and Boga, M. and Atalay, A. and Ozkan, C.}, title = {Potential Nutritive Value of Honey Locust (Gleditsia triacanthos) Pods from Different Growing Sites for Ruminants}, abstract ={The nutritive values of honey locust pods obtained from different growing sites were evaluated by chemical composition and in vitro gas production techniques. Growing site was found to have a significant (P< 0.001) effect on the chemical composition. The CP contents of honey locust pods ranged from 67.2 to 119.9 g kg-1 DM. Water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) ranged from 122.3 to 152.2 g kg-1 DM. Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) contents varied with growing site in the range of 299.6 to 414.3 and 195.3 to 262.9 g kg-1 DM, respectively. Condensed tannin (CT) contents ranged from 27.8 to 148.2 g kg-1 DM. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) addition significantly (P< 0.001) increased gas production and some estimated parameters of honey locust pods obtained from different growing sites. However, honey locust pods obtained from different growing sites showed variable responses to PEG treatment. There were also significant (P< 0.001) differences among growing sites in terms of gas production and estimated parameters. Organic matter digestibility (OMD) and metabolizable energy (ME) contents of honey locust pods obtained from different growing sites without PEG supplementation ranged from 58.81 to 65.86% and 8.85 to 9.92 MJ kg-1 DM respectively. The improvement in gas production, the OMD and ME with PEG emphasized the negative effect of tannins on digestibility. The increase (%) in the estimated OMD and ME contents ranged from 6.30 to 15.81% and 5.61 to 14.94%, respectively.}, Keywords = {Condensed tannin,Digestibility,Growing site,Honey locust pods,Metabolizable energy,PEG}, volume = {14}, Number = {1}, pages = {115-126}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-5214-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-5214-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Malekizadeh, M. and Moeini, M. M. and Ghazi, Sh.}, title = {The Effects of Different Levels of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc) and Turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn) Rhizomes Powder on Some Blood Metabolites and Production Performance Characteristics of Laying Hens}, abstract ={An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of using different levels of Ginger rhizome powder (GRP) and Turmeric rhizome powder (TRP) on production performance and some blood metabolites in laying hens. Ninety 103-week old laying hens were divided into 5 treatments in a completely randomized design with 3 replicates and 6 birds in each cage. The birds were fed a corn-soybean meal based diet containing different concentrations of GRP (1 and 3%) and TRP (1 and 3%) and control (0 %). During 9 weeks of experimental period, the data of production parameters were collected. Some blood serum metabolites including, total cholesterol, glucose, uric acid, Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Calcium (Ca) and Phosphorous (P) were measured. Results indicated that the inclusion of GRP into the diets increased egg production percent, egg mass, feed intake whereas it decreased serum total cholesterol, AST and ALT significantly (P<0.05). Adding TRP at the 3% concentration to the diets significantly decreased serum total cholesterol, AST and ALT (P<0.05) but increased feed intake and egg production. The reduction of total cholesterol, AST and ALT (P0.05) implied the non-toxic effect of GRP and TRP treatments on hepatic and renal tissues. As a result of this study, supplementation with ginger (GRP3%) might have some positive effects on production performance and some blood metabolites of the laying hens.}, Keywords = {Laying hens,Performance,Blood serum metabolites,Ginger,Turmeric}, volume = {14}, Number = {1}, pages = {127-134}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-4117-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-4117-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Mobasheri, M. R. and Rahimzadegan, M.}, title = {Introduction to Protein Absorption Lines Index for Relative Assessment of Green Leaves Protein Content Using EO-1 Hyperion Datasets}, abstract ={The reflectance spectrum of green leaves is considerably affected by their biochemical and biophysical properties. It is possible to extract biochemical information from a continuous vegetation spectrum produced using hyperspectral sensors. The numerous absorption features present in the vegetation spectrum carry a considerable amount of information related to the content and the structure of the leaves and stems. In the present study, we tried to introduce a method for relative quantification of vegetation leaves protein contents using EO-1 Hyperion datasets through an innovative index named PALI (Protein Absorption Lines Index). The results of applying PALI to AVIRIS data also showed its robustness. However, applying PALI index for Hyperion images can only show the vegetation leaves protein contents of a pixel relative to its neighboring pixels and not absolute values. Nonetheless, it is assumed that absolute measurements will be possible if one can calibrate this index with field data.}, Keywords = {Remote Sensing,Protein,Green Leaves,Hyperspectral}, volume = {14}, Number = {1}, pages = {135-147}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-7323-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-7323-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Asadi, R. and Imanpoor, M. R. and Dastar, B.}, title = {Requirements of n-3 Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Beluga (Huso huso) Juvenile and their Effects on Growth, Carcass Quality and Fatty Acids Composition}, abstract ={An 8-week feeding experiment was carried out on beluga (Huso huso) juvenile to evaluate the effects of different levels of fish oil containing n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFAs) on fish growth and fatty acid composition. The requirements of beluga juvenile for n-3 HUFAs were studied by feeding fish diets containing six different levels of n-3 HUFAs ranging from 1.56 to 17.25% (% of total fatty acids). Weight gain, feed conversion ratio, condition factor, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio were not significantly different among dietary treatments, nor was the body composition (including: moisture, protein, lipid and ash) of beluga juvenile (P> 0.05). There were no significant differences among plasma protein, glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride contents of dietary treatments (P> 0.05). However, haematocrit values were significantly lower in diets 1 and 2 (P< 0.05). The fatty acid composition of fish showed a pronounced change from the initial carcass with fatty acid composition changes in experimental diets. The fatty acid composition of the beluga carcass fed on diets containing various levels of n-3 HUFAs reflected the dietary fatty acid composition. The n-3 HUFAs contents of the lipids of fish increased with an increase in dietary n-3 HUFAs levels. Results suggested that minimum levels of n-3 HUFAs in diet have no effect on growth and n-3 HUFAs are not a restrictive factor on growth in beluga.}, Keywords = {Canola oil,DHA,EPA,Fish oil,Oil}, volume = {14}, Number = {1}, pages = {149-159}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-5637-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-5637-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Aghajani, N. and Ansaripour, E. and Kashaninejad, M.}, title = {Effect of Moisture Content on Physical Properties of Barley Seeds}, abstract ={In this article, the size, dimensions, volume, bulk and particle densities, empyting and filling angles of repose and friction coefficients against different surfaces were evaluated for two varieties of barley, Sahra and Valfajr, as a function of moisture content in the range of 10.12 to 42.17 (w.b.%). Most physical properties of barley varieties were significantly affected by moisture content variation. The length, width, thickness and unit mass of Sahra variety increased from 9.88 to 10.16 mm, 3.37 to 3.89 mm, 2.54 to 2.80 mm and 0.048 to 0.074 g, respectively, as the moisture content increased. The respective values for Valfajr varied from 8.37 to 8.87 mm, 3.03 to 3.21 mm, 2.21 to 2.37 mm and 0.037 to 0.043 g, respectively. In Sahra variety, sphericity, geometric mean diameter, bulk density, particle density and porosity increased from 44.59 to 47.40%; 4.38 to 4.79 mm; 568.10 to 613.68 kg m-3; 1,099.65 to 1,245.72 kg m-3 and 48.34 to 50.74%, respectively. The coefficient of static friction increased linearly against all the tested surfaces as the moisture content increased. In Valfajr variety, sphericity increased from 45.79 to 45.89%; geometric mean diameter increased from 3.82 to 4.06 mm; bulk density increased from 579.68 to 608.58 kg m-3; particle density varied from 1,410.82 to 1,230.61 kg m-3; porosity varied from 58.91 to 50.55% and the coefficient of static friction increased linearly against all the tested surfaces as the moisture content increased. The angle of repose for emptying and filling increased linearly as well.}, Keywords = {Barley,Angle of repose,Density,Physical property,Porosity,Static coefficient of friction}, volume = {14}, Number = {1}, pages = {161-172}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-10966-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-10966-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Hosseini, E. and Kadivar, M. and Shahedi, M.}, title = {Physicochemical Properties and Storability of Non-alcoholic Malt Drinks Prepared from Oat and Barley Malts}, abstract ={Non- alcoholic malt drinks are popular in many countries including Muslim countries. In Iran, these drinks are prepared in a manner similar to beer, but without fermentation and are generally produced using barley malt. In this study, malt drinks with ratios of 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 and 100:0 of barley to oat malts, the latter obtained under optimum conditions in terms of its enzymes activity, were produced and their physicochemical properties along with their storability were evaluated during six months of storage. The results showed that with increasing the proportion of oat malt in drinks, total solids, ash, acidity, reducing and total sugars increased. The results also indicated that by increasing the oat proportion, bitterness, color, turbidity and foam instability increased, while the amount of foam decreased. It was evident that the oat malt had positive effects on color and bitterness as compared with that of barley, and had more antioxidant compounds.}, Keywords = {Physical properties,Malt drink,Oat malt,Chemical characteristic,Antioxidant content}, volume = {14}, Number = {1}, pages = {173-182}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-6204-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-6204-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Cheng, F. and Sun, H. and Shi, H. and Zhao, Zh. and Wang, Q. and Zhang, J.}, title = {Effects of Regulated Deficit Irrigation on the Vegetative and Generative Properties of the Pear Cultivar ‘Yali’}, abstract ={To investigate the effects of regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) on the growth, yield and quality of ‘Yali’ pears, field experiments for C (fully watered control), EW [early withholding of irrigation, water stress from pullulation to 25 days after flower bloom (DAFB)], MW (mid-growth withholding of irrigation, water stress from 25 DAFB to 80 DAFB), and LW (late withholding of irrigation, water stress from 120 DAFB to 150 DAFB) were conducted in Handan county, North China, during the 2007 and 2008 seasons. The results showed that leaf relative water content (LRWC) was dramatically reduced during water stress. Water stress reduced shoot growth by 9.6%-18.8%, and the need for summer pruning was marginally decreased. No significant difference was seen in mean fresh fruit weight or yield at harvest for the EW, LW and C treatments. Water consumption during RDI was significantly less than the C treatment. Withholding of irrigation at LW not only led to increases in fruit TSS (total soluble solids), soluble sugars and dry matter content but also resulted in an increase in water use efficiency (WUE). Withholding of irrigation at LW and EW can be used in pear production to save irrigation water without adverse effects on the quality of fruits. RDI is a beneficial agricultural practice for the production of pear fruits if it is adopted one month before harvest, and from pullulation to 25 DAFB.}, Keywords = {fruit quality,Pear,Water consumption}, volume = {14}, Number = {1}, pages = {183-194}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-8302-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-8302-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Jamali, S. and Pourjam, E. and Safai, N.}, title = {Determining the Relationship between Population Density of White Tip Nematode and Rice Yield}, abstract ={The relationship between initial population density of rice white tip nematode (Aphelenchoides besseyi) and yield was examined on Oryzae sativa cv. Alikazemi. Experiments were conducted in greenhouse, micro-plot and field conditions. Seinhorst’s model was used to describe the relationship between nematode population density and crop yield. The parameters of the model, minimum yield (m), constant coefficient (z) and tolerance limit (T) were obtained from the experimental data. On this basis, the predicted yield was calculated within the initial population (Pi) range. To evaluate the difference between the observed yield (Yo) and the predicted yield (Yp), a discrepancy ratio (DR) was calculated. The results revealed that there was a significant correlation between mean yield reduction and nematode populations (P<0.01). At the highest initial population density, grain yield was reduced by 69%. In greenhouse experiments, the discrepancy ratio was larger than 0.03 and the predicted yield was overestimated compared to that predicted in microplot or field experiments. The model had the minimum mean of error when data were incorporated from the field experiments (ME= 0.0149). The indices from microplot and greenhouse experiments were 0.0823 and 0.2036, respectively. The relationship between nematode population density and relative grain yield fitted to the model was under field conditions.}, Keywords = {Aphelenchoides besseyi,Field,Greenhouse trials,Microplot trials,Oryzae sativa,Seinhorst’s model}, volume = {14}, Number = {1}, pages = {195-203}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-6558-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-6558-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Hejazi-Mehrizi, M. and Shariatmadari, H. and Khoshgoftarmanesh, A. H. and Dehghani, F.}, title = {Copper Effects on Growth, Lipid Peroxidation, and Total ‎Phenolic Content of Rosemary Leaves under Salinity Stress}, abstract ={Plant growth is often limited by low levels of soil micronutrients such as copper (Cu), ‎especially in calcareous salt-affected soils of arid and semiarid regions. The aim of this ‎work was to investigate individual and combined effects of salinity and Cu on growth, leaf ‎relative water content (LRWC), cell membrane permeability, lipid peroxidation, and total ‎phenolic content (TPC) of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) in a hydroponic ‎experiment. A factorial arranged experiment with three salinity levels (i.e., 0, 50, and 100 ‎mM NaCl), and three levels of copper (i.e., 0, 0.5, and 1.0 µM Cu2+, as CuSO4) was ‎performed. The salt stress led to a significant decrease in leaf relative water content ‎especially at 0 µM Cu2+. Salt treatments (50 and 100 mM) were found to increase ‎electrolyte leakage and malonyldialdehyde content of rosemary; however, this increase ‎was greater at 0 µM than 1.0 µM Cu2+. Regardless of Cu treatments, salinity (50 and 100 ‎mM) induced significant increases in TPC by 13 and 29%, respectively. The application of ‎‎1.0 M Cu at the 50 mM NaCl treatments increased total phenolic content by 19% ‎compared to 0M Cu. Copper nutrition resulted in greater accumulation of phenolic ‎compounds in plant roots and thereby decreasing lipid peroxidation under salt stress ‎conditions.‎}, Keywords = {Salinity,Cu,Medicinal plants,Rosemary,Oxidative damage,Total phenolic content. ‎}, volume = {14}, Number = {1}, pages = {205-212}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-2287-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-2287-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Argaw, A.}, title = {Evaluation of Co-inoculation of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Phosphate Solubilizing Pseudomonas spp. Effect on Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) in Assossa Area}, abstract ={An experiment was conducted at Assossa Agricultural Research Center (AARC) station during 2008 cropping season in order to study the effects of co-inoculation of Bradyrhizobium japonicum (TAL-378 and TAL-379) and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) (Pseudomonas spp.), and conventional farmers’ fertilizer level (combined and individual application of 46N kg ha-1 and 46 P2O5 kg ha-1) on nodulation, seed yield and yield components of soybean (Glycine max L. (Merr.)). Analyses of variance indicated that most of the parameters measured were significantly (P>0.05) affected by the treatments. Accordingly, dual inoculation with TAL-378 and PSB significantly increased plant height at harvest, number of nodules per plant, nodule volume per plant, nodule fresh weight per plant, and shoot height at late flowering and early pod setting compared to the other treatments. Similarly, co-inoculation with TAL-378 and PSB, and dual fertilization of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers significantly increased number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod per plant and seed yield ha-1 compared to the other treatments. Analysis of plant tissue also indicated that dual inoculation of TAL-379 and PSB yielded the highest total N whereas the lowest was recorded for the negative control. Likewise, dual inoculation with TAL-378 and PSB and the positive control gave the highest plant P compared to all other treatments. The data revealed that, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in days required for emergence, flower bearing and maturity, number of seeds per pod, 300 seeds weight and root length among the investigated treatments. Thus, the dual inoculation of TAL-378 and PSB is recommended to achieve maximum seed yield of soybean in Assossa area.}, Keywords = {Assossa,Bradyrhizobium japonicum,Phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB),Soybean (Glycine max L. (Merr.)}, volume = {14}, Number = {1}, pages = {213-224}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-5342-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-5342-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Owliaie, H. R.}, title = {Micromorphology of Pedogenic Carbonate Features in Soils of Kohgilouye, Southwestern Iran}, abstract ={The micromorphology of pedogenic carbonate features in calcareous soils of arid and semiarid regions of Kohgilouye Province, Southwestern Iran, has been studied to determine their genesis and distribution in different climatic regions. Eight representative pedons (from a total number of 24 pedons) were studied in aridic-ustic (minimum rainfall), ustic and xeric (maximum rainfall) soil moisture regimes. Micromorphological studies indicated that the frequency of secondary calcite as pedogenic nodules, coating or infilling in voids or channels increase from aridic-ustic to xeric soil moisture regimes. The presence of pedogenic calcite coating superimposed on clay coatings in pedons of more humid regions probably suggests a complex history of carbonate leaching, deposition of secondary calcite and clay illuviation. Pendants of calcite were observed in soils with coarser texture in aridic-ustic region as a common pedofeature. Pedogenic nodules in more developed soils of xeric regions were harder containing denser and more contiguous micritic calcite. Degree of impregnation of calcite nodules with Fe/Mn oxides as well as calcite depletion pedofeatures increase in areas with higher rainfall. Needle shaped calcite and cytomorphic calcite were observed in the near surface horizons of the regions with higher rainfall and denser vegetation growth of ustic and xeric soil moisture regimes.}, Keywords = {Micromorphology,Arid zone,Calcite,soil,Southwestern Iran}, volume = {14}, Number = {1}, pages = {225-239}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-2131-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-2131-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Houseini, S. S. and Khaledi, M. and Ghorbani, M. and Brewin, D. G.}, title = {An Analysis of Transaction Costs of Obtaining Credits in Rural Iran}, abstract ={Household data are used in this study to assess the transaction costs of obtaining credit from formal and semiformal institutions in rural Iran. A survey was employed to gather the data needed to determine the transaction costs that must be borne by the borrower in each step of the credit procurement process. Data were collected from a random sample of 459 households, including 272 borrower households. OLS regression and F-test (in view of the authors, OLS is not regression but a method of estimating a regression. F-test is not an econometric method but perhaps a statistical one and still it is a key statistics toll of either ANOVA or a regression. So these cannot be employed to investigate something. On the other hand, regressions have been estimated below, and surely one should be able to assign names of them) were employed to analyse the transaction cost factors affecting the procurement of credit facilities. Similar to many financial institutions operating in other developing countries, access to a loan in Iran imposes high transaction costs upon mostly poor rural households. The results reveal that the transaction costs of receiving a loan are on the average equivalent to nine percent of the total loan size. Formal and semiformal institutions impose significantly different costs upon the rural loan applicants. Results reveal that contractual form, loan size, how far the borrower being away from the financial centre along with other borrower peculiarities are important determinants of transactions’ costs.}, Keywords = {IRAN,Agricultural credits,Islamic contracts,Transaction Costs}, volume = {14}, Number = {2}, pages = {243-256}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-6105-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-6105-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Noori, H. and Shirazi, J.}, title = {A Study on Some Biological Characteristics of Olive Leaf Moth, Palpita :union:alis Hübner (Lep: Pyralidae) in Iran}, abstract ={Nearly just a decade ago, olive leaf moth, Palpita :union:alis, was identified as an exotic pest from an olive grove in Roodbar, Iran. In order to plan an IPM programme regarding olive, a series of laboratory and field studies were carried out during 2001-2003 in Qazvin Province. To study the emergence time, number of generations, feeding behaviour and developmental periods at field, five trees (Zard cultivars) were selected within two groves, twenty infested branches of which (4 per tree) were taken to be covered with fine mesh net. They were monitored weekly. In the laboratory, a number of the pest pupae were taken to predefined conditions and reared at 25±0.5°C, 65±5% RH and 12:12 L:D. Then, the developmental period at various life stages, adults’ life span, females’ fecundity as well as sex ratios were determined. The field results showed that it took 34.2±2.1 days from neonate larval stage to adult emergence. Moreover, it was revealed that the pest had 4 to 5 overlapping generations per year. Based on the laboratory experimental results, embryonic developmental time, whole larval stages, pupal duration and female and male longevity took 5.8±1.08, 21.6±0.33, 8.33±1.0 and 12.6±1.3, and 13.5±1.1 days, respectively. Besides, females laid 182.33±18.1 eggs, on the average.}, Keywords = {Biology,Olive leaf moth,Palpita :union:alis,Qazvin (Tarome–Sofla)}, volume = {14}, Number = {2}, pages = {257-266}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-9802-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-9802-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {AkbarzadehShoukat, Gh.}, title = {Larval Parasitoids of Lobesia botrana (Denis and Schiffermüller, 1775) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Orumieh Vineyards}, abstract ={Grape berry moth, Lobesia botrana (Denis and Schiff.) is a destructive pest of grapevine in Orumieh (Northwest, Iran) vineyards. It is mainly controled through application of broad-spectrum insecticides, which can adversely affect vineyard ecosystem and consequently human health. Since a first step in setting up an IPM program is to assess the biological control agents within the ecosystem, so in this research work the larval parasitoid complex of Grape Berry Moth (GBM) on vine was identified, and its natural potential in controlling the pest compared for different generations and in different locations in Orumieh during 2004-2006. Adults of the larval parasitoids of GBM were recorded from laboratory-reared larvae, which had been collected on damaged inflorescences of the first generation and berries of the second and the third generations. Rate (%) of parasitism on L. botrana larvae was estimated as the number of parasitoids over the total count of parasitoids and moths. Six larval parasitoids of the host were found: Enytus apostata Gravenhorst, 1829; Pristomerus vulnerator (Panzer, 1799); Temelucha sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), Nemorilla maculosa (Meigen, 1824) (Diptera: Tachinidae), Habrobracon hebetor (Say) and Bracon sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Total parasitism varied from 1 to 16.8%, with an average of 7.7% as revealed through the present study. A comparison of the means of the larval parasitism rate showed a significant difference at 5% level between different generations and localities. The highest rate of parasitism occurred in the first generation in all localities, as well as in years.}, Keywords = {IRAN,parasitoid,Braconidae,Grape berry moth,Ichneumonidae,Orumieh,Tachinidae}, volume = {14}, Number = {2}, pages = {267-274}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-5182-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-5182-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Motazedian, N. and Ravan, S. and Bandani, A. R.}, title = {Toxicity and Repellency Effects of Three Essential Oils against Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)}, abstract ={Two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), is one of the most injurious pests of fruits, vegetables and ornamental plants worldwide, both outdoor and indoors. Currently the main method of control of this pest is through application of pesticides which is mostly accompanied by the resistance of the pest against pesticide(s). The resurgence of resistant mite populations brings about further contamination of foodstuff and environment. Essential oils obtained from the aerial parts of plants may have the potential to be an alternative to synthetic pesticides, since they have been demonstrated to posses a wide range of bioactivities against insects and mites. So, the aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of essential oils extracted from three different medicinal plants namely: Mentha longifolia, Salvia officialis (both Lamiaceae) and Myrtus communis (Myrtaceae) against T. urticae. The LC50 values of essential oils of M. longifolia, M. communis, and S. officialis against T. urticae were 20.08, 53.22, 60.93 µl L-1 air, respectively. This shows that M. longifolia possesses the highest lethal activity whereas S. officialis the lowest. Also, essential oils of M. longifolia, M. communis, and S. officialis were demonstrated to possess repellency effect with ED50s of 147.47, 138.80 and 164.41, µl L-1 air, respectively. These data suggest that essential oils of all the three plants have the potential to be employed in the pest management programs designed for a control of T. urticae under greenhouse conditions.}, Keywords = {Essential oils,Medicinal plants,Tetranychus urticae}, volume = {14}, Number = {2}, pages = {275-284}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-10768-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-10768-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Sayinci, B. and Bastaban, S. and Sánchez-Hermosilla, J.}, title = {Determination of Optimal Spot Roundness Variation Interval for Droplet Size Analysis on Water Sensitive Paper}, abstract ={To determine the droplet characteristics of agricultural spray nozzles through Water Sensitive Paper (WSP), the non-circular and overlapped spots appearing on the water sensitive paper surfaces are eliminated. In the conventional approach, the procedure is done according to the subjective self determined estimation of the operator. The objective of this study was to develop a practical alternative to the conventional approach to Spot Elimination (SE) from WSP surfaces. Droplet samples were taken through application of seven different spray nozzles. Papers were placed within and outside the domain of spraying area and scanned at 600 pixels per inch resolution following their collection. The diameter and roundness values of each spot on multiple WSP samples were determined through image processing software. The overlapped spots and the non-circular ones were manually eliminated by the operator. Spot Roundness (SR) ranged from 0.051 to 6.283 and from 0.130 to 6.283 prior to, and following SE, respectively. Results indicated a linear relationship between minimum SR value and volume median diameter of the droplets. Regression analysis revealed the optimal SR variation interval to be between 0.765 and 2.356 for SE. Characteristics of the spots remaining out of this range were compatible with the characteristics of the droplets conventional SE (when the spots subjectively eliminated). When the volumetric diameters (DV) in the conventional SE approach were compared with the optimum SR variation interval (for 10, 50 and 90 percent ratios) their absolute relative error ratios and confidence intervals at 95% level of significance level found as 2.8%±1.4, 1.8%±0.9, and 3.8%±1.5, respectively.}, Keywords = {Image processing method,Droplet diameter,Spot diameter}, volume = {14}, Number = {2}, pages = {285-298}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-4701-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-4701-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Maghsoudi, H. and Khoshtaghaza, M. H. and Minaei, S. and ZakiDizaji, H.}, title = {Fracture Resistance of Unsplit Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) Nuts against Splitting Force, under Compressive Loading}, abstract ={Mechanical properties of non-split pistachio nuts are among the lada required for the design of equipment needed for processing of the nut. Unsplit pistachio nut samples were uniaxially loaded to determine the nut’s needed splitting force and energy, as well as Poisson’s ratio and Young’s modulus of elasticity. The tests were carried out at four moisture contents (5, 10, 15 and 20% wb), under four loading rates (10, 20, 30 and 40 mm min-1), and on two varieties (O’hadi and Badami) of the nut. The highest splitting forces for the varieties (281.9 N for Badami and 102.4 N for O’hadi) were obtained at a moisture content of 5% wb and loading rate of 40 mm min-1, while the lowest forces, 97.0 N for Badami and 16.8 for the case of O’hadi, occured at moisture contents of 20% wb along with loading rate of 10 mm min-1. Different trends were observed between O'hadi and Badami varieties for the required energy to split nuts with increasing moisture content and loading rates. By increasing moisture content, Poisson’s ratio for unsplit pistachio nuts increased from 0.374 to 0.388 and from 0.326 to 0.337 for O’hadi and Badami varieties, respectively. Young’s modulus exhibited an indirect relationship with moisture content while a direct relationship with loading rate, in either of the varieties. Increase in moisture content from 5 to 20% wb led to a decrease in Young's modulus, from 322.59 to 223.23 MPa and from 816.25 to 719.28 MPa, for O’hadi and Badami variety nuts, respectively.}, Keywords = {Moisture content,Fracture resistance,loading rate,Non-split pistachio nut}, volume = {14}, Number = {2}, pages = {299-310}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-1391-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-1391-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Minaei, S. and Motevali, A. and Ahmadi, E. and Azizi, M. H.}, title = {Mathematical Models of Drying Pomegranate Arils in Vacuum and Microwave Dryers}, abstract ={Drying behavior of two types of pomegranates as well as the effect of drying conditions on moisture loss trend and on effective diffusion coefficient of arils are discussed in this article. Also, an appropriate mathematical drying model as well as the activation energy of sweet and sour pomegranate arils, dried in vacuum and microwave driers are pursued and presented. Results of regression analysis of the studied models indicated that Midili and Page models exhibit the best fit to the data obtained for vacuum and microwave drying, respectively. Effective diffusion coefficient of pomegranate arils was estimated in the ranges of 0.74×10-10 to 52.5×10-10 m2 s-1 and 3.43×10-10 to 32.05×10-10 m2 s-1 for vacuum and microwave driers, respectively. Activation energy figures for the vacuum drier were 52.27 and 52.83 kJ while for microwave drier they were 17.22 and 23.83 kJ for the cases of sweet and sour variety pomegranates, respectively.}, Keywords = {Drying model,Microwave drier,Pomegranate aril,Vacuum drier}, volume = {14}, Number = {2}, pages = {311-325}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-4116-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-4116-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {RezvaniGilkolaei, S. and Kavan, S. L. and Safari, R.}, title = {A Study of Genetic Structure of Rutilus frisii kutum in Anzali Lagoon, Using Microsatellite Markers}, abstract ={Mechanical damage due to harvesting, handling, and other processes is an important factor that affects the seeds quality. Seed damage results in lower grain value and more storability problem and reduces seed germination and seedling vigor and subsequent yield of crops. Tests were conducted to determine the percentage of physical damage (PPD) and percentage of loss in germination (PLG) of wheat seeds due to impact. The effect of wheat seed cultivar and impact velocity was determined. Wheat seed cultivars selected for testing included: Kohdasht, Maron, Simereh, Sardari and Zagros. Four impact velocities: 10, 20, 30 and 40 m s-1 were used. Results showed that effects of impact velocity and seed cultivar on seed damages were significant. PPD to seeds was higher than PLG in higher impact velocities. It found that the total damage of seeds increased from 4.17% (0.48 PPD and 3.68 PLG) to 73.32 % (47.59 PPD and 25.73 PLG) as impact velocity increased from 10 to 40 m s-1 for all wheat cultivars studied. Impact results indicated that Sardari wheat cultivar was more susceptible to PPD (27.39 %), while Maron seeds were more susceptible to PLG (14.70%). Among the cultivars studied, Sardari wheat seeds showed the highest level of total damage i.e.sum of PPD and PLG.}, Keywords = {Microsatellite,Caspian Sea kutum,Genetic structure,Heterozygosity}, volume = {14}, Number = {2}, pages = {327-337}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-8300-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-8300-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Peymanpour, Gh. and Rezaei, K. and Sorkhilalehloo, B. and Pirayeshfar, B. and Najafian, G.}, title = {Changes in Rheology and Sensory Properties of Wheat Bread with the Addition of Oat Flour}, abstract ={Among cereals, oats are unique for their benefiting from high protein as well as lipid content. However, insufficient gluten content creates a big challenge to making breads out of this kind of cereals. Flour made of one type of bread wheat cultivar plus two types of improved oat lines were employed in this study to make composite oat-wheat flour bread. According to the data obtained from farinograph readings, water absorption capacity and the duration of the dough development increased with an increase in the dough’s proportion of oat. The data obtained from the extensograph readings showed that the dough energy increased but extensibility property decreased with increase in the proportion of oat in the dough. Breads with 10% oat flour were ranked highest by the panelists. However, from a sensory point of view, the 10% formula was found to be inferior to control (bread baked from 100% wheat flour). Overall, considering the substantial nutritional benefits of oat, a certain level of compromise in the sensory properties can be made by offering breads with 20-30% rate of oat content.}, Keywords = {Bread properties,Oat-wheat flour bread,Sensory evaluation}, volume = {14}, Number = {2}, pages = {339-348}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-2074-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-2074-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Razavi, S. M.}, title = {Chemical Composition and Some Allelopathic Aspects of Essential Oils of (Prangos ferulacea L.) Lindl at Different Stages of Growth}, abstract ={Prangos ferulacea (Apiaceae) is a perennial herb with a distribution from East Europe to Middle East and Central Asia. The plant’s leaves are used as animal fodder. Its fruits and roots possess biological traits that provide it with the potential to be used for medicinal purposes. The essential oils obtained through hydrodistillation from aerial parts of Prangos ferulacea at the vegetative and flowering stages were analyzed through GC and GC-MS. Thirty-one vs. seven compounds were identified in the vegetative and flowering stages’ oils, respectively. While the essential oil of aerial parts at vegetative stage was dominated by α- pinene (57%), the oil at flowering stage was characterized by (E)-anethol (95.5%). The latter exhibited significant phytotoxic and fungitoxic effects in lettuce and against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, respectively.}, Keywords = {Allelopathy,Sclerotinia sclerotiorum,α-pinene,(E)-Anethol,Prangos ferulacea}, volume = {14}, Number = {2}, pages = {349-356}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-9727-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-9727-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Abdollahi, M. and Eshghi, S. and Tafazzoli, E. and Moosavi, N.}, title = {Effects of Paclobutrazol, Boric Acid and Zinc Sulfate on Vegetative and Reproductive Growth of Strawberry cv. Selva}, abstract ={Excessive vegetative growth may bring about improper pollination and consequently lead to reduced fruit set and misshapen fruits. Paclobutrazol (PP333) reduces vegetative growth. On the other hand, balanced nutrient uptake at all developmental stages increases fruit quality and yield. An experiment was conducted with the aim of reducing vegetative growth and improving yield of strawberry, Selva cultivar, using combinations of PP333, boron and zinc. Results indicated that PP333 reduced vegetative growth by reducing both fresh and dry weights of shoots while simultaneously some such reproductive characters as inflorescence and fruit number were increased. Boron (H3BO3) alone had no effect on reproductive growth. A combination of PP333 plus B (100- 00 mg l-1) was the most effective in increasing fruit number as well as fruit weight. Paclobutrazol combined with zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) at concentrations of 100- 100 mg l-1 PP333×ZnSO4 had positive effects on reproductive growth including inflorescence number and yield. Zink sulphate at concentration of 100 mg l-1 with no PP333 and H3BO3 application increased yield, inflorescence and fruit number as compared with other treatments.}, Keywords = {Zinc,Paclobutrazol,Boron,Strawberry,Reproductive growth}, volume = {14}, Number = {2}, pages = {357-363}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-7512-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-7512-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {RodríguezPleguezuelo, C. R. and DuranZuazo, V. H. and MurielFernández, J. L. and FrancoTarifa, D.}, title = {Physico-chemical Quality Parameters of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Fruits Grown in a Mediterranean Subtropical Climate (SE Spain)}, abstract ={Mango (Mangifera indica L.) production is on the rise in various subtropical zones throughout the world. The cultivation of this fruit tree is feasible along the coast of Granada, where some 1,500 ha are presently grown. In 2006, the EU exported 118 thousand tonnes of mangoes at a value of 131 million euros. This study was conducted to assess the physico-chemical quality characteristics of some mango fruit cultivars growing under a Mediterranean subtropical climate in Spain. A number of twenty-five fruits from eight Florida and one Australian cultivars were collected from different trees at the preclimacteric hard-green stage, and weighed. Osteen fruits bore the greatest weight (69795 g) with their pulp:seed ratio ratios (20:2) significantly higher than those in the other cultivars tested. The lowest pulp:seed ratios were recorded for the cultivars Kensington (6.3) and Sensation (7.6). The fruits with the highest percentages of flesh belonged to cvs. Gleen, Palmer, and Osteen, each averaging 85%. The seed-weight of the fruits of cv. Osteen proved the lowest (4.2%) among all the cultivars, confirming the most desirable relationship with the pulp. The highest acidity (0.22%) went to Valencia Pride while Lippens contained the highest Total Soluble Solids (TSS). The TSS:TA ratios proved the highest for cvs. Kent (382) and Lippens (333), which might be indicative of the effect on their flavour. All the mango cultivars tested in this subtropical marginal area, especially cvs. Osteen and Tommy Atkins, met the standard parameters for high-quality fruits, and can be recommended for their performance and sustainable yield in such type of environments.}, Keywords = {Florida cultivars,Mango,Marginal area,Titratable acidity,Total soluble solids}, volume = {14}, Number = {2}, pages = {365-374}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-12099-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-12099-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Montazar, A. and Isapoor, S.}, title = {Centralized Downstream PI Controllers for the West Canal of Aghili Irrigation District}, abstract ={In the face of limited water resources, better utilization and operation of irrigation networks is essential. Use of control systems is considered as one of the most assured ways to achieve the aim. In the course of the present study, two centralized controllers are applied to the west canal of Aghili irrigation district in I. R. Iran. The proposed control algorithms consist of a distant Downstream PI Feedback control (DPIF), and a distant Downstream PI Feedback along with Feedforward control (DPIFF). In the controllers, each water-level regulator is adjusted as based on water levels in all the pools of the canal. The test case canal and flow scenarios are simulated using SOBEK. The controllers are evaluated using the simulation results. The results indicated that both of the proposed controllers possess the considerable needed potential to closely match the discharge (at the cross regulators) with those ordered by water users while properly maintaining the water level throughout the length of the canals of the irrigation system. It is apparent that the DPIFF controller is more effective than DPIF controller in providing a desirable performance. Use of these algorithms makes demand oriented water distribution as well as a better performance of the system possible. The DPIFF controller as the main control system accompanied by a local controller as a backup system can be recommended to present an efficient robust control system for the canal.}, Keywords = {Aghili irrigation system,Centralized control,Control systems,Downstream control,PI controller}, volume = {14}, Number = {2}, pages = {375-388}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-2589-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-2589-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Asfaw, A. and Gurum, F. and Alemayehu, F. and Rezene, Y.}, title = {Analysis of Multi-environment Grain Yield Trials in Mung Bean Vigna radiate (L.) Wilczek Based on GGE Bipot in Southern Ethiopia}, abstract ={The objective of this research was to evaluate and to quantify the magnitude of the genotype environment interaction effects on mung bean grain yield and to determine the winning genotype for the test environments. Seven mung bean genotypes were tested at three locations for over two years. The grain yield data for each environment (location year combination) was first subjected to analysis of variance using generalized linear model. Mean grain yields of genotypes for the environments were computed to generate a genotype and environment two-way table data for the GGE biplot analysis. The analysis revealed the presence of significant genotype x environment interactions for grain yield. Location effect explained more than 60% of the total grain yield variation. GGE biplot analysis depicted the adaptation pattern of genotypes at different environments and discrimination ability of testing environments. MH-96-4, shown to have the potential of combining high yield with stable performance, can be recommended for production in mung bean growing ecologies in southern Ethiopia.}, Keywords = {GGE-Biplot,Mung bean,Vigna radiate,Yield stability}, volume = {14}, Number = {2}, pages = {389-398}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-2749-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-2749-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Sahhafi, S. R. and Assad, M.T. and Masumi, M. and Razi, H. and Alemzadeh, A.}, title = {Influence of WSMV Infection on Biochemical Changes in Two Bread Wheat Cultivars and in Their F2 Populations}, abstract ={Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus (WSMV) causes extensive economic damage to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in many regions of the world. The present study was conducted to find out if the variations in biochemical changes in reaction to WSMV infection in F2 generation of either potentially resistant (Adl-Cross) or susceptible (Marvdasht) cultivars are genetically inherited. A factorial experiment was employed with two factors of: genotypes (Adl-Cross, Marvdasht, reistant F2s and susceptible F2s), and inoculation (either infected or non infected) at Shiraz University, Iran during 2007-2009. Leaves of seedlings were harvested at different time intervals for total protein, total phenolic compounds and peroxidase activity analysis. Results indicated that virus infection caused stress in all genotypes. Total protein reduction in the inoculated resistant Adl-Cross and in its F2s was not significant whereas it was significant in the inoculated susceptible Marvdasht and its susceptible F2s. Viral infection reduced peroxidase activity in the susceptible Marvdasht cultivar and in its susceptible F2s whereas in Adl-Cross and in its resistant F2s the activity was increased. It is speculated that peroxidase enzyme may affect synthesis of compounds effective in resistance to wheat streak mosaic virus. The trend in the increase in phenolic compounds indicated that their formation and accumulation is faster in the resistant genotypes as compared with the susceptible ones. It appears that the extent of total protein, total phenolic compounds as well as peroxidase activity changes in response to WSMV are inherited by the next generations and these biochemical changes in a genotype could be adopted as selective factors in the preliminary experimental stages of selection for tolerance to the virus.}, Keywords = {Phenolic compounds,Peroxidase activity,Total protein,WSMV}, volume = {14}, Number = {2}, pages = {399-405}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-2894-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-2894-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {KariDolatabadi, H. and MohammadiGoltapeh, E. and Mohammadi, N. and Rabiey, M. and Rohani, N. and Varma, A.}, title = {Biocontrol Potential of Root Endophytic Fungi and Trichoderma Species Against Fusarium Wilt of Lentil Under In vitro and Greenhouse Conditions}, abstract ={Lentil wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis is one of the main limiting factors to successful lentil cultivation. Effect of four antagonistic fungi, namely: Piriformospora indica, Sebacina vermifera, Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma harzianum as well as combinations among them were evaluated against Fusarium wilt of lentil. In in vitro experiments, the effect of the antagonistic fungi against the pathogen were evaluated in dual cultures of volatile metabolite and colonization. Results revealed that antagonistic fungi could produce a proper zone of inhibition. In pot culture experiments, two isolates of pathogen were inoculated within three time schedules, namely: 10 days prior to sowing, concomitant with sowing and 10 days past sowing. Seventeen treatments, including two controls and fifteen combinations of antagonistic fungi were employed to inoculate seeds concordant with sowing. Plant height, plant dry weight, root length, root dry weight along with disease severity were assessed at the flowering stage. Maximum plant height and minimum disease severity with regard to the two isolates of pathogen were observed in pots treated with S. vermifera+T. harzianum.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {14}, Number = {2}, pages = {407-420}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-11519-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-11519-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Karimi, E. and Safaie, N. and Shams-bakhsh, M.}, title = {Mycelial Compatibility Groupings and Pathogenic Diversity of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary Populations on Canola in Golestan Province of Iran}, abstract ={Genetic structure and pathogenic diversity of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, the causal agent of canola white stem rot, were assessed through Mycalial Compatibility Groupings (MCGs), a comparison and comparing of isolate virulence. Fifty-seven isolates from three different regions in Golestan Province were selected for mycelial compatibility and as well for virulence tests. Within the 57 tested isolates, 35 MCGs were identified, 42.86% of which being constituted of single isolate specimens, were all collected from Ali Abad region. The observed MCGs differed within the three regions. From among the 35 MCGs, 25.71%, 28.57% and 45.72% belonged to Kalaleh, Hashem Abad and Ali Abad, respectively. In Kalaleh, nine MCGs were identified all of which fell into two isolates. Ten MCGs were identified within the Hashem Abad region, eight of which represented two isolates and the remaining were constituted from three isolates. Sixteen MCGs were detected in Ali Abad for which, except one MCG which was constituted of two isolates, the rest belonged to one isolate. Moreover, no MCG was identified as common among these regions. Shannon diversity index (Ho) of MCGs for the whole regions found to be was 0.86 (Htot). Partition of total diversity (Htot) showed that 95.45% corresponded to a variation in diversity within S. sclerotiorum populations. Variation in isolate virulence was tested using a petiole inoculation technique under greenhouse conditions. Isolate virulence varied within the three regions. Moreover, in most cases the differences in virulence of isolates within MCGs were significant. The data indicated that populations of S. sclerotiorum obtained from the studied regions were composed of a heterogeneous mix of MCGs, therefore the population structure of this pathogen as well as variations in virulence of isolates must be considered in disease management systems in these regions.}, Keywords = {Sclerotinia sclerotiorum,Mycelial compatibility groups,Shannon index}, volume = {14}, Number = {2}, pages = {421-434}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-3097-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-3097-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Kouhpeima, A. and Feiznia, S. and Ahmadi, H. and Hashemi, S. A. A.}, title = {An Assessment of Specific Sediment Yield of Geological Formations Using Investigated Sedimentary Deposits in Reservoirs and Fingerprinting}, abstract ={Sediment yield data, collected for most regions in Iran has been insufficient and not so reliable and there is still not any sufficiently reliable methodology available for sediment yield assessment in the country as a whole. On the other hand, an attainment of reliable sediment yield data is a must and key requirement for the design of effective sediment management as well as control strategies. Sediment deposition in reservoirs is assumed as a very useful tool in providing such data. The main objective of the present research was to discuss a combination of both source fingerprinting technique and reservoir sediment survey to provide reliable data on sediment yield of geological formations for three small catchments in Semnan Province, Iran. Throughout the study, the volume and mass of deposited sediments in reservoirs were initially assessed. Fingerprinting technique was employed to identify the contribution to, as well as the specific sediment deposition yield of each geological formation into reservoir sediments. Results indicate that there is a high spatial variation in Specific Sediment Yield (SSY) among the geological formations in all the three catchments varying from 2.98 t ha-1 year-1 to 0.16 t ha-1 year-1. The results also emphasize the importance of Quaternary Units and Upper Red Formation as the dominant surface sources within some vast areas of the catchments.}, Keywords = {IRAN,Fingerprinting,Geological formation,Reservoir,Specific Sediment Yield}, volume = {14}, Number = {2}, pages = {435-447}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-2568-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-2568-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Veeramani, K. and Avudainayagam, S. and Doraisamy, P. and Chandrasekharan, C. N.}, title = {Chemical Immobilization of Lead (Pb) in Long Term Sewage Irrigated Soil}, abstract ={Sewage effluent is the carrier of huge amounts of N (0.09 to 0.16%), P (0.023 to 0.029 %), and K (0.11 to 0.18%) and as well as it is rich in organic carbon (3.27%). Transfer of the toxic trace metal (Pb) from the contaminated site can be seized out from the food chain through application of FeSO4.7H2O and CaSO4 in a larger area. The efficacy of the toxic metal immobilization through an application of FeSO4.7H2O and CaSO4 was studied in the laboratory and tested in the field. In batch experiments, application of FeSO4 at the rate of 5% (on soil weight basis) indicated a greater decrease in soil pH (from 7.54 to 5.55) in half an hour of shaking period as a result of which water soluble and exchangeable Pb concentrations decreased by 100%. Application of CaSO4 also decreases soil pH, as well as Pb concentration in soil solution. Pot culture experiments with two flower and leafy vegetable plants also show decrease in bioavailability of Pb in FeSO4 treated soils.}, Keywords = {Chemical amendments,Long term irrigation,Pb accumulations,Sewage}, volume = {14}, Number = {2}, pages = {449-458}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-2965-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-2965-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Teh, C. B. S.}, title = {The Stability of Individual Macroaggregate Size Fractions of Ultisol and Oxisol Soils}, abstract ={Aggregate stability is an important soil property because it dictates how strongly a soil can resist water erosion. The objectives in this study were: (1) to compare the stability of six soil aggregate size fractions, primarily to determine if aggregate stability varies with aggregate size, and (2) to determine with which aggregate size fraction the stability of most soils would be different from one another. Eight soils classified as Ultisols and Oxisols and from varying land uses, of different textures and overall acceptable aggregate stability were sampled and each separated into six aggregate size fractions of: 5-8, 3-5, 2-3, 1-2, 0.5-1, and 0.25-0.5 mm. Aggregate stability of whole soils and of individual aggregate size fractions were determined through wet-sieving, using nested sieves. It was shown that: (1) the kind of relationship between soil aggregate stability and aggregate size depended on both factors of soil type and individual aggregate size; (2) the stability of any two soil aggregate size fractions would become progressively less linearly related as the differences in aggregate size became more pronounced; (3) for the same soil, the stability of the large aggregate size fractions of > 0.5 mm were significantly different from that of the small aggregate size fractions of 0.25-0.5 mm; and (4) the differences in aggregate stability among whole soils were due more to the differences in the stability of the soil aggregate sizes larger than 3 mm. The study revealed that for Ultisol and Oxisol soils, it was not necessary to measure the stability of individual aggregate size fractions. Instead, the stability of a single aggregate size fraction could be used to represent the macroaggregate stability of whole soils.}, Keywords = {Aggregate breakdown,Nested sieves,Wet-sieving}, volume = {14}, Number = {2}, pages = {459-466}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-3222-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-3222-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Naghdi, M. and Bandani, A. R.}, title = {Snowdrop Lectin (GNA) Affects Growth and Development of Spodoptera exigua (Hubner)}, abstract ={Beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua (Hubner)) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is the most economically important sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) pest worldwide. The main control method of this pest is insecticides use. Thus, it is important to develop alternative means of controlling this pest, including host plant resistance using plant lectins. In the current study, the effects of GNA (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin) on the growth and development of beet armyworm were investigated using artificial diet. The presence of GNA in the diet at a level of 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0% of the total dietary protein significantly reduced larval and pupal survivability compared with the control insects (P< 0.001). When high doses of GNA (0.5 and 1.0% of dietary protein) were incorporated into the diet, no larvae reached the fourth stadium. Only the lowest dose (0.1% GNA) allowed for larval and pupal development to continue to adult. The lectin retarded larval development in a dose dependent manner. For example, developmental time of the first instar larva in the control was 2.3 days, while in 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0% GNA treatments this value increased to 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, and 2.9 days, respectively. Larval developmental time (time taken from neonate first instar larvae to pupation) in the control and lectin treatment (0.1% GNA) were 14.1 and 17.2 days, respectively. GNA also affected duration of pupal period, adult longevity, and adult emergence. In conclusion, it should be said that GNA has a good potential to be used in IPM program in order to combat this insect species.}, Keywords = {beet armyworm,Galanthus nivalis,Growth}, volume = {14}, Number = {3}, pages = {469-477}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-10774-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-10774-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Sharifzadeh, M. and Zamani, G. H. and Khalili, D. and Karami, E.}, title = {Agricultural Climate Information Use: An Application of the Planned Behaviour Theory}, abstract ={Despite considerable effort in developing climate information and demonstrating the potential benefits available to farmers, use of the climate information by farmers in farming decisions has not changed. The present research employed the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) as a theoretical framework to analyze the antecedents of agricultural climate information use behaviour. Fars Province wheat growers (n= 314) were administered a questionnaire survey that measured standard TPB constructs. The data and hypotheses were examined using structural equation modeling (SEM) by AMOS 7. Results from the maximum likelihood estimation showed that attitude was positively related to farmers’ climate information use in farming decisions. Thus, greater attitude (instrumental and affective) toward use of information in farming decisions was associated with stronger intention to engage in behaviour. Chi-square tests and fit indices indicated good fit for the final structural models. The results of this study demonstrated that the modified theory of planned behaviour provided a significant improvement on the model fit by adding a direct causal path linking attitude to behaviour. Applicability of the theory of planned behavior for measuring levels of wheat growers’ climate forecast use and the implications for future research are discussed.}, Keywords = {Climate information use,Farming decisions,Structural Equation Modeling,Theory of planned behaviour,Wheat growers}, volume = {14}, Number = {3}, pages = {479-492}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-10408-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-10408-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Maghabl, R. and Chizari, M. and Khayyam-Nekouie, S. M. and Tabatabaie, M.}, title = {Investigating the Researchers’ Attitude and the Obstacle Hampering Nanotechnology Development in the Agricultural Sector of Iran}, abstract ={Nanotechnology has been shown to have promising roles in the development of various industries including the agricultural sector. The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the researchers’ attitude and the obstacle hampering the development of nanotechnology in the agricultural sector of Iran. The population of this study consisted of researchers in national research centers/institutes (N= 187) during the biennium, 2009-2010. Proportional stratified random sampling was used for sample selection in the study (123). A questionnaire was developed and its validity was evaluated by a panel that consisted of the experts in the Nanotechnology Committee of the Ministry of Agriculture, Iran, and the faculty members of Tarbiat Modares University. A pilot test was conducted to determine the reliability of the questionnaire and Cronbach Alpha coefficient was confirmed for the scales of the questionnaire (α= 0.92). The results of this study showed that the respondents’ attitude toward the significance of nanotechnology was in the range of adequate to excellent level (92%, accumulatively). On the other hand, among the 37 obstacle variables investigated, 5 factors were found to account for 69.89% of the variance of obstacle variables. These included budget hindrance, instructional difficulties, management problems, research problems, and relative-informative hardships.}, Keywords = {Agriculture,Development,nanotechnology,Obstacle}, volume = {14}, Number = {3}, pages = {493-503}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-8666-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-8666-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Shahbazi, F.}, title = {A Study on the Seed Susceptibility of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars to Impact Damage}, abstract ={Mechanical damage due to harvesting, handling, and other processes is an important factor that affects the seeds quality. Seed damage results in lower grain value and more storability problem and reduces seed germination and seedling vigor and subsequent yield of crops. Tests were conducted to determine the percentage of physical damage (PPD) and percentage of loss in germination (PLG) of wheat seeds due to impact. The effect of wheat seed variety and impact velocity was determined. Wheat seed varieties selected for testing included: Kohdasht, Maron, Simereh, Sardari and Zagros. Four impact velocities: 10, 20, 30 and 40 m s-1 were used. Results showed that effects of impact velocity and seed variety on seed damages were significant. PPD to seeds was higher than PLG in higher impact velocities. It found that the total damage of seeds increased from 4.17% (0.48 PPD and 3.68 PLG) to 73.32 % (47.59 PPD and 25.73 PLG) as impact velocity increased from 10 to 40 m s-1 for all wheat varieties studied. Impact results indicated that Sardari wheat variety was more susceptible to PPD (27.39 %), while Maron seeds were more susceptible to PLG (14.70%). Among the varieties studied, Sardari wheat seeds showed the highest level of total damage i.e.sum of PPD and PLG.}, Keywords = {Handling,Harvesting,Loss in germination,Mechanical damage,Processing}, volume = {14}, Number = {3}, pages = {505-512}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-749-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-749-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Momenzadeh, L. and Zomorodian, A. and Mowla, D.}, title = {Applying Artificial Neural Network for Drying Time Prediction of Green Pea in a Microwave Assisted Fluidized Bed Dryer}, abstract ={Drying characteristics of green pea (Pisum satium) with an initial moisture content of 76% (db) was studied in a fluidized bed dryer assisted by microwave heating. Four drying air temperatures (30, 40, 50 and 60ºC) and five microwave powers (180, 360, 540, 720 and 900W) were adopted. Several experiments were conducted to obtain data for sample moisture content versus drying time. The results showed that increasing the drying air temperature resulted in up to 5% decrease in drying time while in the microwave-assisted fluidized bed system, the drying time decreased dramatically up to 78.8%. As a result, addition of microwave energy to the fluidized bed drying is recommended to enhance the drying rate of green pea. Furthermore, in this study, the application of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for predicting the drying time (output parameter) was investigated. Microwave power, drying air temperature, and green pea moisture content were considered as input parameters for the model. An ANN model with 50 neurons was selected for studying the influence of transfer functions and training algorithms. The results revealed that a network with the logsig (Log sigmoid) transfer function and trainrp (Resilient back propagation; Rprop) back propagation algorithm made the most accurate predictions for the green pea drying system. In order to test the ANN model, the root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and standard error (SE) were calculated and showed that the random errors were within and acceptable range of ±5% with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 98%.}, Keywords = {Green pea,Fluidized bed dryer,Microwave,Artificial Neural Network}, volume = {14}, Number = {3}, pages = {513-522}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-11035-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-11035-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Motevali, A. and Abbaszadeh, A. and Minaei, S. and Khoshtaghaza, M. H. and Ghobadian, B.}, title = {Effective Moisture Diffusivity, Activation Energy and Energy Consumption in Thin-layer Drying of Jujube (Zizyphus jujube Mill)}, abstract ={Jujube (Zizyphus jujube Mill), a valuable medicinal plant, is consumed either as fresh fruit or dried product in Iran. Drying jujube guarantees a longer shelf time while preserving its quality to be used in medical and pharmaceutical industries. In this research paper, the influence of several drying conditions on the effective moisture diffusivity, activation energy, energy consumption and required specific energy in the drying of jujube is presented. Temperature levels of 50, 60 and 70 ºC and hot air velocities of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 (m s-1) were used as the treatments. Effective moisture diffusivity of jujube fruit during the drying process was in the range of 1.1532-5.1895×10-10 (m2 s-1) for the first period and 0.4036–2.3064×10-10 (m2 s-1) for the second period. Also, the values of energy of activation in both periods were determined to be between 34.97 and 74.20 (kJ mol-1). The energy consumption and the required specific energy for drying were in the range of 79.1- 92.46 (kW h) and 203.59 – 900.08 (kW h kg-1), respectively. Results show that energy consumption diminished when temperature increased at each air velocity, while it increased with increasing hot air velocity.}, Keywords = {Activation Energy,Effective moisture diffusivity,energy consumption,Jujube drying}, volume = {14}, Number = {3}, pages = {523-532}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-4121-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-4121-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Ranjbari, M. and Hashemi, A. and Mardani, K. and Darvishzadeh, R.}, title = {Allelic Polymorphism of Makoei Sheep Calpastatin Gene Identified by Polymerase Chain Reaction and Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism}, abstract ={Calpastatin (CAST) is a specific inhibiter of calpains, playing a role in meat tenderization and myogenesis. In the present study, the polymorphism of the CAST gene of Makoei sheep was investigated by polymerase chain reaction and single strand conformation polymorphism technique (PCR–SSCP). Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood samples collected from 100 sheep. A 622 bp CAST exon 1 segment was amplified by standard PCR, using the locus specific primers. PCR products were subjected to a non-denaturing gel electrophoresis. Four SSCP patterns, representing four different genotypes, were identified. The frequencies of the observed genotypes were 0.31, 0.04, 0.63 and 0.02 for AA, BB AB and AC, respectively. Allele frequencies were 0.6313, 0.3586 and 0.01 for A, B and C, respectively. The Observed heterozygosity (Hobs) value for CAST gene was 0.4728. The chi-square test showed significant (P< 0.01) deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for this locus in Makoei sheep population.}, Keywords = {CAST gene,Makoei sheep,PCR,SSCP}, volume = {14}, Number = {3}, pages = {533-538}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-2531-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-2531-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Manafi, M.}, title = {Counteracting Effect of High Grade Sodium Bentonite during Aflatoxicosis in Broilers}, abstract ={The effects of Aflatoxin (AF) (0.0 and 0.5m g kg-1) and High Grade Sodium Bentonite (HGSB) (5, 7.5 and 10 g kg-1) were tested in an in vivo study including 8 dietary treatments with three replicates of 14 birds per diet per replicate, using a total of 336 broiler chicks up to five weeks. Results showed that chicks receiving AF contaminated feed had significantly (P≤ 0.05) suppressed body weight gain, which improved significantly (P≤ 0.05) with addition of HGSB to AF contaminated diet. Supplementation of HGSB at 7.5 and 10 g kg-1 to the diets containing AF significantly (P≤ 0.05) improved feed consumption by 9.97 and 9.15 g kg-1, respectively, compared to the control group. Efficiency of feed utilization decreased significantly (P≤ 0.05) with addition of 0.5 mg kg-1 AF and improved significantly (P≤ 0.05) in HGSB treated group. The relative weights of liver and kidney, which increased significantly (P≤ 0.05) with addition of 0.5 mg kg-1 AF (19.56 and 18.38 g kg-1 (compared to control group, were improved with dietary inclusion of 7.5 and 10 g kg-1 HGSB. Relative weights of gizzard and pancreas were not affected in AF fed and the control groups. The relative thymus and bursal weights were significantly (P≤ 0.05) lower at inclusion of 0.5 mg kg-1 of AF (38.99 and 31.36%( compared to the control group, but were not altered by supplementation of HGSB. The serum antibody titers against Newcastle disease (ND) and Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) vaccination, which were significantly (P≤ 0.05) depressed by AF, were restored with the inclusion of 7.5 and 10 g kg-1 HGSB. The serum concentration of uric acid and albumin in comparison with control group were not affected by treatment groups. The activity of serum gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) significantly (P≤ 0.05) increased in AF fed group and the addition of HGSB did not show significant reduction in the activity of serum GGT (P≥ 0.05). Activity of serum alanine amino transferase (ALT) was not affected by the treatment groups. It was found that HGSB at 10 g kg-1 level is partially effective in counteracting the adverse effects of aflatoxin in broilers.}, Keywords = {Aflatoxin,Broilers,High Grade Sodium Bentonite,performance}, volume = {14}, Number = {3}, pages = {539-547}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-1342-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-1342-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Dorostkar, M. and Farajiarough, H. and Shodja, J. and Rafat, S. A. and Rokouei, M. and Esfandyari, H.}, title = {Inbreeding and Inbreeding Depression in Iranian Moghani Sheep Breed}, abstract ={The objective of this study was to determine the inbreeding depression on growth traits in Moghani sheep. Pedigree information of 8836 animals collected during the years of 1987 to 2006 by Moghani Breed Center in Jafar Abad Moghan, were used for analysis. The base population year was 1988. Analysis of the records was performed by ASReml software. Inbreeding depression was estimated as the regression of performance on the individual inbreeding coefficients via fitting an animal model. The mean inbreeding for all animals, females and males, were 0.500, 0.515 and 0.484 %, respectively. Totally, 24.22 % of all the animals were inbred. The mean of inbreeding for inbreed animals was 2.062 %. The rate of increased inbreeding per year for all animals was 0.05%. The inbreeding depression for body weight traits at birth, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of age was , respectively, -0.007, - 0.291, - 0.026, -0.018 and -0.041 kg, per 1% increase in individual coefficient.}, Keywords = {Inbreeding,Inbreeding depression,Moghani sheep,Growth traits}, volume = {14}, Number = {3}, pages = {549-556}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-3882-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-3882-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Hassanzadeh, N. and EsmailiSari, A. and Bahramifar, N.}, title = {Dissipation of Imidacloprid in Greenhouse Cucumbers at Single and Double Dosages Spraying}, abstract ={In this study, residues of imidacloprid (Confidor) were measured in greenhouse cucumbers in Mazandaran Province, Iran. Confidor 200 SL was applied at the recommended rate (30.0 g ai ha-1) and its double (60.0 g ai ha-1). Samples were collected at 1 h to 21 days after application and analyzed to determine the content and dissipation rate of Imidacloprid. . Analysis was carried out by the QuEChERS method using HPLC-UV. The average initial deposits of imidacloprid on the cucumber fruits were found to be 1.93 and 3.65 mg kg-1 at the single and double dosages, respectively. Results showed that Imidacloprid was rapidly dissipated in cucumbers following a first order reaction kinetics at both application rates. The amount of dissipation in 21 days was 94.48% and 99.18% for, respectively, the single and double dosages. Residues of imidacloprid dissipated below the maximum residue limit (MRL) of 1 mg kg_1 in 3 days. Half-life (T1/2) for degradation of imidacloprid in cucumber was observed to be 3.40 and 2.70 days at the single and double dosages, respectively. A waiting period of 3 days is suggested for safe consumption of cucumber. Also, results showed that the dissipation was dependent on the initial application dose and followed a first order rate kinetics.}, Keywords = {Cucumber,Imidacloprid residue,Pre-harvest interval (PHI),QuECHERS method}, volume = {14}, Number = {3}, pages = {557-564}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-10441-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-10441-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Ashraf, Z. and Hamidi, Z. and Sahari, M. A.}, title = {Evaluation and Characterization of Vacuum Drying of Date Paste}, abstract ={The drying behavior and characteristics of date paste were studied at temperatures of 60, 70, and 80ºC as thin layer with sample thicknesses of 1, 1.5, and 2 cm in a laboratory scale vacuum chamber. Modeling of drying kinetics of date paste was investigated based on the specific temperatures and sample thicknesses. The experimental moisture loss data were fitted to eight thin layer drying models available in the literature. The modified Henderson-Pabis, Verma, and Jena-Das models showed better fitness to the experimental drying data compared to the other models. The effective moisture diffusivity ranged between 6.0854×10-8 and 4.868×10-7 m2 s-1. Effective diffusivity increased with the increase in temperature and sample thickness. The temperature dependence of effective moisture diffusivity was expressed by an Arrhenius type equation.}, Keywords = {Date paste,Drying characteristics,Drying models,Effective moisture diffusivity,Vacuum drying}, volume = {14}, Number = {3}, pages = {565-575}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-9709-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-9709-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {BeigMohammadi, Z. and Maghsoudlou, Y and Safafar, H. and SadeghiMahoonak, A. R.}, title = {Physicochemical Properties and Stability of Oil Extracted from Three Canola Cultivars Grown in Golestan Province of Iran}, abstract ={The oil extracted from three major canola cultivars (Hyolla401, Hyolla420 and RGS003) grown in Golestan Province was analyzed for physico-chemical properties, fatty acid composition, minerals content, and stability during 16 weeks of storage. According to the results, the highest iodine value and refractive index belonged to Hyolla401. The highest saponification value was observed in Hyolla420. There was no significant difference (P< 0.05) between the relative densities of the three cultivars. Study on the mineral content showed the highest level of iron and phosphorus in Hyolla420 and the maximum sulfur content in RGS003 cultivar. Oleic acid (ω-9) was the major fatty acid in all cultivars and the highest level was found in RGS003 (include % of oleic acid here). The highest level of essential fatty acids, linoleic acid (ω-6) was found in Hyolla420 and linolenic acid (ω-3) in Hyolla401. In all three cultivars, erucic acid content was low and within the permitted level (include % of oleic acid here). The Hyolla420 had the highest content of free fatty acid, acid value, peroxide value, anisidine value and Totox value compared to the other cultivars, during storage. However, result of oil stability based on Rancimat test showed that the Hyolla420 cultivar had the highest induction time during storage, which was in agreement with its low polyene index (PI).}, Keywords = {Canola oil,Fatty acid composition,Oil stability,Physico-chemical properties}, volume = {14}, Number = {3}, pages = {577-586}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-354-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-354-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Lee, J. and Kim, H. and Rhim, J. W.}, title = {Vacuum Drying Characteristics of Salicornia herbacea L.}, abstract ={Vacuum drying of Salicornia herbacea L. was performed at different drying temperatures (50, 60, 70, and 80C) to evaluate the drying characteristics and the effect of drying temperatures on the quality of Salicornia. As the drying temperature increased, the drying time decreased significantly (P< 0.05). The drying rate decreased with decrease in moisture content and increase in drying time. On the other hand, the drying rate increased with increase in drying temperature. The logarithmic model exhibited the best fit to the experimental drying data among the tested models. The drying constants estimated using the logarithmic model were found to be affected by the drying temperature. The activation energy for drying was 15.02 kJ mol-1. The surface color of the Salicornia herbacea samples was significantly affected by the drying temperature (P< 0.05). CIE L*-, b*-, and Chroma (C*)-values increased significantly, while a*- and hue angle (h*)-values decreased significantly after drying at all of the drying temperatures (P< 0.05).}, Keywords = {Modeling,Salicornia herbacea,Thin layer drying,Vacuum drying kinetics}, volume = {14}, Number = {3}, pages = {587-598}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-3999-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-3999-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Ergun, M.}, title = {Postharvest Quality of ‘Galaxy’ Apple Fruit in Response to Kaolin-Based Particle Film Application}, abstract ={Kaolin-based film as Surround WP® was applied to ‘Galaxy’ apple trees to evaluate its effects on postharvest fruit quality. Following harvest, the Surround WP® on the fruit skin was either wiped off, or left unwiped, then, the fruits from these treatments along with fruits from non-Surround WP®-treated trees as the control were stored at 6°C for 100 days. Surround WP® film application reduced weight loss ratios during the period of storage while unaffecting firmness loss, sunburn index, starch conversion, and pH values. After 70 days of cold storage, fruits treated with Surround WP® film showed less diminution in soluble solids and titratable acidity. A taste panel identified minor quality differences between fruits coated with and without the film. Fruits coated with the film had the highest appearance rating, but also exhibited the lowest smoothness rating due to film residue. This study indicates that Surround WP® may be safely used for ‘Galaxy’ apples before harvest for retaining postharvest quality during cold storage.}, Keywords = {Malus domestica,Sensory evaluation,Soluble solids,Surround WP®,Titratable acidity}, volume = {14}, Number = {3}, pages = {599-607}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-4511-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-4511-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {khodambashi, M. and Bitaraf, N. and Hoshmand, S.}, title = {Generation Mean Analysis for Grain Yield and Its Related Traits in Lentil}, abstract ={In order to estimate heritability and gene action for grain yield and its related traits in lentil, six basic generations were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in a field experiment. Besides seed yield per plant, plant height, pod length, and 100-seed weight, the number of pods per plant, primary branches, clusters per plant, nodes per main stem, secondary branches, and the number of seeds per pod were recorded. Generation mean analysis using A, B, C and joint scaling tests indicated that additive [a], dominance [d] and at least one of the epistatic effect (additive×additive [aa], additive×dominance [ad] and dominance×dominance [dd]) were involved in the inheritance of the studied traits. However, simple additive-dominance model was sufficient only for pod length. Significant dominance [d] and dominance×dominance [dd] interactions with opposite sign indicated duplicate epistasis for all traits except pod length. Narrow-sense heritability was low for seed yield per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod and 100-seed weight and moderate for other traits. Average dominance ratio was more than unity for seed yield per plant, number of primary and secondary branches, pod length, and 100-seed weight, which showed the high importance of dominance gene effect in control of these traits. Due to the presence of greater non-additive gene effects combined with low narrow-sense heritability, selection for almost all of the studied traits in this cross, especially in early generations, would be complex in conventional methods.}, Keywords = {heritability,Lentil,Mean analysis,Seed yield,Yield components}, volume = {14}, Number = {3}, pages = {609-616}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-4516-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-4516-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Méndez-Natera, J. R. and Rondón, A. and Hernández, J. and Merazo-Pinto, J. Fernando}, title = {Genetic Studies in Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) II. General and Specific Combining Ability}, abstract ={The present experiment was carried out to assess the general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) of six important commercial cultivars of Gossypium hirsutum L. of Venezuela, viz., ‘Deltapine 16’, ‘Tamcot-SP-21’, ‘Cabuyare’, ‘Stoneville’, ‘Ospino’ and ‘Acala 90-1’ and their 15 F1 hybrids, respectively. The data were analyzed using Griffing’s Model I Method II. Significant differences were found for all traits evaluated, except for seeds per boll and bolls per plant. Combining ability analysis of variance revealed significant differences for GCA and SCA effects among the parents and hybrids for almost all traits except for seed cotton yield ha-1 and fiber % for GCA and boll set, seed yield, and fiber % for SCA. The results suggested the presence of additive and non-additive gene action for almost all of the traits. The ratio GCA/SCA ranged from 0.59 for fiber fineness to 5.14 for plant height. Cultivars with the best (desired) GCA effects were cv. Cabuyare for blooming initiation, seed yield, and fiber fineness; Stoneville for plant height, stem diameter, number of fruit branches, number of set flowers, and boll weight; Tamcot-SP-21 for boll set and fiber fineness; Deltapine 16 for plant height, 100-seed weight and fiber length; Ospino for fiber strength. Also, the results revealed that Stoneville was the best general combiner for most of the traits. Finally, the correlations among GCA effects of the parents showed negative and significant associations of boll set with plant height and positive and significant associations of fruit branches with plant height, boll weight, and number of set flowers; of set flowers with plant height and boll weight; and of plant height with stem diameter.}, Keywords = {Cotton,Fiber quality,General and specific combining ability,Gossypium hirsutum,Yield components}, volume = {14}, Number = {3}, pages = {617-627}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-4264-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-4264-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Siosemarde, A. and Osmani, Z. and Bahramnezhad, B. and Vahabi, Kh. and Rouhi, Ebrahim}, title = {Identification of AFLP Marker Associated with Stress Tolerance Index in Sardari Wheat Ecotypes}, abstract ={Sardari is one of the most important landraces of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) that is mainly cultivated in drylands and mountainous area of Iran. Moreover, it shows a high level of genetic diversity. In the present research a total of 73 Sardari wheat ecotypes were evaluated for drought tolerance. Genetic diversity was analyzed using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) marker based on three pairs of primer combinations. Of the 2,431 AFLP bands detected, 1,582 (73.92%) were polymorphic. Cluster analysis divided all ecotypes into eight major groups. Ecotypes also showed genetic diversity for drought tolerance and were classified into three groups. The first group consisted of forty-two of the 73 landraces and had a low stress tolerance index (STI), ranging from 0.165 to 0.401, while the second (23 landraces) and the third group (7 landraces) had a medium and high STI ranging from 0.425 to 0.640 and 0.662 to 0.817, respectively. Discriminant analysis (DA) identified twenty-four markers selected from 218 AFLP markers that accounted for the difference between the three phenotypic groups. By using the selected markers, DA validated the phenotypic grouping, with a zero error rate. The results showed a high degree of genetic diversity between the Sardari ecotypes, suggesting that Sardari can be used as a germplasm source for wheat improvement toward releasing more desirable cultivars.}, Keywords = {AFLP,Discriminate analysis,genetic diversity,Sardari wheat,STI}, volume = {14}, Number = {3}, pages = {629-643}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-11117-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-11117-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Ahmadi, J. and Mohammadi, A. and NajafiMirak, T.}, title = {Targeting Promising Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Lines for Cold Climate Growing Environments Using AMMI and SREG GGE Biplot Analyses}, abstract ={Genotype×environment interactions (GEIs) can affect breeding programs because they often complicate the evaluation and selection of superior genotypes. This drawback can be reduced by gaining insights into GEI processes and genotype adaptation. The objectives of this research were to evaluate: (1) the yield stability of promising wheat lines across locations and (2) the relationship among the test environments for selecting superior lines within the cold climate mega-environments of Iran. A total of 35 wheat promising lines were grown at 7 locations during the 2008-2009 cropping season. Combined analysis of variance showed that the environment (E) accounted for 75.7% of the model sum of squares. The magnitude of the GEI sum of squares was about three times larger than that for genotypes. To determine the effects of GEI on yields, the data were subjected to the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and genotype+(genotype×environment) interaction (GGE) biplot analysis. The AMMI1 model was found to explain up to 88% of the main and interaction effects. According to the AMMI1 and GGE biplots, the lines G5 and G4 were found to produce high and stable yields across environments. There were three mega-environments (Euromieh and Ardebil as mega-environment I, Mashhad, Arak, Hamedan and Jolgerokh as mega-environment II, and Karaj as mega-environment III) according to the site regression genotype (SREG) GGE model. Application of AMMI and GGE biplots facilitated visual comparison and identification of superior genotypes for each target set of environments.}, Keywords = {AMMI,GEI,GGE biplot,Wheat,Yield stability}, volume = {14}, Number = {3}, pages = {645-657}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-756-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-756-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Boulenouar, N. and Marouf, A. and Cheriti, A. and Belboukhari, N.}, title = {Medicinal Plants Extracts as Source of Antifungal Agents against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis}, abstract ={Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis (Foa) is a soil borne fungus causing the most serious disease of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) called “Bayoud”. In the present study, five medicinal plants from the Algerian Sahara (Southwest of Algeria): Limoniastrum feei (aerial part, roots), Launeae arborescens (Batt.) Murb. (aerial part, roots), Fredolia aretioides Moq. et Coss. (aerial part, roots), Asteriscus graveolens (Forsk) (leaves, stems) and Acacia raddiana (leaves, bark), were used to evaluate their extracts for antifungal activity against Foa. Two parts from each plant were used for extraction by four solvents: methanol, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane and hexane. The antifungal test was conducted using disc diffusion technique and relative virulence (RV) test (on potato tuber tissue). For both tests, four extract quantities were used (200, 400, 800 and 1,600g). The relative virulence was presented as necrotic tissue weight (mg) of potato tuber tissue. Among all solvents, methanol had the best extraction yield (mean: 6.35%, minimum: 2.27%, maximum: 9.80%). The highest frequency of antifungal effect on Foa was presented by ethyl acetate extracts (32.50% of detectable effect). The best effect was observed for ethyl acetate extract of Limoniastrum feei (aerial part). The virulence test showed a decrease in RV up to 30% for ethyl acetate extract of Launea arborescens aerial part. The increase in RV was observed mostly for hexanic extract from Fredolia aretioides reflecting its high toxicity compared to the other extracts.}, Keywords = {Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Albedinis,Medicinal plants,Pathogenicity,Phoenix dactylifera L,Virulence}, volume = {14}, Number = {3}, pages = {659-669}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-3393-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-3393-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Ferreira, E. P. B. and Martin-Didonet, C. C. G.}, title = {Mulching and Cover Crops Effects on the Soil and Rhizosphere-associated Bacterial Communities in Field Experiment}, abstract ={Agricultural sustainability is closely related with the efficient use of natural resources, which are primarily transformed by the action of microorganisms. Soil microorganisms are usually used as early indicators of soil quality since they rapidly respond to changes in soil management. A field experiment was carried out aiming to evaluate the effect of siratro (Macroptylium atropurpureum), bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) and mulching on the bacterial communities of bulk soil and rhizoplane of siratro and bahiagrass. DNA was extracted directly from soil samples and from bacterial cells of siratro and bahiagrass rhizoplane and analyzed by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE). Results showed that bacterial communities were affected by both types of cover crop (siratro, bahiagrass and mulch) and the evaluated compartment (soil and rhizoplane). However, the greatest similarity (76%) was observed between bacterial communities of the samples under mulch and bahiagrass rhizoplane. The cluster analysis based on operational taxonomic units (OTU) showed that rare bands were preferentially related to mulch treatment. The diversity of bacterial community of the mulch treatment was 19% and 36% greater than the bacterial communities of siratro and bahiagrass, respectively, as revealed by Shannon-Weaver index. Besides, bacterial community diversity of the soil was 12% greater than that of the rhizoplane. These results indicate a clear effect of the rhizoplane on the selection of the bacterial community, leading to lower diversity index as compared with mulch samples.}, Keywords = {Bahiagrass,PCR-DGGE,Similarity,Siratro}, volume = {14}, Number = {3}, pages = {671-681}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-7618-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-7618-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Moazallahi, M. and Farpoor, M. H.}, title = {Soil Genesis and Clay Mineralogy along the Xeric-Aridic Climotoposequence in South Central Iran}, abstract ={Topography and climate are two important soil forming factors affecting genesis and clay mineralogy of soils. Calcareous and gypsiferous soils are widely spread in arid and semiarid parts of Iran and palygorskite is a dominant clay mineral in these soils. The objectives of the study were to: (1) determine soil genesis and classification along the climotoposequence and (2) investigate clay mineralogy and mode of mineral formation in soils along the sequence. The study area is a transect located in the southwest of Kerman Province covering 1,200 km2 beginning from Kerman Plain (1,840 m above sea level) with aridic moisture regime and extending to Lalehzar elevation (3207 m above sea level) with xeric moisture regime. Soil parent material changed from recent Quaternary alluvium in north of the transect (Kerman Plain) to the materials originated from weathering of igneous granodiorites of Lalehzar Mountains in the south. Illite, high charge smectite, palygorskite, chlorite and kaolinite clay minerals were found in almost all the soils studied. Smectite-vermiculite interstratified minerals were found only in Histosols (pedon 8 at lowland geomorphic position close to Lalehzar Mountain), which are attributed to higher soil moisture in this geomorphic surface. Palygorskite bundles were associated with both calcite and gypsum crystals and they were both pedogenic and inherited from the parent material. Due to higher soil moisture at the end of the transect (Lalehzar elevation), palygorskite was not observed. A close relation was found between soil properties, topography, and climate in the studied sequence.}, Keywords = {Central Iran,Climotoposequence,Mixed interstratified minerals,Palygorskite}, volume = {14}, Number = {3}, pages = {683-696}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-2697-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-2697-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Cumagun, C. J. R.}, title = {Managing Plant Diseases and Promoting Sustainability and Productivity with Trichoderma: The Philippine Experience}, abstract ={Trichoderma is a genus of asexually reproducing fungi that is present in all types of soils. Trichoderma species have been recognized as antagonists of soil-borne and foliage pathogens and as efficient decomposers of cellulosic waste materials. Moreover, they have the ability to increase plant growth and induce plant resistance. Along with mycoparasitism, antibiotics and competition, induced resistance is one of the most important mechanisms of Trichoderma action against fungal plant pathogens. Strategies to enhance biocontrol ability of Trichoderma include use of composts, UV irradiation and gene expression studies as applied to genetic engineering. Of over 50 research projects on Trichoderma in the Philippines as reported in this review, only less than 10% have been published at full length in scientific journals. Trichoderma have been often used in the control of rice and solanaceous crops and vegetables. Most projects have been conducted both in vitro and in vivo including the laboratory and greenhouse but rarely in the field. Most strains reported were not identified up to the species level especially by molecular techniques, an essential requirement for product commercialization. Of the several strains of Trichoderma that have been isolated and screened for biocontrol of plant diseases in the Philippines, only one strain has reached product commercialization. This, however, has led to a promising technology to improve management of vegetable diseases and increase farmers’ income. The continuity in sustaining these programs is vital in maintaining sustainability and productivity of agricultural crops with Trichoderma.}, Keywords = {Biological control,Enhancement,commercialization,Mode of action}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {699-714}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-1525-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-1525-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Su, X. Y. and Wu, J. Y. and Zhang, H. J. and Li, Z. Q. and Sun, X. H. and Deng, Y.}, title = {Assessment of Grain Security in China by Using the AHP and DST Methods}, abstract ={China is one of the largest grain producing and consuming nations in the world and the importance of grain security to the Chinese can never be overemphasized. In this paper, we present a comprehensive early-warning model for evaluating the status of grain security in China. The model is based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method and the Dempster–Shafer theory (DST). We divided the risk assessment into four stages. First, we seek risk sources and identify the indices to be used in the model. Then, we preprocess the index data to obtain the index directions and risk bounds. After that, we assign index weights via AHP method. Finally, we evaluate risk of grain security via DST method and determine the overall risk degree. An empirical analysis is conducted to demonstrate the use of the model for evaluating the status of grain security in China. The result shows that the model which conforms to the reality of China is effective and can be used as a grain security pre-warning monitoring tool.}, Keywords = {Analytic Hierarchy Process,China,Dempster-Shafer theory,Grain security,Risk assessment}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {715-726}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-1978-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-1978-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Movahedi, R. and Nagel, U. J.}, title = {Identifying Required Competencies for the Agricultural Extension and Education Undergraduates}, abstract ={This study aimed at identifying required competencies for the labor market by the graduates majoring in the agricultural extension education field. The study population included undergraduates, faculty members, and employers, as related to bachelor level in three extension and education departments at Bu Ali Sina, Tehran, and Shiraz Universities of Iran. The study has employed both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies. The quantitative research method used to collect data consisted of a questionnaire and the qualitative research method was semi-structured interviews. According to results, a combination of skills, mechanisms, supportive and collaborative systems with focus on self employment and entrepreneurship should be considered in order to improve students’ situation for labour market.}, Keywords = {Agricultural Extension and Education,Competencies,Iran,Labor Market,Undergraduates}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {727-742}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-7650-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-7650-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Shahbazi, F. and NazariGaledar, M.}, title = {Bending and Shearing Properties of Safflower Stalk}, abstract ={The research was conducted in order to determine the bending stress, Young’s modulus, shearing stress, and shearing energy of safflower stalk as a function of moisture content and stalk region. The bending forces were measured at different moisture contents and the bending stress and the Young’s modulus were calculated from these data. For measuring the shear forces, the stalk specimens were severed by using a computer aided cutting apparatus. The shear energy was calculated by using the area under the shear force versus displacement curve. The experiments were conducted at four moisture contents (8.61, 16.37, 25.26, and 37.16% wb) and at three stalk regions (bottom, middle, and top). Based on the results obtained, the bending stress decreased as the moisture content increased. The value of the bending stress obtained at the lowest moisture content was approximately 2 times higher than that of the highest moisture content. Bending stress values also decreased from top to the bottom of stalks. The average bending stress value varied from 21.98 to 59.19 MPa. The Young’s modulus in bending also decreased as the moisture content and diameter of stalks increased. The average Young's modulus varied between 0.86 and 3.33 GPa. The shear stress and the shear energy increased with increasing moisture content. Values of the shear stress and energy also increased from top to the bottom of stalks due to the structural heterogeneity. The maximum shear stress and shear energy were found to be 11.04 MPa and 938.33 mJ, respectively, both occurring at the bottom region with the moisture content of 37.16%.}, Keywords = {Bending stress,Safflower stalk,Shear energy,Shear stress,young’s modulus}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {743-754}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-4401-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-4401-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Kiani, S. and Jafari, A.}, title = {Crop Detection and Positioning in the Field Using Discriminant Analysis and Neural Networks Based on Shape Features}, abstract ={Development of an autonomous weeding machine requires a vision system capable of detecting and locating the position of the crop. It is important for the vision system to be able to recognize the accurate position of the crop stem to be protected during weeding. Several shape features of corn plants and common weed species in the location were extracted by means of morphological operations. Effective features in the classification of corn and weeds were analyzed using stepwise discriminant analysis. Among the seven features used in the analysis, four were sufficient to classify the two target groups of weeds and corn. These shape features were fed to artificial neural networks to discriminate between the weeds and the main crop. 180 images consisting of corn plants and four species of common weeds were collected from normal conditions of the field. Results showed that this technique was able to distinguish corn plants with an accuracy of 100% while at most 4% of the weeds were incorrectly classified as corn. In the final stage, the position of the main crop was also approximated and its accuracy was measured with respect to the real position of the crop. The position of the crop is necessary for the weeding machine to root up all of the plants except the main crop. It was concluded that the high accuracy of this method is due to the significant difference between corn and weeds in the critical period of weeding in the region.}, Keywords = {ANN classifier,Crop detection,Image processing,Shape analysis,Weed}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {755-765}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-6270-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-6270-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Mortezapour, H. and Ghobadian, B. and Khoshtaghaza, M. H. and Minaee, S.}, title = {Performance Analysis of a Two-way Hybrid Photovoltaic/Thermal Solar Collector}, abstract ={In this paper, the performance evaluation of a two-way hybrid photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) solar collector was analytically and experimentally carried out. Mathematical expressions for operating parameters in glass to glass and glass to tedlar PV/T solar collectors were developed and experimentally validated by a glass to tedlar PV/T solar collector system. Also the influence of air flow rate on the solar collector performance was investigated. The results showed that the glass to glass PV/T solar collector gave higher outlet air temperature, cell temperature and thermal efficiency than the glass to tedlar PV/T solar collector. However, back surface temperature and electrical efficiency were higher in case of glass to tedlar collector. Increasing the air flow rate led to a lower outlet air temperature and a higher electrical efficiency of the photovoltaic module. Maximum experimental electrical efficiency, thermal efficiency and overall thermal efficiency for the glass to tedlar PV module were found to be 10.35, 57.9 and 84.5%, respectively.}, Keywords = {Electrical efficiency,Performance analysis,thermal efficiency,Two-way photovoltaic/thermal solar collector}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {767-780}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-6825-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-6825-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Sadeghi, M. and Khoshtaghaza, M. H.}, title = {Vibration Effect on Particle Bed Aerodynamic Behavior and Thermal Performance of Black Tea in Fluidized Bed Dryers}, abstract ={Black tea sample was dried by a vibro-fluidized bed dryer to find its aerodynamic behavior and thermal performance during drying. The drying experiments were conducted at three different inlet air temperatures of 100, 115 and 130°C and fluidization condition at five vibration intensity levels of 0 (no vibration), 0.063, 0.189, 0.395 and 1.184. The results showed that bed channeling and defluidization problems were decreased in vibration condition. The vibration system decreased the requirement of minimum fluidization velocity of tea particles and this velocity reduced by increasing the vibration intensity. In the experiments, the maximum evaporation rate (13×10-3 kgv m-2 s-1) was at the vibration intensity of 1.184 and inlet air temperature of 130°C. Also the minimum specific energy consumption (4953.785 kJ kgv-1) was observed at 1.184 vibration intensity and 100°C inlet air temperature condition. Based on lower minimum fluidization velocity and specific energy consumption, the vibration intensity of 1.184 and inlet air temperature of 100°C were recommended for drying black tea particles.}, Keywords = {Evaporation rate,Minimum fluidization,Specific energy consumption,Vibration intensity}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {781-788}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-11292-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-11292-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Darsi, E. and Shivazad, M. and Zaghari, M. and Namroud, N. F. and Mohammadi, R.}, title = {Effect of Reduced Dietary Crude Protein Levels on Growth Performance, Plasma Uric Acid and Electrolyte Concentration of Male Broiler Chicks}, abstract ={Changes in dietary electrolyte balance influence the metabolic fate of protein and many amino acids. Furthermore, acid-base condition is achieved in part by the alteration of dietary amino acids pattern and quantity. Therefore, a trial was conducted in a completely randomized design to evaluate performance, carcass characteristics, plasma electrolyte and uric acid concentrations of 19 and 28-day-old male broilers fed three experimental diets in which CP was decreased in a stepwise manner from 21 to 18%. Ileal digestible quantities of all EAA were almost equal in the diets, and the total amount of each EAA was maintained at or above NRC 1994 requirements. Decreasing dietary CP did not affect performance and appetite but increased fat deposition in the whole body and abdominal cavity, significantly. High crude protein fed chickens generally produced breast, thighs and total carcasses that were lower in fat. Reducing dietary CP increased the concentrations of main plasma electrolytes including ionized forms of the electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl-) but its influence on Ca++ and HCO3- ions was not significant. On the other hand, plasma uric acid concentration was reduced in parallel with crude protein reduction. Therefore, although reduction of CP to 18% does not impair the performance of broiler chickens, deficiency in uric acid production in low CP diets may lead to blood electrolyte imbalance.}, Keywords = {Broiler chicken,Crude protein,Dietary electrolyte balance,Uric acid}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {789-797}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-11478-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-11478-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Yakhkeshi, S. and Rahimi, S. and HematiMatin, H. R.}, title = {Effects of Yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.), Antibiotic and Probiotic on Performance, Immune Response, Serum Lipids and Microbial Population of Broilers}, abstract ={This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the medicinal plant yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.), a probiotic (Primalac) and an antibiotic (virginiamycin) on gastrointestinal tract (GIT) characteristics, microbial populations, immune response, serum lipids and growth performance of broiler chickens. A total of 250 one-day old male broilers (Ross 308) were randomly allocated to 5 treatments, 5 replicates with 10 birds in each in a completely randomized design. Experimental treatments included the control, yarrow powder at two different concentrations (1.5 and 3% of diet), Primalac (0.1% of diet) and virginiamycin (15 ppm). The highest feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed in the control while the lowest FCR was seen in the virginiamycin group at 42 days of age (P< 0.05). Moreover, the highest body weight gain (BWG) was observed in the virginiamycin group while the lowest value was related to the control animals (P< 0.05). Carcass yields were not different between treatments (P> 0.05). Relative weights of breast and thigh were similar among all treatments (P> 0.05). Relative weights of bursa Fabricius, spleen and primary immune response (total titer, IgG and IgM) against sheep red blood cells (SRBC (were not affected by treatments. The serum cholesterol, triglyceride as well as high and low density lipoprotein (LDL and HDL) levels were different among treatments (P< 0.05). The lowest concentrations of the mentioned parameters were obtained in the group supplemented with 3% of yarrow (P< 0.05). The highest and lowest antibody titers (secondary immune response) against SRBC were observed by the yarrow (3%) and antibiotic supplementations, respectively (P< 0.05). The highest lactic acid bacteria (LAB) counts were detected in the crop, ileum and cecum of the Primalac group (P< 0.05). Inclusion of virginiamycin and yarrow (3%) caused a significant decrease in coliforms and total aerobic bacteria counts in crop, ileum and cecum (P< 0.05). The results of this study showed that the administration of yarrow (3%) can reduce the levels of serum lipids and boost the immune response in broilers. Moreover, it led to reduced pathogenic bacteria population in the GIT which could help to improve intestinal health and well being of poultry. It is proposed that yarrow can be used as an antibiotic alternative.}, Keywords = {Broiler performance,Immune response,Microbial population,Primalac,Virginiamycin,Yarrow}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {799-810}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-11024-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-11024-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Haghparast, S. and Shabani, A. and Shabanpour, B. and Hoseini, S. A.}, title = {Hatching Requirements of Daphnia magna Straus, 1820, and Daphnia pulex Linnaeus, 1758, Diapausing Eggs from Iranian Populations In vitro}, abstract ={Considering the crucial importance of Daphnia species in aquaculture, in particular for artificially- cultured sturgeon fry, a comprehensive study on the hatching requirements of their diapausing eggs seemed to be inevitable in order to obtain the ideal hatching technique. To do so, the ephippial eggs were collected from live food ponds in the cultivation and breeding centre of Gorgan and after isolation, were kept in dry and wet conditions at 4°C for 2 months in darkness. Following the pre-incubation period, the ephippia in each group were subdivided into two parts each treated with NaOCl 1% and distilled water. The effect of temperature levels (20, 25, and 30˚C) and photoperiod levels (12L: 12D, 24L: 0D) on hatching percent and the rate of egg hatching were investigated in artificial daphnia medium (AdaM) for 15 days. Results indicated that wet pre-treatment of Daphnia magna diapausing eggs with 1% NaOCl solution and subsequently exposure to continuous illumination at 20 and 25˚C was effective to reach the maximum number of hatchlings and the maximum egg hatching rate (P< 0.05). Exposure of the wet diapausing eggs of Daphnia pulex to 12 hours illumination and 25ºC without soaking in NaOCl 1% maximized the number of hatchlings and the rate of egg hatching (P< 0.05).}, Keywords = {Diapausing egg,D. magna,D. pulex,Hatching}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {811-820}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-10343-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-10343-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Gaffaroğlu, M. and Karasu, M. and Unal, S.}, title = {Karyotype of River Loach Turcinoemacheilus kosswigi Bănărescu and Nalbant, 1964 (Cypriniformes, Balitoridae) from the Euphrates River, Turkey}, abstract ={Karyotype of river loach Turcinoemacheilus kosswigi from the Euphrates River, Turkey was investigated using conventional Giemsa-staining and C-banding. Two females and two males were analyzed. Diploid chromosome number was 2n= 50 in all specimens. The karyotype consisted of four pairs of metacentric (m), seven pairs of submeta (sm)-subtelocentric (st) and 14 pairs of acrocentric (a) chromosomes, the number of chromosome was NF= 72. No heteromorphic sex chromosomes were found. C-banded positive constitutive heterochromatin was found in the entire short arms of a pair of large m-sm chromosomes and in the centromeres of several chromosome pairs though to a lesser extent. Karyotype and C-banding patterns of T. kosswigi were compared with those of other loaches.}, Keywords = {Balitorid loaches,Chromosome banding,Cytotaxonomy,Fish cytogenetics}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {821-826}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-11988-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-11988-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Majzoobi, M. and Darabzadeh, N. and Farahnaky, A.}, title = {Effects of Percentage and Particle Size of Wheat Germ on Some Properties of Batter and Cake}, abstract ={Wheat germ, a highly nutritive part of wheat kernels, is separated during milling as a by-product. In this study, wheat germ was used to supplement cakes. Different levels of the germ (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%) at different particles sizes (280, 585, 890 and 1,195 µm) were added to a cake recipe. The results showed that with increasing the germ level and particle size, batter consistency and density of the cakes increased significantly, while the height of the cakes decreased. With increasing the germ level and its particle size, the crumb became slightly yellow while the crust color and the textural parameters (TPA test) remained unaffected. Determination of the sensory attributes of the samples showed that the particle size was negatively correlated with the crumb color and texture of the cakes, while other sensory parameters remained unaffected. In general, 15% of germ was the highest level and 280 µm was the most suitable particle size (as recognized by the panelists) for the production of an appropriate germ cake.}, Keywords = {Batter,Cake,Particle size,Physical properties,Wheat germ}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {827-836}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-10813-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-10813-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Kim, J. H. and Kim, M. Y.}, title = {Enhancement of Bioactive Components Content and the Antioxidant Activity of Green Tea after Continuous Anaerobic Incubation}, abstract ={Although several methods have been developed to make gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) accumulate in tea, the active ingredients and health benefits vary widely depending on the manufacturing process of tea products. In this study, the levels of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity in tea leaves given the continuous anaerobic condition were investigated. GABA and other free amino acids such as alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, and asparagine were increased in tea leaves after anaerobic treatment, whereas the contents of organic and fatty acids remained almost constant. Compared with untreated tea, anaerobically incubated tea possesses higher (-)-epigallocatechin and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate contents, and lower IC50 values in the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging, superoxide radical scavenging, nitric oxide scavenging and xanthine oxidase inhibition assays, which may indicate that continuous anaerobic incubation enhances antioxidant activity. These results suggest that the continuous anaerobic treatment during manufacturing process may provide high quality GABA tea.}, Keywords = {Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA),Green tea,Continuous anaerobic incubation,Bioactive component,Antioxidant activity}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {837-844}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-7552-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-7552-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Bajpai, V. K. and kang, S. C.}, title = {In Vitro and In Vivo Inhibition of Plant Pathogenic Fungi by Essential Oil and Extracts of Magnolia liliflora Desr.}, abstract ={This study was carried out to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo antifungal efficacy of essential oil and extracts derived from the flower and leaves of Magnolia liliflora, respectively, against plant pathogenic fungi. The oil (750 μg disc-1) and various leaf extracts such as hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol (1,500 μg disc-1) revealed promising antifungal effects against Botrytis cinerea KACC 40573, Colletotrichum capsici KACC 40978, Fusarium oxysporum KACC 41083, Fusarium solani KACC 41092, Phytophthora capsici KACC 40157, Rhizoctonia solani KACC 40111 and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum KACC 41065 as radial growth inhibition percentages of 38 to 65.6% and 7.6 to 57.3%, respectively along with their respective MIC and MFC values ranging from (125 to 500 and 125 to 100 μg mL-1) and (500 to 4,000 and 500 to 8,000 μg mL-1). The oil had a strong detrimental effect on spore germination of all tested plant pathogens as well as concentration and time-dependent kinetic inhibition of P. capsici KACC40157. Also the oil displayed potent in vivo antifungal effect against one of the selected plant pathogens P. capsici KACC 40157 on greenhouse-grown pepper plants. The results of this study indicate that the flower oil and leaf extracts of M. liliflora could be used as natural alternatives to synthetic fungicides to control the in vitro and in vivo growth of certain important plant pathogenic fungi.}, Keywords = {Antifungal activity,Essential oil,Leaf extracts,Magnolia liliflora,Plant pathogenic fungi}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {845-856}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-543-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-543-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Amiryousefi, M. R. and Zarei, M. and Azizi, M. and Mohebbi, M.}, title = {Modelling Some Physical Characteristics of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Fruit during Ripening Using Artificial Neural Network}, abstract ={Pomegranate is an important Iranian-native fruit, with many varieties cultivated. Although the volume of data on the importance of pomegranates in human nutrition has increased tremendously in the last years, the physical properties of the pomegranate fruit during fruit maturity have not yet been studied in detail. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate changes in physical characteristics of six pomegranate fruits in three different stages from fruit set to ripening. Physical characteristics of pomegranate fruit including length to diameter ratio of fruit and calyx, peel and aril percentage, juice weight and percentage in a whole fruit in ‘Aghaye’ (A), ‘Faroogh’ (F), ‘Rabbab-e-Fars’ (RF), ‘Shahvare’ (S), ‘Shirin-e-Bihaste’ (SB) and ‘Shirin-e-Mohali’ (SM) were investigated. Different topologies of the artificial neural network were examined. Among different structures, a multilayer feed forward neural network based on 15 neurons in the single hidden layer with transfer function of tangent hyperbolic both in hidden layer and output layer and Levenberg-Marquardt learning rule was found to be the best model for predicting the physical characteristics of pomegranate fruit from the different cultivars. Results indicated that artificial neural network provides a prediction method with high accuracy. The correlation coefficients in the prediction of these physical characteristics were higher than 0.89.}, Keywords = {Artificial Neural Network,Fruit ripening,Physical characteristics,Pomegranate}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {857-867}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-1039-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-1039-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Sedghi, M. and SeyedSharifi, R. and Pirzad, A. R. and Amanpour-Balaneji, B.}, title = {Phytohormonal Regulation of Antioxidant Systems in Petals of Drought Stressed Pot Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.)}, abstract ={Drought is an important abiotic stress limiting plant performance. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is enhanced under stresses. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of phytohormones on the changes of antioxidant enzymes and carotenoids in petals of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) under drought stress. Results showed that the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) and catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) increased 47 and 73%, respectively, in petals under water deficit conditions compared with the control plants. Spraying with gibberellic acid (GA3) and benzyl amino purine (BAP) alleviated drought effects, but application of abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA) and brassinolid (BR) induced the activity of these enzymes. In the case of peroxidase (POD, EC 1.11.1.7), GA3 enhanced the enzyme activity unlike the other enzymes and the rest of the phytohormones had no significant effect on POD activity under either stressed or non-stressed condition. Concentration of carotenoids was affected by drought and hormone treatments. Concentration of carotenoids increased under water deficit but, GA3, BAP and JA had inhibitory effects on lycopene and carotene synthesis, while the rest of the hormones increased them. Spraying with GA3 increased luteoxanthin concentration in petals by 35 and 20% in comparison with the non-stressed and stressed environments, respectively. The decrease in POD activity under stress suggests that other mechanisms might be involved for ROS scavenging in petals of pot marigold.}, Keywords = {Antioxidant,Carotenoid,Drought,Petal,Phytohormone}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {869-878}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-5795-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-5795-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {VahdatiMashhadian, N. and Tehranifar, A. and Bayat, H. and Selahvarzi, Y.}, title = {Salicylic and Citric Acid Treatments Improve the Vase Life of Cut Chrysanthemum Flowers}, abstract ={Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura cv. Pattriot) is one of the most important and marketable cut flowers in the world. However, a relatively limited vase life reduces its marketability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of salicylic acid (SA) and citric acid (CA) in extending the vase life of chrysanthemum flowers. Therefore, a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with SA at (0, 100, 200, 300 ppm) and CA at (0, 100, 200 ppm) with 3 replicates and 3 samples (individual flowers) for each replicate, was conducted. Applying SA and CA increased vase life, petal water content (%), initial fresh weight (%) and marketability, significantly. SA treatments increased leaf relative water content (RWC), petal water content (%) and initial fresh weight (%) by 49, 73 and 23 %, compared to the controls, respectively. The highest vase life (21.77 days) was observed for the treatments of SA (300 ppm). The significant increase (300%) in vase life is considered to be due to plant regulating and anti-stress properties of SA and CA. According to the results of this experiment, SA and CA as natural, cheap, safe and biodegradable compounds are suitable alternatives for conventional chemical treatments in order to prolong vase life of cut flowers of chrysanthemum. Commercialization of these compounds for optimum formulations needs further experiments.}, Keywords = {Bio compounds (chemicals),CA,Chrysanthemum cut flowers,Preservation effect,SA,Vase life}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {879-887}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-5621-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-5621-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Ertek, A. and Erdal, I. and Yilmaz, H. I. and Senyigit, U.}, title = {Water and Nitrogen Application Levels for the Optimum Tomato Yield and Water Use Efficiency}, abstract ={This study was conducted to determine the effects of different water and nitrogen application levels on drip-irrigated tomato plants. The amount of water usage was based upon the pan evaporation from a screened (class “A”) evaporation pan. The treatments consisted of two irrigation intervals (I1= 5 days and I2= 10 days), three plant-pan coefficients (Kcp1= 0.50; Kcp2= 0.75 and Kcp3= 1.00) and three nitrogen (N) levels (N0 = 0, N1= 80 and N2= 160 kg ha-1). The I, Kcp and N levels affected the tomato yields and water usage efficiencies, however the effects of nitrogen applications were found to be greater than those of the other applications. Consequently, to reach the maximum tomato yields under similar climate and soil conditions, plant-pan coefficients (Kcp) and nitrogen values should be equivalent to 1.00 and 160 kg ha-1, respectively.}, Keywords = {Irrigation,N fertilization,Pan evaporation,Plant-pan coefficient,Tomato}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {889-902}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-8956-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-8956-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Lakshmipathy, R. and Balakrishna, A. N. and Bagyaraj, D. J.}, title = {Abundance and Diversity of AM Fungi across a Gradient of Land Use Intensity and Their Seasonal Variations in Niligiri Biosphere of the Western Ghats, India}, abstract ={The impact of land use intensity on the abundance and diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was investigated at six land use types viz., natural forest, grassland, acacia plantations, cardamom plantations, coffee plantations and paddy fields in the Niligiri Biosphere of the Western Ghats in South India. There was no significant difference in AMF root colonization in different land use types during pre-monsoon but there was a significant difference in AMF root infection ratings between different land use types during post-monsoon season, where it was higher in natural forests and grasslands. The AMF spore density and infective propagules were significantly higher in grasslands and acacia plantations compared to all other land use types during both seasons. Except for paddy fields, the spore density and number of infective propagules were higher in post-monsoon season compared to pre-monsoon season in other land use types. The numbers of AMF species identified were 56 during pre-monsoon and 67 species during post-monsoon season suggesting seasonal variations in diversity. During both seasons Glomus fasciculatum was recorded in maximum number of sampling points across the landscape followed by G. geosporum during pre-monsoon and G. mosseae during post-monsoon season. The species diversity was highest in natural forests and grasslands as compared to other land use types in both seasons. The species richness index for AMF was highest in natural forests and least in paddy fields during both study periods. The sand content, bulk density, total N, organic C, alkaline and acid phosphatases positively correlated with AMF activity while clay, silt, K, total P and available P were negatively correlated.}, Keywords = {AMF,Infective propagules,Land use types,Root colonization,Spore density}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {903-918}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-9453-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-9453-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Mesbahzadeh, T. and Ahmadi, H.}, title = {Investigation of Sand Drift Potential (Case Study: Yazd – Ardakan Plain)}, abstract ={Erosion by wind is one of the most important factors in desert environment. Prevailing winds can shift sand dunes and affect their accumulation. Also, wind regime determines the direction of sand dune mobility. The aim of this research was to investigate sand drift potential using sand movement models. For this research, wind data between 1986 and 2005 from the meteorological station of Yazd were acquired to examine sand drift potential (DP), and erosive storm winds through different methods. The sand drift potential values show that the resultant drift direction (RDD) is from southwest-west towards northeast-east. The unidirectional index value is 0.47. The Yazd – Ardakan plain is under the influence of a low energy wind regime (DP< 200 VU). The DP index should be considered for planning and development projects and conservation work. Calculations show that under a low energy wind regime, the amount of sand drift flow is 15.74 m3 m-1 year-1. The angular direction of RDD is 77°, measured clockwise from the geographical north. The trend of sand movement is observed following a clockwise pattern. With regard to the monthly sand rose, it is seen that the resultant drift potential is low in September and October (1.91-2.1) while the highest resultant drift potential occurs in May. The results obtained from the analysis of wind rose data indicated that the direction of prevailing winds in the Yazd basin is generally from west to north-west, and the storm winds have been generally directed northwest, and the frequency of winds of a velocity less than 6 m s-1 (threshold velocity) is 93.79% as observed from Yazd meteorological station.}, Keywords = {Fryberger method,Sand dunes,Sand rose,Storm rose,Wind regimes,Wind Rose}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {919-928}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-292-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-292-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Touiserkani, T. and Haddad, R.}, title = {Cadmium-induced Stress and Antioxidative Responses in Different Brassica napus Cultivars}, abstract ={To estimate plant resistance to Cadmium Chloride (CdCl2) stress for phytoremediation purposes, the effect of cadmium (Cd) phytotoxicity was assessed on total soluble protein, chlorophyll (Chl) content and antioxidant enzymes in the leaves of three different Brassica napus (B. napus) cultivars; Mohican, Reg.Cob and Okapi. Plants were exposed to three levels of CdCl2 (0.75, 1.5 and 2.25 mM) in irrigation water. A reduction in protein and Chl content was noted for all treatments in the three cultivars. Generally, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities were increased with 0.75 mM CdCl2 and then decreased at higher concentrations. SOD activity was enhanced up to 1.5 mM CdCl2 concentration in Mohican cultivar. Moreover, APX activity of Okapi cultivar was increased at a much higher rate of CdCl2 levels compared to Mohican and Reg.Cob cultivars. Different concentrations of CdCl2 induced a reduction in the catalase (CAT) activity of Mohican and Reg.Cob. However, this activity was increased with 0.75 mM CdCl2 in Okapi and then decreased with higher concentrations. These results indicate that B. napus cultivars have different tolerances to CdCl2 stress and in consequence, different phytoremediation efficiencies. Moreover, because Okapi possesses a higher antioxidant enzyme activity than the other two cultivars, it is suggested that it is probably the most tolerant cultivar to CdCl2 stress.}, Keywords = {Antioxidant enzymes,B. napus,Cadmium Chloride,Cultivars,stress}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {929-937}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-10443-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-10443-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Alomran, A. M. and Al-Harbi, A. A. R. and wahab-Allah, M. A. and Alwabel, M. A. and Nadeem, M. E. A. and Al-Eter, A.}, title = {Management of Irrigation Water Salinity in Greenhouse Tomato Production under Calcareous Sandy Soil and Drip Irrigation}, abstract ={A greenhouse experiment was conducted during the growing seasons (2008/2009 and 2009/2010) to investigate the effects of water quality and soil amendments, irrigation methods and rates on tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L. cv. Red Gold) yield and water use efficiency (WUE). Irrigation management treatments were fresh (0.86 dS m-1) and saline waters (3.6 dS m-1), surface and subsurface irrigation methods, 2, 4, and 6 L h-1 irrigation rates applied at the same irrigation duration and interval, and clay deposit, organic matter, and control amendment treatments. The results showed that differences among treatments were highly significant (P< 0.05) for tomato yield and WUE. The interactions between water quality and the other three factors were highly significant (P< 0.05). Applying fresh water and clay deposit amendments in sandy soil under subsurface drip irrigation at 2 L h-1 flow rate irrigation, water saving occurred due to improving soil water distribution in root zone. On the other hand, fresh application of saline water and clay deposit or organic matter amendments in sandy soil under subsurface drip irrigation method at 6 L h-1 flow rate, reduced both high cost of water desalinization and deleterious effect of saline water. Therefore, this management practice is recommended for greenhouse tomato production.}, Keywords = {Amendment,Irrigation Methods,Irrigation Rate,Salinity,Solanum lycopersicon L,Water use efficiency}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {939-950}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-4393-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-4393-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Emami, Hojat and Neyshabouri, Mohammad Reza and Shorafa, Mahdi}, title = {Relationships between Some Soil Quality Indicators in Different Agricultural Soils from Varamin, Iran}, abstract ={ Soil quality is a necessary indicator of land management. Different indices are applied to evaluate farming systems, soil types and land uses based on soil quality. The slope of retention curve at its inflection point has been defined as soil physical quality index (Si) but the relationships between Si and penetration resistance (PR), the least limiting water range (LLWR), and available water content (AWC) have not been studied yet. In this study, I) the effects of soil physical properties on Si index and PR, and II) the relationships between Si index and PR, LLWR, and AWC were investigated. Seventy undisturbed soil samples were collected and the slope at inflection point for soil retention curve as a soil physical quality index (Si) was determined in each sample using soil retention curve data. Furthermore, PR was measured in soil surface, and LLWR and AWC were calculated. The results showed that the correlations between PR and water content, Electrical conductivity (ECe), SAR, and Si index were significant at P<0.01, whereas its correlations with bulk density (ρb), and organic matter (OM) were significant at P<0.05. There was also a negative correlation found between AWC and PR (P<0.01). In addition, a positive correlation between Si and LLWR, and a negative correlation between PR and LLWR among soil samples (P<0.01) were found to exist. Therefore, the Si index provides a tool that can be used to compare different soils or the effects of different management practices on soil physical properties.}, Keywords = {Available water content,Least limiting water range,Penetration resistance,Soil physical quality index}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {951-959}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-9695-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-9695-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Hemmatian, R. and Najafi, G. and Hosseinzadeh, B. and TavakkoliHashjin, T. and Khoshtaghaza, M. H.}, title = {Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of the Effects of Moisture Content and Internodes Position on Shearing Characteristics of Sugar Cane Stems}, abstract ={In the present study, shearing properties of sugar cane stems were determined at five moisture content levels (46, 54, 62, 70 and 78% wb), three shearing speed (5, 10 and 15 mm min-1) and at ten positions on the stem. For measuring the shearing forces, the stems were severed by using a computer aided cutting apparatus. Decrease in moisture content of stem from 78 to 46% wb led to 16.3 and 16.7% decrease in the shearing strength and specific shearing energy, respectively. The maximum and average values of shearing strength of the two moisture contents were found to be 3.482 and 3.1 MPa, and the specific shearing energies were 112 MJ mm-2 and, 102.6 MJ mm-2, respectively. Both the shearing strength and the specific shearing energy were found to be higher in the lower region of the stem due to structural heterogeneity. Results showed that with the increase in shearing speed from 5 to 15 mm min-1, shearing strength and the specific shearing energy increased 3.2 and 4.6%, respectively. The results of ANOVA indicated that effects of the mentioned factors were significant at 1% probability level. The shearing model assessment revealed that the third order polynomial model exhibited the best performance in fitting with experimental data and, by using this model, a significant correlation was found between shearing strength, specific shearing energy, and moisture content (R2= 0.989 and SE= 0.001). Also, a significant correlation was found between shearing strength, specific shearing energy, and shearing speed by using Hoerl model (R2= 0.989 and SE= 0.005).}, Keywords = {Mechanical properties of stem,Shear Strength,Specific shearing energy,Sugar cane}, volume = {14}, Number = {5}, pages = {963-974}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-6799-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-6799-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Sadeghi, A.}, title = {Thermal Conductivity of Feed Pellets}, abstract ={Application of feed pellets in animal and aquatic farming industries has grown because of both the physical and the nutritional benefits it provides. Development of feed pellets manufacturing industry is also considerable. Steam conditioning process, which plays an important role in pelleting production, includes heating feed particles, adding moisture, and mixing the mash. Pellets cooling and drying processes are also involved in heat transfer phenomena. In this study, thermal conductivity of feed pellets was determined at different temperatures ranging from 25 to 85°C and moisture contents of 11.8 to 18.2% wb. It was measured by the transient technique using the line heat source method assembled in a thermal conductivity probe. It turned out that decreasing moisture contents from 18.2 to 11.8% (wb) produced non-linear reduction in thermal conductivity. The average values of thermal conductivity changed from 0.1509 to 0.2143 W m-1 °C-1 at different moisture contents. Tests conducted on two pellet size categories (based on nominal diameter) revealed a significant difference in thermal conductivity between these categories. The thermal conductivities of the first category (minor than nominal dia.) appeared to be 8.5% higher than those of the second category (superior to nominal dia.). Average values of thermal conductivity changed from 0.1538 to 0.2333 W m-1 °C-1 for the first category and from 0.1235 to 0.2456 W m-1 °C-1 for the second category (in 25°C). In addition, some empirical models were developed to express thermal properties as a function of moisture content and temperature.}, Keywords = {Feed pellets,Line heat source method,thermal conductivity}, volume = {14}, Number = {5}, pages = {975-984}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-8984-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-8984-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {MehdipourMoghadam, M. J. and Emtiazi, G. and Salehi, Z.}, title = {Enhanced Auxin Production by Azospirillum Pure Cultures from Plant Root Exudates}, abstract ={Bacteria of the genus Azospirillum are well known as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. The ability to synthesize phytohormones is considered one of the most important mechanisms to promote plant growth and is widely distributed among plant-associated rhizobacteria.The most important phytohormone produced by Azospirillum is the auxin indole-3-acetic acid, with the L-tryptophan as the precursor. In the present study, we evaluate the capacity of eight Azospirillum strains isolated from rice and wheat, to produce in vitro auxins using plant exudates. Our results show that isolates produced auxins in tryptophan free media, but, generally, the amount produced increased when the tryptophan concentration increased. Some plants root exudates had a similar effect to tryptophan for the auxin production. In this sense, bean, rice and canola root extracts produced, respectively, 93.3%, 96.2%, and 88.31% more auxin than L-tryptophan. Azospirillum sp. isolate A3 had the maximal capacity to produce auxin. Therefore, the effect of cell free supernatant was studied on rice root development. Statistical analysis did not show any significant difference between root number and dry weight of the treated and control seedlings. However, significant differences were observed in root length and wet weight at α=0.01 and α=0.05, respectively.}, Keywords = {Azospirillum,Phytohormones,Auxins,Indole-3-acetic acid,Rice,Wheat,Root exudates}, volume = {14}, Number = {5}, pages = {985-994}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-9583-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-9583-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Tadayon, M. R. and Ebrahimi, R. and Tadayyon, A.}, title = {Increased Water Productivity of Wheat under Supplemental Irrigation and Nitrogen Application in a Semi-arid Region}, abstract ={Limitations of water and nitrogen in soil usually restrict plant growth. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different amounts of supplemental irrigation at different growth stages and application of different rates of nitrogen fertilizer on grain yield and water productivity of wheat cultivars. A field experiment was conducted in the agricultural research station of Shahrekord University, Iran, for 2 years. The experiment had a split-split plot design with 3 replications. Five irrigation treatments occupied the main plots, two wheat cultivars were the sub-plots, and three levels of nitrogen were allocated to the sub-subplots. Seed yield and water productivity increased with the total amount of water available to plants. Water productivity increased linearly with increasing additional irrigation from the jointing stage to the seed filling stage, in both years. However, the rate of grain yield and water productivity in irrigation treatment at the jointing stage was greater than the other irrigation treatments. Both wheat varieties showed positive response to supplemental irrigation treatments and nitrogen fertilizer, but the rate of grain yield and water productivity was greater in Azar2 cultivar. Additional nitrogen fertilizers also increased seed yield and water productivity in bothyears. Generally, the combination of supplemental irrigation at jointing stage and application of 100 kg nitrogen ha-1 have important roles in the improvement of seed yield and water productivity of Sardari wheat cultivarunder semi arid region.}, Keywords = {Nitrogen,Seed yield,Supplemental irrigation,Water productivity,Wheat}, volume = {14}, Number = {5}, pages = {995-1003}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-5589-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-5589-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Muhaghegh-Dolatabady, M. and Habibizad, J. and Ghaderi-Zefrehei, M.}, title = {Single Strand Conformation Polymorphisms and Sequence Analysis of 5\'-Flanking Region of IL-1B Gene in Cattle (Bos taurus)}, abstract ={Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), the prototypical pro-inflammatory cytokine, is produced by macrophages following exposure to bacterial products. Its role is to act upon several cell types at the site of infection to stimulate the production of pro-inflammatory molecules that will cause increase in vascular permeability. Therefore, IL-1β regulates the initiation and development of acute inflammation that may have a role in mammary gland defense during mastitis. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 5'-flanking region of this gene can modulate IL-1β function. The aim of the present study was to discover and analyze SNPs in promoter region of IL-1B gene in cattle (Bos taurus). The 5'-flanking region of IL-1B gene was screened by single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) in Holstein and Iranian local cattle breeds (50 local and 50Holstein). A total of 4 distinct SSCP patterns were observed, which further revealed 5 novel SNPs upon sequence analysis in Iranian local breed. From the SNPs identified in this region, polymorphism at nucleotide position -534 was found to lie in the vicinity of potential GATA and ZNF transcription factor binding sites. The SNPs identified at -383 position was shown to be present within the putative ETS factor and also core sequence of CARE transcription factor. Two SNPs at positions -534 and -340 were found within the EBF binding site. The SNPs identified in the 5'-flanking region of IL-1B gene may serve as potential candidate genetic marker(s) for disease resistant traits in cattle.}, Keywords = {5' flanking region,IL-1B,SNPs,Transcription factors}, volume = {14}, Number = {5}, pages = {1005-1012}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-549-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-549-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Mazidi, S. and Rezaei, K. and Golmakani, M. T. and Sharifan, A. and Rezazadeh, Sh.}, title = {Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oil from Black Zira (Bunium persicum Boiss.) Obtained by Microwave-assisted Hydrodistillation}, abstract ={Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) at three levels of microwave power (180, 360, and 540 W) and the traditional hydrodistillation (HD) were applied to obtain essential oils from Bunium persicum Boiss. (Black Zira). MAHD at 540 W started much earlier than that of HD (4 min vs. 38 min, respectively). By the time the extraction of essential oils started with HD, almost 50% of the total essential oils (2.15%, w/w yield) had been extracted with MAHD at 540 W. Analysis of the essential oils using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry showed that γ-terpinene (28.16-31.13%, w/w), cuminaldehyde (24.85-29.20%), ρ-cymene (14.67-16.50%) and limonene (6.13-8.28%) were their main constituents, with a similar composition both after HD and MAHD extraction. The antioxidant activity (reported as IC50) of essential oil extracted by HD was 9.31 mg ml-1 and those of MAHD at 180, 360, and 540 W were 8.62, 8.79, and 6.45 mg ml-1, respectively. Microwave irradiation did not cause any adverse effect on the antioxidant activities of the extracted essential oils, therefore, it can be used as a good alternative method to obtain essential oils from B. persicum.}, Keywords = {Bunium persicum,Black Zira,DPPHº,Essential oil,Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation}, volume = {14}, Number = {5}, pages = {1013-1022}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-11916-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-11916-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {RasouliPirouzian, H. and Hesari, J. and Farajnia, S. and Moghaddam, M. and Ghiassifar1, Sh.}, title = {Effects of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium, Isolated from Traditional Lighvan Cheese, on Physicochemical and Sensory Characteristics of Iranian UF White Cheese}, abstract ={ The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of enterococci isolated from traditional Lighvan cheese on the quality of Iranian UF white during ripening. Four samples of cheese were provided from four different cheese production units in Lighvan region. Strains of enterococci in these samples were isolated by standard microbiological methods and selective medium of Kanamycin Esclin Azide Agar and then identified by biochemical methods. In the second stage of research, the effect of adding isolated enterococci in traditional Lighvan cheese on the quality of Iranian UF white cheese was investigated in a 60-day period. Addition of Enterococcus spp. did not significantly (P> 0.01) affect the pH and percentage of pH 4.6-Soluble nitrogen/total nitrogen. In the cheese produced with E. faecalis and E. faecium strains, lipolysis rate was higher and flavor properties were improved. Moreover, results of measuring percentage of soluble nitrogen at pH 4.6 and urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated an increase in proteolysis rate in the cheese containing E. faecalis and E. faecium strains compared to the control cheese. Furthermore, the highest percentage of non- protein nitrogen was observed in the cheese containing E. faecium. In conclusion, the results showed the positive effect of the E. faecalis and E. faecium on secondary proteolysis during ripening. The proteolytic activity displayed by some enterococcal strains may contribute to cheese ripening and flavor development. Because of these interesting metabolic traits, enterococci have been proposed as part of defined starter culture combination for UF white cheeses.}, Keywords = {Enterococcus faecalis,Enterococcus faecium,Lighvan cheese,UF white cheese}, volume = {14}, Number = {5}, pages = {1023-1034}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-4952-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-4952-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Fathi, E. and Sefidkon, F.}, title = {Influence of Drying and Extraction Methods on Yield and Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Eucalyptus sargentii}, abstract ={Many parameters affect essential oil yield and chemical composition of aromatic plants. For obtaining the highest quantity and quality of essential oil, it is necessary to know the proper methods of drying and distillation. The aim of this research was to investigate the influence of drying and extraction methods on the yield and chemical composition of the essential oil of Eucalyptus sargentii. The fresh leaves of Eucalyptus sargentii, cultivated in Kashan (central region of Iran), were collected in the middle of spring and dried by five different drying methods: sun-drying, shade-drying, and oven-drying at 30, 40 and 50°C. The essential oils of every treatment were obtained by hydro-distillation in three replication. In addition, the essential oil of shade-dried sample was obtained by two other distillation methods, namely, water- and steam-distillation and direct steam-distillation. The oils were analyzed by capillary GC and GC-MS. Statistical analysis showed significant difference between oil yield (w/w) of the shade-dried sample (3.39%) compared to oven-dried at 40°C (2.92%), sun-dried (2.66%), oven-dried at 30°C (2.59%) and oven-dried at 50°C (2.30%). The oil content of the shade-dried sample obtained by hydro-distillation (3.39%) was higher than those of the water and steam distillation (2.89%) and steam distillation (1.35%). Twenty-three components were identified in the oil of E. sargentii in the different drying methods, including 1,8-cineole (57.9-65.8%) and α-pinene (11.3-28.3%) as main components. Twenty-four compounds were characterized in the oils of different distillation methods, including 1,8-cineole (61.2-66.6%) and α-pinene (19.7-28.3%) as the major compounds. Among the different drying methods, shade-dried samples produced the highest oil yield and 1,8-cineole content, while in different distillation methods, hydro-distillation produced the highest oil yield, but the highest percentage of 1,8-cineole was obtained by water and steam distillation.}, Keywords = {Drying,Essential oil,Eucalyptus sargentii,Extraction,1,8-cineole}, volume = {14}, Number = {5}, pages = {1035-1042}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-6508-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-6508-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Majdi, S. and Barzegar, M. and Jabbari, A. and AghaAlikhani, M.}, title = {Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Tobacco Seed Oil and its Comparison with Solvent Extraction Methods}, abstract ={Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is an important industrial crop and its seeds contain significant amounts of oil. The extraction of oil components using solvent at high pressure, or supercritical fluid (SCF), has received much attention. In the present study, statistical analyses showed that the average extraction yield of seed oil of five tobacco varieties using SFE was 9.33%, which was higher than Sonication (7.75%) and DGF (Deutsche Gesellschaft f_r Fettwissenschaft) standard method B-I5(87) (8.48%), but lower than Soxhlet (13.72%). Also, fatty acids profile of each extracted oil was determined by gas chromatography. Various saturated and unsaturated fatty acids such as lauric (C12:0), myristic (C14:0), palmitic (C16:0), palmitoleic (C16:1), stearic (C18:0), oleic (C18:1), linoleic (C18:2), linolenic (C18:3) and eicosanoic (C20:0) acids were observed in the extracted oils.}, Keywords = {Fatty acids profiles,Soxhlet,Sonication,Supercritical fluid extraction,Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)}, volume = {14}, Number = {5}, pages = {1053-1065}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-12164-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-12164-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Majzoobi, M. and Farhoodi, S. and Farahnaky, A. and Taghipour, M.}, title = {Properties of Dough and Flat Bread Containing Wheat Germ}, abstract ={ Increasing the nutritional value of bread is important since the enriched product can be used for special target groups such as developing countries or special diets. Wheat germ, a highly nutritive part of wheat kernel, is a by-product of milling factories and has the potential to be used for food supplementation. The main aim of this research was to supplement flat bread (Barbari) with wheat germ and to study the quality and staling of the resultant bread. Therefore, processed (heated at 150°C for 45 minutes) and raw wheat germs were added at the rates of 0, 5, 10 and 15% (w/w) in bread recipe, as separate treatments. Using a Farinograph, it was found that the dough made with raw germ had less water absorption, lower consistency, and shorter stability time. Modeling of the data showed that increasing the germ level had negative correlation with bread volume and softness. Such effects were enhanced when raw germ was used. It was found that addition of germ could not delay bread staling; however, it had positive effects on its taste and general acceptability, particularly when 15% processed germ was used.}, Keywords = {Barbari bread,Dough empirical rheology,Flat bread,Wheat germ}, volume = {14}, Number = {5}, pages = {1053-1065}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-6693-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-6693-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Khademi, O. and Zamani, Z. and Mostofi, Y. and Kalantari, S. and Ahmadi, A.}, title = {Extending Storability of Persimmon Fruit cv. Karaj by Postharvest Application of Salicylic Acid}, abstract ={The main postharvest problems of persimmon in Iran are severe softening and disease incidence on the fruits during storage. Therefore, delay in softening and/or control of diseases result in the storage life extension of persimmon fruit. The strategy of induced disease resistance in plants by biotic and abiotic treatments is an attractive method for controlling diseases. Salicylic acid (SA) is a well known natural inducer of disease resistance in plants. In this study persimmon fruits cv. Karaj were treated at harvest with SA at 0 (as control), 1 and 2 mM and the quality parameters of the fruit were measured during 3 months of storage at monthly intervals. The most noticeable effect of postharvest SA application on stored persimmon fruit was the reduction of disease incidence at 2 mM concentration, while 1 mM SA failed to control diseases. Results showed that SA did not affect TSS, titratable acidity, soluble tannin content, and fruit firmness. Also, SA could not suppress ethylene production compared to the control. SA treatment at 2 mM concentration reduced postharvest disease incidence of persimmon fruit by inducible defense mechanism, being suitable for increasing postharvest life of the fruit.}, Keywords = {Disease incidence,Ethylene,Fruit softening,Induced resistance}, volume = {14}, Number = {5}, pages = {1067-1074}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-9126-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-9126-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Ahmadi, J. and Vaezi, B. and Shaabani, A. and Khademi, K.}, title = {Multi-environment Yield Trials of Grass Pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) in Iran Using AMMI and SREG GGE}, abstract ={Grass pea(Lathyrus sativus L.) is a crop used for both animal and human consumption. Recently, ICARDA has developed new grass pea lines with the objectives of improving its yield potential and adaptability. The objective of this study was to investigate grain and forage yields stability of several ICARDA released grass pea lines by using additive main effects and multiplicative interactions (AMMI) and site regression genotype plus genotype-by-environment interaction (SREG GGE) model. Fourteen grass pea advanced lines were evaluated at three research stations located in semi-warm regions in Iran, during 2005-08 crop seasons. The combined ANOVA showed that forage and grain yields were significantly affected by environment (E), genotype (G) and interactions of G×E. The partitioning of the sum of squares indicated that E accounted for 85% and 91% of the total (G+E+GEI) variation for forage and grain yields, respectively; whereas, G and GEI accounted for 4 and 11% for forage yield and 2 and 7% for grain yields, respectively. Using AMMI and GGE biplots, the lines identified as stable and high grain yielding were Sel.474, Sel.669, and Sel.686, while for forage yield the lines were Sel.474, Sel.678 and Sel.669. Kermanshah and Gachsaran were selected as favorable test environments for grass pea grain and forage yield ME trials, respectively.}, Keywords = {AMMI,GEI,GGE,Grass pea,stability}, volume = {14}, Number = {5}, pages = {1075-1085}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-11618-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-11618-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Kiani, Gh. and Nematzadeh, Gh. A. and Ghareyazie, B. and Sattari, M.}, title = {Pyramiding of cry1Ab and fgr Genes in Two Iranian Rice Cultivars Neda and Nemat}, abstract ={Pyramiding genes related to grain quality and resistance through marker assisted selection (MAS) is an important approach in rice breeding programs. Marker-assisted selection can be used for monitoring the presence or absence of these genes in breeding populations and can be combined with conventional breeding approaches. This study is a part of cultivar development program in Iran through integration of conventional breeding with marker assisted selection. Crosses between two high yielding transgenic lines carrying an insect resistance gene (cry1Ab, from Bacillus thuringiensis) with a local aromatic variety were made followed by selection for incorporation of insect resistance and aroma (fgr) genes in desirable single F2 plants. Finally, plants homozygous for aroma and carrying cry1Ab genes with good agronomic performance were identified. Further analyses are underway on these plants in F3 generation. These plants promise to develop new aromatic Bt rice lines through integration of classical and molecular breeding in the near future in Iran}, Keywords = {Aroma,Insect resistance,Marker aided selection,Transgenic rice}, volume = {14}, Number = {5}, pages = {1087-1092}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-3325-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-3325-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Heidari, B. and Saeidi, Gh. and SayedTabatabaei, B. E. and Suenaga, K.}, title = {QTLs Involved in Plant Height, Peduncle Length and Heading Date of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)}, abstract ={ In order to locate the QTLs for plant height, peduncle length, and heading date, a set of 107 wheat doubled haploid (DH) lines derived from the cross Fukuho-komugi× Oligoculm was grown during the growing seasons of 2004 and 2005. A total of 36 QTLs were identified based on composite interval mapping (CIM) approach. All detected plant height QTL’s were stable over the two years. QTLs located near RhtD1 (chromosome 4D) and in the Xta556-RhtB1 interval (chromosome 4B) accounted for, respectively, 40.1% and 28.9% of plant height variation in 2004 and 30.7% and 26.36% in 2005. The other two QTLs identified for plant height were located near Xcfd53 and Xwmc25a loci on chromosome 2D. The results of composite interval mapping indicated that all detected QTLs for peduncle length were coincident with plant height QTLs. Of the most important heading date QTLs, the only stable one over years was located in the Xcfd53-Xbarc168 interval on chromosome 2D and accounted for 34.05% and 31.9% of heading date variation in 2004 and 2005, respectively. The Xbarc168-Xgwm484 interval (LOD> 8.3) carried the other important QTL for heading date in 2004. In general, based on expression of stable and major effect QTLs in present study, it is possible to increase efficiency of marker assisted selection for the traits in breeding programs.}, Keywords = {Doubled haploid,Heading date,Peduncle length,Plant height,QTL,Wheat}, volume = {14}, Number = {5}, pages = {1090-1104}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-8694-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-8694-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Sokhandan-Bashir, N. and Gillings, M. and Bowyer, J.}, title = {A Dual Coat Protein Construct Establishes Resistance to Passionfruit Woodiness and Cucumber Mosaic Viruses}, abstract ={There is a high degree (>95%) of intraspecies similarity in the coat protein (CP) amino acid sequences within Passionfruit woodiness virus (PWV) and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), both infecting passionfruit vine in New South Wales. On this basis, a dual transgene containing the translatable cDNAs coding for the CPs of PWV and CMV was constructed in the binary vector pBI121 and used for transformation of Nicotiana benthamiana, a susceptible host to both viruses. The transformation was achieved by co-cultivation of the agrobacteria with the leaf disks prepared from the surface- sterilized leaves. Five transgenic lines including 1-1, 1-5, 1-7, 1-12 and 1-24 were regenerated. Insertion and transcription of the dual construct were confirmed, however, only the CMV CP was feasibly detectable by DAS-ELISA in the lines. Low level accumulation of CMV and/or PWV was evident in the lines. In the initail challenge trial where 1:10 dilution of plant sap was used, a 5-day delay in symptom was generally shown. Inoculations with 1:100 plant sap also gave similar results as with 1:10 dilution. Lines 1-5 and 1-12, which were inoculated with 1:1000 dilution of sap, remained uninfected by CMV till 27 dpi, whereas with PWV, 1-12 became infected by 11 dpi. Four cuttings of line 1-12 reacted diffferently to the challenge inoculations i.e. three of them resisted PWV, whereas two of them were susceptible to CMV. Since PWV CP was not detectable in the transgenic lines but evidence of resistance to PWV was found in them, this was suggestive of an RNA silencing mechnaism involved in the resistance. Because the CMV CP was detectable in the transgenic lines, this suggested requirement for the CP expression in the resistance . The resistance, or apparent immunity, was manifested by an apparent delay in symptom expression and accumulation of relatively low levels of the viruses.}, Keywords = {Coat Protein,Cucumber mosaic virus,Dual construct,Passionfruit woodiness virus}, volume = {14}, Number = {5}, pages = {1105-1120}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-5545-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-5545-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Registeri, R. and Taghavi, S. M. and Banihashemi, Z.}, title = {Effect of Root Colonizing Bacteria on Plant Growth and Fusarium Wilt in Cucumis melo}, abstract ={During 2003-2004, a number of rhizospheric soil samples were collected of either healthy or symptomatic field grown melon plants infected with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis race1/2 (Fom). Twenty one bacterial strains capable of inhibiting Fom including Burkholderia sp., Bacillus sp., Streptomyces sp. and Pseudomonas fluorescens were isolated. The strains colonized roots of “long melon” cultivar of Mashhad and, within two weeks, resulted in increased fresh and dry weight, length of stem and root, and number and area of leaves, in the absence and presence of Fom, under greenhouse and growth chamber conditions. The growth inhibition of Fom in vitro was due to antagonism, siderophore and antibiotic production, and secretion of exogenous compounds. All antagonistic strains reduced infection of long melon seeds with Fom under controlled conditions.}, Keywords = {Antagonist bacteria,Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis,Long melon,Rhizosphere,Root colonizer bacteria}, volume = {14}, Number = {5}, pages = {1121-1131}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-11992-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-11992-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Mansoori, B.}, title = {Fusarium proliferatum Induces Gum in Xylem Vessels as the Cause of Date Bunch Fading in Iran}, abstract ={ Date bunch fading (DBF) is a serious disease of date palm (Phoenix dactelifera L.) in Iran. Fusarium proliferatum was isolated from the xylem of fruit bunch samples sent from Kerman and Fars provinces groves to the laboratory. Koch’s postulates were completed in the greenhouse by crown injection and root inoculations. Shriveling of the fruits was induced by peduncle inoculations. Symptoms on the seedlings indicated the effects of ethylene. The possible involvement of F. prolifertum phytotoxin(s) in the induction of DBF through elicitation of ethylene is discussed. The gas is suggested to be responsible for the gums deposits and, in turn, water stress resulted in shriveling and fading of the fruits.}, Keywords = {date palm,Date bunch fading,Fusarium proliferatum,Phoenix dactylifera}, volume = {14}, Number = {5}, pages = {1133-1140}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-2998-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-2998-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Massumi, H. and Maddahian, M. and Heydarnejad, J. and HosseiniPour, A. and Farahmand, A.}, title = {Incidence of Viruses Infecting Alfalfa in the Southeast and Central Regions of Iran}, abstract ={Alfalfa crops were surveyed for the incidence of alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), peanut stunt virus (PSV), bean leaf roll virus (BLRV), bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) and bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) in the major growing areas in the southeast and central regions of Iran. Samples were collected between May 2009 and March 2011 and analyzed for viral infection initially by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) followed by RT-PCR using capsid protein gene specific primers. In total, 634 symptomatic leaf samples were collected in four southeastern and central provinces of Iran representing 20 regions. Our results revealed a high incidence of AMV over a wide geographical area. AMV and BLRV were identified in most regions, whereas BYMV was found only in Yazd Province. PSV was detected in three regions, but not in Sistan- Balouchestan and Hormozgan Provinces. The highest incidence of viral infection amongst the surveyed provinces was recorded in Kerman (66.8%), followed by Yazd (39%), Sistan and Balouchestan (20.8 %), and Hormozgan (4.5%). AMV, BLRV, PSV and BYMV were present in 23.3%, 12%, 0.70% and 0.28% of the samples, respectively. CMV and BCMV were not detected in any surveyed region. Multiple virus infections were recorded in 42 samples. This is the first report on the detected occurrence of BLRV, PSV and BYMV in alfalfa in the southeast and central regions of Iran.}, Keywords = {Alfalfa viruses,RT-PCR,Serological testing}, volume = {14}, Number = {5}, pages = {1141-1148}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-4267-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-4267-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Beikzadeh, N. and Jafarpour, B. and Rouhani, H. and Peters, D. and Hassani-Mehraban, A.}, title = {Molecular Diagnosis of Iris Yellow Spot Virus (IYSV) on Onion in Iran}, abstract ={Viral symptoms indicative of Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV) were observed on onion in several fields near Chenaran in Khorasan Razavi Province. Mechanical inoculation of herbaceous hosts with onion sap extracts from symptomatic plants showed similar symptoms to those described for IYSV. The mechanically transmitted virus reacted only with antisera specific to IYSV in DAS-ELISA but not with antisera specific to seven other tospoviruses. In RT-PCR, a DNA fragment approximately 822 bp in size was amplified from infected Nicotiana benthamiana by using primers specific to the nucleocapsid (N) gene of IYSV. After cloning and sequencing, the deduced N protein sequence of two isolates (GenBank accession no. HQ148173 and HQ148174) showed 98% amino acid identity with a Sri Lankan isolate, 96% with a Dutch isolate and 92% with a Brazilian isolate. To our knowledge, this is the first molecular characterization of IYSV in Iran.}, Keywords = {Iran,Iris yellow spot virus,Molecular diagnosis,Onion}, volume = {14}, Number = {5}, pages = {1149-1158}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-3144-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-3144-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Hosseini, M. and Ghafouri, A. M. and M.Amin, M. S. and Tabatabaei, M. R. and Goodarzi, M. and AbdeKolahchi, A.}, title = {Effects of Land Use Changes on Water Balance in Taleghan Catchment, Iran}, abstract ={In recent years, changes in catchments water balance due to land use management have become the main concern of water resources authorities in Iran. Due to rapid population growth and land use changes, especially construction of Taleghan dam, Taleghan catchment has undergone rapid changes such as urban development, declining of rangelands, and deterioration of environment and erosion of soil resources by cultivating the hilly lands along the slopes for wheat or barely production. The extent of rangeland area shrinkage is substantial: from 83% during the early stages of dam construction down to 35% by the end of the study period. The ‘good’ rangeland area decreased to 5.90% from 34.49% while the poor rangeland increased from 19.04 to 23.35% during the period of 1987 to 2007. These changes could potentially have devastating impacts on water balance of the catchment. The main objective of this research was to examine the effects of land use changes on water balance of the Taleghan catchment before and after the dam construction. The Soil and Water Assessment Tools (SWAT) model was applied for predicting water balance in the middle and outlet of the catchment. The main input data for simulation of SWAT are Digital Elevation Model (DEM), soil type, soil properties, and hydro-climatological data. Comparing the water balance for 1987's land use for the middle station (Joestan) and the outlet station (Galinak) showed that surface runoff was 21% of the precipitation for the upper part of the catchment and 33% at the outlet. Total groundwater and lateral flows were 37 and 19%, respectively. The water balance at the outlet was predicted for two other scenarios of 2001 and 2007. The results showed 7.3% increase in surface runoff and 11.3 and 11% decrease in the lateral flow and groundwater flow, respectively. These results indicated progressive increase in surface runoff and decline in interflow and groundwater flow.Therefore, one of the main challenges facing development planners is the control of the accelerated degradation of the natural resources that has been taking place during the last decade.}, Keywords = {Land use,Taleghan,SWAT,Water balance}, volume = {14}, Number = {5}, pages = {1161-1174}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-7820-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-7820-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Mousavi, S. F. and Moazzeni, M. and Mostafazadeh-Fard, B. and Yazdani, M. R.}, title = {Effects of Rice Straw Incorporation on Some Physical Characteristics of Paddy Soils}, abstract ={The prevalent method of irrigation in paddy fields in Iran is continuous ponding, which changes to intermittent method at the time of water shortage. Soil cracks are the main problem in intermittent irrigation. In this study, effects of adding rice straw on some soil physical characteristics and cracks were studied in paddy soils of the Guilan Province of Iran. The experiment was performed as split-split plots based on a complete randomized blocks design. Treatments included four soil textures (silty clay, silty clay loam, clay loam, and sandy loam), seven rates of rice straw (0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7% by weight), and three soil moisture stages of drying conditions [primary stage (T1), initial crack stage (T2), final crack stage (T3)]. Results revealed that soil texture, rice straw rate, crack treatments, and their interactions had significant (P< 0.01) effects on soil moisture content, bulk density, and time to crack formation. During the drying stage (from T1 to T3), moisture content decreased, however, bulk density and time to crack formation increased. In silty clay soil, addition of 2-3% rice straw expedited crack formation, and an addition of 4-7% straw delayed crack formation. In silty clay loam soil, addition of 3-5% straw enhanced crack formation, and addition of 6-7% delayed crack formation. The addition of rice straw in clay loam and sandy loam delayed crack formation. In general, addition of rice straw increased soil moisture content, decreased bulk density, and delayed crack formation.}, Keywords = {Bulk density,Crop residue,Paddy field,Soil moisture}, volume = {14}, Number = {5}, pages = {1173-1183}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-10382-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-10382-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Khalili, A. and Rahimi, H. and Aghashariatmadary, z.}, title = {Validation of SHAW Model in Determination of Maximum Soil Frost Penetration Depth in Typical Arid and Semi-arid Zones of Iran}, abstract ={Simultaneous Heat and Water Model (SHAW) is based on the assimilation rate of melting and/or freezing of the accumulated snow as well as melting of ice in soil. The main objective of this study was to evaluate applicability of SHAW Model in determining maximum depth of frost penetration in soils in some typical climates of Iran. To this end, the daily data of air temperature, soil temperatures at different depths, duration of bright sunshine, and air humidity were collected for the period of 1992-2003 for four meteorological stations of Iran including Shahr-e- Kord, Urumia, Sanandaj, and Yazd. Then, the maximum soil frost penetration depth (SFPD) for each year in the above mentioned stations was determined based on both the measured temperatures at different layers of soil and the calculated values using SHAW Model. Results of the analyses indicated that there was a significant linear relationship between the observed and the calculated values of maximum SFPD. The obtained coefficients of linear correlation between the observed and the calculated values for meteorological stations of Shahr-e-Kord, Urumia, Sanandaj and Yazd were 0.90, 0.77, 0.84 and 0.94, respectively, all being significant at one percent level. According to the results, it was concluded that, with the yearly records of weather parameters and soil conditions, a reliable estimate of the maximum annual depth of soil frost penetration can be made in similar regions of Iran by application of SHAW Model.}, Keywords = {Iran,finite difference method,Soil frost penetration depth,SHAW model,Soil freezing potential}, volume = {14}, Number = {5}, pages = {1185-1192}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-11731-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-11731-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Maleki, B. and Avetisyan, S. and Permeh, Z. and Paseban, F.}, title = {Factors Affecting Iran\'s Animal Products Export: A Co-integration Analysis}, abstract ={ Iran's economy dependence on oil revenues has caused some impacts in the form of commodity price fluctuations on current revenues. Accordingly, in the past few years especially in the Second Development Plan, the government included encouragements and reduced the country's dependence on oil revenues in its agenda. Agricultural export, especially livestock and poultry export has a proper status due to its relative advantage. Therefore, this study aims to identify the factors affecting the supply of export animal products. For this purpose, factors affecting the export of livestock products were identified using Co-integration Analysis. Empirical results showed that livestock products export is significantly affected by livestock added-value, changes in price index of export goods, subjective price index of livestock products and climate changes.}, Keywords = {Added-value,Co-integration analysis,Export goods price index,Livestock exports}, volume = {14}, Number = {6}, pages = {1195-1203}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-11542-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-11542-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Amiri, A. and Bandani, A. R. and Darvishzadeh, A.}, title = {Effects of the Insect Growth Regulators Methoxyfenozide and Pyriproxyfen on Adult Diapause in Sunn Pest Eurygaster integriceps (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae)}, abstract ={The Sunn pest is a serious pest of cereals causing severe damage to cereals especially of wheat. Its life cycle has two different phases, one is growth and development phase and the other is diapause phase which takes place in adult stage. In this study the effects of juvenile hormone analogue pyriproxyfen, ecdysone analogue methoxyfenozide and mixture of pyriproxyfen and methoxyfenozide on diapause termination of}, Keywords = {Eurygaster integriceps,methoxyfenozide,pyriproxyfen,diapause}, volume = {14}, Number = {6}, pages = {1205-1218}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-9828-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-9828-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {SafieddinArdebili, M. and Najafi, G. and Ghobadian, B. and TavakkoliHashjin, T.}, title = {Determination of Some Mechanical Properties of Castor Seed (Ricinus communis L.) to Design and Fabricate an Oil Extraction Machine}, abstract ={ This study was carried out to determine the effect of seed growing regions and loading speed on some mechanical properties of castor seed. These properties are used to design and improve related machines such as expeller that are used for extraction of oil from castor seed. Mechanical properties of castor seed were expressed in terms of rupture force and energy, bio-yield force, apparent modulus of elasticity and toughness using material testing machine. Factorial test with Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was used to study the effect of velocity (4 levels: 5, 15, 25, 35 mm min-1) and seed growing regions (Izeh, Dezfoul, Baghmalek, Shoushtar and Urmia). The results showed that the effect of seed growing region on force, modulus of elasticity, bio-yield force and rupture energy was significant. Izeh seed had the maximum rupture force (75.11 N) whereas Dezfoul and Shoushtar seed had the minimum amount of rupture force (approximately 42 N). Also, loading speed had a significant effect on modulus of elasticity and rupture energy. With the increase of loading speed modulus of elasticity of Baghmalek seed decreased significantly from 144 to 65.5 MPa. Finally, interaction effect of seed growing region and loading speed was significant for most properties. In this research work, an extrusion system was designed and fabricated for the extraction of castor oil.}, Keywords = {Bio-yield point,Castor seed,Modulus of elasticity,Rupture force and energy,Toughness}, volume = {14}, Number = {6}, pages = {1219-1227}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-2045-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-2045-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Bircan, C. and Koç, M.}, title = {Aflatoxins in Dried Figs in Turkey: A Comparative Survey on the Exported and Locally Consumed Dried Figs for Assessment of Exposure}, abstract ={ Dried figs collected from various exporting companies (2,461 samples) and local stores (219 samples) were analyzed using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) to determine and compare the incidence of aflatoxins, the effectiveness of the regulation limits and monitoring system to select non-compliant samples and the mean daily aflatoxin exposures. The incidence rates of aflatoxin contamination were higher in the domestic samples (47.5%) than in the samples intended for export (23.6%). According to the European regulation limits (2 ng g-1 for aflatoxin B1 and 4 ng g-1 for total aflatoxin; sum of B1+B2+G1+G2), non-compliant samples were 6 and 24.2% of the dried figs for export and domestic market, respectively. The respective rates of 2.2 and 16.4% were obtained with the national limit. The dietary intakes of aflatoxins through the consumption of dried figs were calculated as 1.27 and 0.2 ng kg-1 body weight×day for domestic market and export, respectively. Dried figs contaminated with high levels of aflatoxins can lead to acute and chronic human toxicities. Reducing contamination and exposure to an acceptable level by the implementation of strict periodic monitoring and application of effective new prevention measures might also help to decrease the significant health and economic risks in exported and domestic commodities.}, Keywords = {Bio-yield point,Castor seed,Modulus of elasticity,Rupture force and energy,Toughness}, volume = {14}, Number = {6}, pages = {1219-1227}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-12260-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-12260-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {AmiriChayjan, R.}, title = {Modeling Some Drying Characteristics of High Moisture Potato Slices in Fixed, Semi Fluidized and Fluidized Bed Conditions}, abstract ={Drying properties of high moisture potato slices with initial moisture content of about 4.06 (db) under thin layer fixed, semi fluidized and fluidized bed conditions were studied. Drying air temperatures of 40, 50, 60 and 70°C were applied in experiments using a laboratory fluidized bed convective dryer. In order to predict the drying behavior of potato slices, seven thin layer drying models were applied from where finally Midilli et al. model was selected as the suitable one, based on comparative indices. Effective moisture diffusivity of the potato slices varied between 4.29×10-9 and 15.70×10-9 m2 s-1 for fixed and fluidized bed conditions, respectively. Moisture diffusivity values of the slices were increased as the drying air temperature levels increased. Activation energy values varied between 15.88 and 24.95 kJ mol-1. Minimum and maximum values of activation energy were obtained at minimum fluidized and fixed bed conditions, respectively. Consumption of specific energy for thin layer drying of high moisture potato slices was obtained between 0.45×105 and 1.64×105 (kJ kg-1). Increase in the drying air temperature in each bed condition caused increase in energy consumption. The maximum value of energy consumption was obtained at fluidized bed conditions.}, Keywords = {Drying,Semi fluidized bed,Potato slices,Midilli et al. model,Diffusivity}, volume = {14}, Number = {6}, pages = {1229-1241}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-8458-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-8458-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Pahlavan, R. and Omid, M. and Akram, A.}, title = {The Relationship between Energy Inputs and Crop Yield in Greenhouse Basil Production}, abstract ={This study was conducted to determine a relationship between energy input and yield in greenhouse basil production in Esfahan Province, Iran. Data were collected from 26 greenhouse basil producers through a face-to-face questionnaire. The data collected belonged to the production period of 2009–2010 with the following results obtained. A total energy input of 236,057 MJ ha-1 was estimated to be required for basil production. The share of electricity (75.68% of the total energy input) was the highest form of energy required. The expense was followed by plastic cover (9.69%) and chemical fertilizer spending (7.28%), respectively. The energy ratio, productivity, specific, and net energies were found out as 0.25, 0.11 kg MJ-1, 9 MJ kg-1 and -177377 MJ ha-1, respectively. A determination of the efficient allocation of energy resources was modeled through Cobb–Douglas production function. The results of econometric model estimation revealed that the impact of energies spent in the form of human labour and plastic coverings on yield was significantly positive at 1% level. Sensitivity analysis of the energy inputs revealed that the marginal physical productivity (MPP) value related to human labour was estimated as the highest.}, Keywords = {Basil,Cobb–Douglas,Greenhouse,Input energy,Production function,Regression,Sensitivity Analysis,Yield}, volume = {14}, Number = {6}, pages = {1243-1253}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-3468-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-3468-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Ghasem, F. and Poustini, K. and Besharati, H. and Mohammadi, V. and AbooeiMehrizi, F. and Goettfert, M.}, title = {Pre-incubation of Sinorhizobium meliloti with Luteolin, Methyl jasmonate and Genistein Affecting Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) Growth, Nodulation and Nitrogen Fixation under Salt Stress Conditions}, abstract ={Salinity is among important soil stresses adversely affecting the process of nitrogen (N) fixation in leguminous plants in different parts of the world. It has been indicated that salinity can inhibit the early stages of nodulation process between bacterium and the host plant including the exchange of signal molecules (nod gene inducers). There has not been any research regarding the effects of nod gene inducers on the growth of alfalfa inoculated with Sinorhizobium meliloti under saline conditions. A growth chamber experiment was conducted to determine the effects of pre-incubation of S. meliloti with effective inducers of nod genes Luteolin, Methyl jasmonate and Genistein on the growth and N-fixation of two different alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars (Yazdi and Hamedani) under salt stress. Nod gene inducers increased alfalfa growth and N fixation under normal as well as under salt stressed conditions. Yazdi cultivar showed to be more tolerant to salinity than Hamedani with a higher growth rate and N fixation. Luteolin was the most effective nod gene inducer on plant growth and N fixation under normal and as well under salt stressed conditions. The results suggest that pre-incubation of S. meliloti with effective nod gene inducers can improve alfalfa growth and N fixation under salinity stress.}, Keywords = {Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.),Genistein,Luteolin,Methyl jasmonate,Nod gene inducers,Salinity,Sinorhizobium meliloti}, volume = {14}, Number = {6}, pages = {1255-1264}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-10082-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-10082-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Mahdian, E. and MazaheriTehrani, M. and Nobahari, M.}, title = {Optimizing Yoghurt-Ice Cream Mix Blend in Soy Based Frozen Yoghurt}, abstract ={Yoghurt ice cream (YIC) or frozen yoghurt dessert can be regarded as a healthy alternative to plain ice cream. Also use of soy derived products in food formulations can lead to the development of products of improved nutritional and health promoting values. Yoghurt ice cream was prepared using full-fat soy flour to substitute 55% of non fat dry milk content. Product formulation comprised of 12% SNF, 10% fat, 18% sucrose, 0.4% stabilizer-emulsifier and 0.1% vanillin. The effect of incorporating yoghurt at the rate of 5.3%,15.9%, 26.5%, 37.1% and 47.7% of the total ice cream mix on the flow behavior, physico-chemical and sensory properties of Yoghurt Ice Cream was evaluated as compared with control, devoid of any yoghurt. The mixes all showed pseudoplastic flow behavior, with the viscosity increasing from 0.7 to 1.57 pa s when the yoghurt content increased from 0 to 47.7%. Higher contents of yoghurt in the mixes significantly improved the melting rate of the yoghurt ice cream where the minimum melting rate (16%) was obtained for the sample of 47.7% yoghurt content. The highest overrun value of 58% was obtained for the sample containing 15.9% yoghurt. However the specific gravity of the product decreased with increasing yoghurt content with the highest specific gravity of 1.108 being recorded for control. In the light of these findings, it can be concluded that yoghurt ice cream, containing full fat soy flour, can be successfully made by incorporating 25.6% yoghurt in the mix with the end product maintaining its acceptable sensory characteristics.}, Keywords = {Frozen yoghurt,Full-fat soy flour,Overall acceptance,Physico-chemical characteristics,Yoghurt ice cream}, volume = {14}, Number = {6}, pages = {1275-1284}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-7697-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-7697-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Jamshidi, M. and Hamdami, N. and Dohkani, Sh. and Keramat, J.}, title = {Single- and Multi-Objective Optimization of Low Fat Ice-Cream Formulation, Based on Genetic Algorithms}, abstract ={Application of either protein or carbohydrate-based products as fat replacers in low fat ice-creams can improve the properties of these products. However, the type and level of fat and fat replacer utilized are affected by such different parameters as functional ones, namely: viscosity and overrun, hardness and melting rate, nutritional properties (calories) as well as the price of the final product. Throughout the present study, single- and multi-objective optimization method as based on the genetic algorithms (GAs) was applied to select the suitable fat-free as well as low-fat ice-cream formulations. The data related to single-objective optimization of selected parameters revealed that the ice-creams containing 3.5% Simplesse plus 1.72% fat, and 2.95% Maltodextrin plus 1.87% fat have ended up with the most desirable functional objectives. The application of multi-objective optimization led to a range of solutions of different fat and fat replacer contents out of which the producers can adopt the most suitable choice depending on the needs.}, Keywords = {genetic algorithm,Low-fat ice-cream,single and multi objective optimization}, volume = {14}, Number = {6}, pages = {1285-1296}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-3771-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-3771-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Savaghebi, D. and Safari, M. and Rezaei, K. and Ashtari, P. and Farmani, J.}, title = {Structured Lipids Produced through Lipase-Catalyzed Acidolysis of Canola Oil}, abstract ={Enzymatic acidolysis of canola oil through caprylic acid was investigated to produce certain medium chain Ttriacyliglycerol (TAG) structured lipids (SLs). Lipozyme TL IM, an sn-1,3 specific Thermomyces lanuginosa lipase, and Novozym 435, a non-specific Candida antarctica lipase, were utilized as the biocatalysts in a batch reactor. Reaction conditions were designed according to Taguchi’s approach, considering three levels of fatty acid to oil ratio (1:1, 2:1, and 3:1), three levels of enzyme load (4, 8 and 12%, w/w), three levels of temperature (45, 55, and 65°C) as well as three levels of reaction time (15, 30 and 45 hours). Results indicated that fatty acid composition of canola oil was modified by the above acidolysis reactions. The highest mole percent of caprylic acid incorporation (37.2 mole%) was obtained after 15 hours of incubation in the presence of Lipozyme TL IM at 55°C, fatty acid to oil ratio of 3:1 and at 12% of enzyme level. However, with Novozym 435 the highest level of incorporation (38.5 mole%) was obtained after 45 hours of reaction at 45°C, fatty acid to oil ratio of 3:1, and at 8% enzyme level. Novozym 435 was able to incorporate more caprylic acid in the oil than did Lipozyme TL IM. SLs prepared using either Lipozyme TL IM or Novozym 435 differed in terms of their TAG compositions. According to the obtained results, SLs produced by use of Lipozyme TL IM lipase contained higher levels of MLM-type (Medium-Long-Medium) triacylglycerols than those produced using Novozym 435 lipase (21.2 and 9.9%, respectively).}, Keywords = {Acidolysis,Canola oil,Caprylic acid,Lipozyme TL IM,Novozym 435}, volume = {14}, Number = {6}, pages = {1297-1310}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-7726-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-7726-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Mizani, M. and Yousefi, M. and Sheikh, N.}, title = {Studies on the Volatile Compounds Generated on Irradiation of Flexible Films for Spice Packaging}, abstract ={Volatile compounds generated from two types of polymeric laminated films, irradiated by gamma radiation at 8, 10 and 15 kGy, were investigated. Activated carbon was used as a dry food simulant to trace the migrating compounds by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy (GC/MS). The resulting data showed that the Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)/Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)/Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) film was more resistant to gamma radiation as compared to Biaxial Oriented Polypropylene (BOPP)/Cast Polypropylene (CPP) film. Toxic radiolysis products migrated through both laminated films at 8 and 15 kGy gamma irradiation. The toxic products originating from additives formulated in adhesive and in direct food contact layers may be considered as high risk against the safety of dry foodstuffs such as spices.}, Keywords = {Dry food stimulants,Gamma irradiation,Laminated films,Radiolysis products,Spice packaging}, volume = {14}, Number = {6}, pages = {1311-1319}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-8031-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-8031-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Eslah, F. and Enayati, A. A. and Tajvidi, M. and Faezipour, M. M.}, title = {Regression Models for the Prediction of Poplar Particleboard Properties based on Urea Formaldehyde Resin Content and Board Density}, abstract ={The aim of this study was to explore the minimum amount of urea formaldehyde (UF) resin content and optimum particleboard density while maintaining boards’ quality to reduce production costs. Board density at three levels (520, 620 and 720 kg m-3) and resin content (6, 7 and 8%) were variable parameters. Stepwise multivariate linear regression models were used to evaluate the influence of board density and resin content on board properties and to determine the most effective parameter. In order to obtain the optimum board density and minimum resin content, contour plots were drawn. Regression models indicated that both board density and resin content were included in Modulus of Rupture (MOR) and Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) models based on the degree of their importance. Internal Bond (IB) model only had one step and resin content positively affected it. The results obtained from contour plots revealed that manufacturing poplar particleboards with density ranging from 600 to 650 kg m-3 and 6% resin would result in boards with mechanical properties within those required by the corresponding standard. Thickness swelling (TS) values were slightly higher (poorer) than the requirements. The panels required additional treatments such as using adequate amount of water resistant materials to improve thickness swelling after 2 and 24 hours of immersion.}, Keywords = {Mechanical and Physical properties,Multivariate-linear regression,Particleboard,UF resin content}, volume = {14}, Number = {6}, pages = {1321-1329}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-6113-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-6113-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Xu, J. Z. and Peng, S. Z. and Yang, S. H. and Luo, Y. F. and Wang, Y. J.}, title = {Predicting Daily Reference Evapotranspiration in a Humid Region of China by the Locally Calibrated Hargreaves-Samani Equation Using Weather Forecast Data}, abstract ={The Hargreaves-Samani (HS) equation, which estimates reference evapotranspiration (ET0) using only temperature as input, should be most suitable for ET0 prediction based on weather forecasting data. In the current study, the HS equation is calibrated with daily ET0 by the Penman-Monteith equation, and is evaluated to check the possibility of predicting daily ET0 based on weather forecast data. The HS equation is likely to overestimate daily ET0 in the humid regions of China. Coefficients a and c are calculated as 0.00138 and 0.5736 according to local calibration. The calibrated HS equation performs considerably better than the original one. The proposed equation could be an alternative and effective solution for predicting daily ET0 using public weather forecast data as inputs. The error of daily ET0 prediction increases with the increase in the error of daily temperature range (TR) or daily mean temperature (Tmean). This error is likely to be more sensitive to the error in TR than in the Tmean. Ensuring that TR errors are less than 2°C is necessary for perfect estimations of ET0 based on public weather forecast data using the calibrated HS equation.}, Keywords = {Hargreaves-Samani equation,Humid region,Local calibration,Reference evapotranspiration,Sensitivity Analysis,Weather forecast data}, volume = {14}, Number = {6}, pages = {1331-1342}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-4756-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-4756-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {LakshmiKumar, T. V. and Barbosa, H. and KoteswaraRao, K. and PrabhaJothi, E.}, title = {Some Studies on the Frequency of Extreme Weather Events over India}, abstract ={The authors of the present paper studied some aspects of hydro and agrometeorological phenomena in terms of humidness, dryness and crop growing periods over India. Revised water balance model is used to obtain the above and the results are examined during the two half centuries i.e 1901 to 1950 and 1951 to 1995 in delineating the climate change impacts over India. Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) for All India is related to aridity and humidity indices to understand the dry and wet spells over India. The paper also holds its stand on the analysis and the trends of thermo and hygric components such as precipitation, maximum and minimum temperatures, water need, actual evapotranspiration and soil moisture for All India. The return rates of All India maximum and minimum rainfall and temperatures are obtained for different time intervals using Extreme Value Analysis, that might be useful in assessing the impact and thereby to plan over the risk management for the better environmental and thus the human sustainability.}, Keywords = {Crop growing periods,Extreme value analysis,Drought indices,Water balance elements,PDSI}, volume = {14}, Number = {6}, pages = {1343-1356}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-1086-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-1086-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Alikhasi, M. and Kouchakzadeh, M. and Baniani, E.}, title = {The Effect of Treated Municipal Wastewater Irrigation in Non-Agricultural Soil on Cotton Plant}, abstract ={Shortage of irrigation water is a crucial problem especially in arid and semiarid regions; therefore, application of wastewater in agriculture in such regions seems to be an indispensable solution. A field experiment was conducted in non-agricultural soil to investigate the effect of Treated Municipal Wastewater (TMW) on the yield and fiber quality of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) crop. The treatments consisted of surface irrigation by different mixtures and as well, through different intervals of freshwater plus TMW. Two additional treatments, namely, irrigation with freshwater and with TMW were considered as control. The experimental design was a randomized complete block one with eight treatments and three replications. The results indicated that cotton yield, number of bolls per m2, Leaf Area Index (LAI) and plant height were significantly higher when the crop irrigated with TMW rather than with freshwater. The crop yields in TMW vs. freshwater treatments were about 2,200 and 780 kg lint ha-1, respectively. There were no significant differences observed between interval and mixture treatments when the same percentages of freshwater and TMW applied. Also there was no significant detrimental effect observed on the characteristics of cotton fiber quality when the crop irrigated with TMW.}, Keywords = {Cotton,Crop yield,Effluent,Fiber quality,Reuse}, volume = {14}, Number = {6}, pages = {1357-1364}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-3879-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-3879-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Chen, X. H. and Jin, Z. Q. and Chen, Z. H. and Zhu, S. J. and Wu, F. B.}, title = {Agronomic and Physiological Characteristics and Proteomic Expression in Near-isogenic Lines of Bt and Non-Bt Glandless Cotton}, abstract ={Agronomic and physiological traits and protein expression were compared between non-Bt glandless upland cotton variety-Zhong5629 and its Bt-transgenic near-isogenic lines differing in cryIAc gene. Results showed that the Bt isogenic line had higher plant height and rate of effective bolls, more internal bolls but lower yield, than the non-Bt line. The Bt isogenic line had lower chlorophyll content and transpiration rate relative to the non-Bt line, but had higher Chl a/b, F0 and Fm. Soluble protein content in the Bt isogenic line was significantly higher at boll setting stage (BSS) but lower at initial flowering stage (IFS) compared with the non-Bt line. The Bt isogenic line had significantly higher concentrations of Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe at IFS, and P and Cu at BSS, whereas it had lower in concentrations of P, K and B at IFS, and K, S, Zn and Fe at BSS. The Bt-isogenic line exhibited less malondialdehyde content at BSS and lower superoxide dismutase activity at IFS and BSS. Furthermore, proteomic analysis of the two NILs detected 20 differentially expressed proteins. The 4 up- regulated proteins in Bt vs non-Bt-isogenic line were attributed to signal transduction, photosynthetic carbon assimilation and defense response, whereas the 16 down- regulated proteins were attributed to signal transduction and protein metabolism.}, Keywords = {Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt),Glandless upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.),Near-isogenic line,Two-dimensional electrophoresis}, volume = {14}, Number = {6}, pages = {1365-1378}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-9104-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-9104-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Jamali, s. and Banihashemi, z.}, title = {Hosts and Distribution of Desert Truffles in Iran, Based on Morphological and Molecular Criteria}, abstract ={ Terfezia, Picoa and Tirmania, so called desert truffles, are mycorrhizal fungi mostly endemic to arid and semi-arid areas of the Mediterranean Region, where they are associated with Helianthemum and Carexspecies. The aim of this work was to study the identification, molecular analysis, distribution and hosts of these pezizalean hypogeous fungi in Iran. Among the specimens, Terfezia claveryi, Tirmania pinoyi, T. nivea, Picoa lefebvrei and P. juniperi were identified. Field, laboratory and anatomical studies showed that Helianthemum ledifolium, H. salicifolium, H. lippi and Carex stenophylum have ectomycorrhizal associations with five species in the studied areas. The results of molecular analysis showed that C. stenophylum roots form mycorrhizal associations with T. claveryi. Hyphal mantle was absent from sections of the mycorrhizas. The results of physico-chemical analyses on soil samples from different parts of the Fars Province in Iran showed that the genus Tirmania was more prevalent in soils with high CaCO3 and silt contents than the T. claveryi, P. lefebvrei and P. juniperi. The Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) indicated that soil structure were an important environmental parameter influencing desert truffles distribution.}, Keywords = {Carex,Canonical correspondence analysis,Deseret truffles,distribution,Ectomycorrhiza,GPS,Helianthemum}, volume = {14}, Number = {6}, pages = {1379-1396}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-2376-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-2376-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Asghari, R. and Pourjam, E. and MohamadiGoltapeh, E. and Latifi, A. M.}, title = {Plant-parasitic Nematodes from Afghanistan with Discussion on the Taxonomic Status of Merlinius neohexagrammus Ivanova, 1978 (Nematoda: Dolichodoridae)}, abstract ={During a survey of plant-parasitic nematodes in Bamyan and Mazar Sharif provinces of Afghanistan, several species of plant-parasitic nematodes belonging to infraorder Tylenchomorpha were detected and identified. Filenchus facultativus; Filenchus discrepans; Filenchus elegantulus; Boleodorus volutus; Neopsilenchus magnidens; Coslenchus costatus; Ditylenchus myceliophagus; Tylenchorhynchus clarus; Paratylenchus microdorus and Merlinius neohexagrammus are reported here for the first time from Afghanistan. Detailed examination of M. neohexagrammus using SEM microscopy confirmed this species in the genus Merlinius by having a labial disc not marked and with four longitudinal striations on the lip region, amphid apertures located at the lateral edge of labial disc and lateral field at mid-body areolated.}, Keywords = {Afghanistan,First report Morphology,Merlinius,Nagelus,Morphology,SEM}, volume = {14}, Number = {6}, pages = {1397-1404}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-4214-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-4214-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Mohammadi, H. and Banihashemi, Z.}, title = {First Report of Phaeoacremonium inflatipes and Phaeoacremonium mortoniae Associated with Grapevine Petri Disease in Iran}, abstract ={Petri disease is responsible for grapevine decline and occurs wherever grapevines (Vitis vinifera) are cultivated. Phaeoacremonium species are among the principal hyphomycetes associated with Petri disease. During 2009, a field survey was conducted throughout different vineyards in the Fars province of Iran in order to determine the fungal pathogens associated with the vine decline observed in the region. Samples were taken from grapevines showing yellowing, interveinal chlorosis, leaf necrosis, reduced growth, wilting, wood necrosis and streaking, and xylem discoloration symptoms in cross section. Isolations were made from symptomatic wood tissues from cordons and trunks on malt extract agar supplemented with 1 mg ml-1 streptomycin sulphate (MEAS) and potato dextrose agar (PDA) media. Based on morphological and molecular characteristics two species of Phaeoacremonium, Phaeocremonium mortoniae and Pm. inflatipes, were isolated and identified from grapevines showing yellowing, slow dieback, stunted growth, and reduced foliage in Bavanat (Fars province, south-western Iran). Pathogenicity tests were conducted on rooted grapevine cuttings (cv. Askari) under greenhouse conditions. Based on the results of pathogenicity tests, both tested Phaeoacremonium species were pathogenic and caused significant vascular discoloration in inoculated cuttings four months after inoculation. The fungi were reisolated from the margins of the lesion and healthy tissue, completing Koch’s postulates. Based on our knowledge, this is the first report of Pm. mortoniae and Pm. inflatipes causing grapevine Petri disease in Iran.}, Keywords = {Fars province,Vascular discoloration,Vine decline}, volume = {14}, Number = {6}, pages = {1405-1414}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-161-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-161-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {AhariMostafavi, H. and Mirmajlessi, S. M. and Safaie, N. and Minassyan, V. and Fathollahi, H. and Dorri, H. R. and Mansouripour, S. M.}, title = {The Use of a Gamma-irradiated Mutants of F. solani f.sp. phaseoli with Reduced Pathogenicity for the Biological Control of Fusarium Root Rot of Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Field Conditions}, abstract ={Fusarium solani wasisolated from diseased roots of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) grown in fields which were severely infected with Fusarium root rot of bean in Markazi Province of Iran. Specific PCR primer pairs were used for the identification and verification of F. solani (Mart.) f.sp. phaseoli (Burkholder) W.C. Snyder and N.H. Hans. Spore suspensions of F. solani f.sp. phaseoli were subjected to gamma irradiation at 130 Gy using Cobalt-60, and 700 mutants were generated. All 700 mutagenized colonies were tested in the greenhouse for reduced pathogenicity. One mutant (M23) showed the best expected reduction of Fusarium root rot and was chosen to be tested as a biocontrol agent in field experiments. Different concentrations of avirulent mutant (avr-M23) were used against Fusarium root rot in the infested field and their effects on the yield of bean plants were evaluated. The biocontrol effect of avr-M23 on Fusarium root rot was significantly improved with increasing its concentration from 103 to 109 conidia ml-1. Best yields (no. of pods per plant and 100-seed weight) were obtained at concentrations of 106 and 109 conidia ml-1. This study confirms that avr-M23 can be used as a biocontrol agent to protect bean plants from Fusarium root rot under field conditions.}, Keywords = {Biological control,Fusarium solani,Gamma irradiation,Pathogenicity,Phaseolus vulgaris}, volume = {14}, Number = {6}, pages = {1415-1423}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-10290-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-10290-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Sultan, K. A. and Ziadat, F.}, title = {Comparing Two Methods of Soil Data Interpretation to Improve the Reliability of Land Suitability Evaluation}, abstract ={Sustainable management of limited land and water resources is urgently needed to meet the increasing demand for food and to protect the environment. Land suitability analysis is a prerequisite in assessing and proposing sustainable land use alternatives for an area. Soil data are usually available at different levels of detail and stored in various forms, usually soil maps and/or soil observations. Soil data interpretation methods control the reliability of land suitability evaluation results. This has a serious effect on the reliability of the suitability maps, the subsequent land use decisions, and environmental modeling. This study examines the reliability of land suitability mapping using different methods of soil data interpretation – the average of land characteristics for field observations within soil map units (point-in-polygon) and spatial interpolation using field observations only (proximity to points). The degree of agreement between the two methods depends on the type of land utilization – rainfed barley (86%), open range (85%), improved range (75%), drip irrigated vegetables (69%), and drip irrigated trees (59%). This results from the difference in the limiting land characteristic that determines the suitability of each land utilization type and the pattern of spatial variation of each land characteristic in the field. Suitability maps for adaptable (indigenous) crops (such as barley and range crops), which require minimum farming inputs, are generally more accurate because they tolerate a wider range of variability. The interpolation method was more efficient in detecting the spatial distribution and extreme values of limiting land characteristics, resulting in more accurate suitability maps. Therefore, when detailed soil maps are not available, field observations could be used to derive suitability maps using an exact interpolation method.}, Keywords = {Indigenous crops,Interpolation,Land characteristics,Spatial distribution,Thiessen polygons}, volume = {14}, Number = {6}, pages = {1425-1438}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-4161-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-4161-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Abdollahzadeh, G. and Kalantari, Kh. and Sharifzadeh, A. and Sehat, A.}, title = {Farmland Fragmentation and Consolidation Issues in Iran; an Investigation from Landholder\'s Viewpoint}, abstract ={Iran is one of the countries facing the most severe farmland fragmentation (FF) in rural areas and farmland consolidation (FC) is generally regarded as being a suitable instrument to solve this problem . A case study in the central area of Iran was conducted to explore landholder's attitudes towards issues related to FF and FC. Randomized stratified sampling frame was used to select 146 landholders in 10 villages that operated under Land Renovation and Development Schemes (LRDS). A questionnaire in several sections was developed to address main issues concerning FF and FC. Findings showed that increasing production input costs (labor, fuel, and machinery) is the most severe predicament caused by FF. Landholders believed that partial inheritance system, population increases and lack of job opportunity in off-farm interrelated together are main determinants of FF. Also reduction of land in the process of consolidation operates as a key restraint factor against FC. Physical investments by government and access to credit and loan operate as promoter factors of FC according to landholders’ view. Their most preferred options of FC are the government sponsored farming in rural production cooperative units including traditional cooperatives and informal peasantry societies to facilitate voluntary land consolidation.}, Keywords = {farmland fragmentation,farmland consolidation,land renovation,landholders’ attitude}, volume = {14}, Number = {7}, pages = {1441-1452}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-11799-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-11799-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {RahimiKaldeh, S. and Hosseini, R. and Hajizadeh, J. and Sohani, M. M.}, title = {Molecular Identification and Detection of Lysiphlebus fabarum (Hym.: Braconidae): A Key Parasitoid of Aphids, by Using Polymerase Chain Reaction}, abstract ={All species in the genus Lysiphlebus Förster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae) are solitary endoparasitoids of aphids, which are one of the most difficult and unknown taxonomic groups to identify. A pair of species-specific primers as a molecular marker was designed to identify the most abundant and important aphid parasitoid wasp, L. fabarum Marshall, collected from Guilan province (Iran). This primer pair, which produces a 148 bp fragment length, was developed for L. fabarum by using the ATPase 6 gene region of mitochondrial DNA. The lower detection limit to amplify DNA of L. fabarum in a singleplex PCR was determined to be 72 pg of parasitoid DNA/µl PCR which was enough to detect this parasitoid in early life stages within its host. The L. fabarum eggs cannot be detected within Aphis fabae Scopoli (Hemiptera: Aphididae) earlier than 12 hours after oviposition. A pair of species specific primers designed for L. fabarum can be used to monitor the wasp populations under field conditions.}, Keywords = {Aphid parasitoid wasp,ATPase 6,Molecular marker,PCR}, volume = {14}, Number = {7}, pages = {1453-1463}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-6503-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-6503-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Pahlavan, R. and Omid, M. and Akram, A.}, title = {Application of Data Envelopment Analysis for Performance Assessment and Energy Efficiency Improvement Opportunities in Greenhouses Cucumber Production}, abstract ={In the present study, an attempt has been made to use Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) for assessing the technical efficiency and return-to-scale for greenhouse cucumber production in Iran. For this purpose, the data from greenhouses in Esfahan province, during one period of plant cultivation in one year including spring plants were randomly collected. The results indicated that total input energy, total output energy and energy ratio were 436,824 MJ ha-1, 128,532 MJ ha-1 and 0.29, respectively. DEA can be used to optimize the performance of any cucumber greenhouse. Based on input-oriented CRS and VRS models of DEA, the average values of pure technical efficiency, technical efficiency and scale efficiency were found to be 0.95, 0.83 and 0.88, respectively. Also the results revealed that, on average, about 30.27% of the total input energy could be saved without reducing the cucumber yield from its present level by adopting the recommendations based on the present study.}, Keywords = {Cucumber,Data envelopment analysis,Technical Efficiency,Yield}, volume = {14}, Number = {7}, pages = {1465-1475}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-12216-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-12216-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {GhaviHossein-Zadeh, N. and Madad, M. and Shadparvar, A. A. and Kianzad, D.}, title = {An Observational Analysis of Secondary Sex ratio, Stillbirth and Birth Weight in Iranian Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)}, abstract ={Calving records of Iranian buffaloes from April 1991 to June 2010 comprising 1,151 herds with 34,911 calving events were used to evaluate reported secondary sex ratio, stillbirth, and calf birth weight. Logistic regression models were applied to analyze stillbirth and calf sex at birth, and statistical analysis of calf birth weight was performed using a linear mixed model. Overall, the ratio of males to females was 53:47. It was observed that there were no significant effects of herd, calving year, season of calving, dam parity or interactions between these effects on the odds of male or female rates in Iranian buffaloes. Greater odds of calf stillbirth existed for calves born from primiparous buffaloes than from multiparous ones (Odds Ratio (OR)= 1.83; P< 0.0001). The greatest odds of stillbirth was for spring season (OR= 2.47; P< 0.0001), and male births had greater odds of stillbirth than female ones in Iranian buffaloes (OR= 1.21; P< 0.01). In general, male calves were heavier than the female calves at birth (P< 0.01) and the birth weights of calves from cows of parity 4 and beyond were significantly more than the weights of calves from cows of other parities (P< 0.01). Fall-born calves had significantly greater body weight at birth than calves born in other seasons (P< 0.01). It seems that providing good management practices for primiparous and multiparous buffaloes to minimize stress before parturition can reduce stillbirth incidence.}, Keywords = {Birth weight,Iranian buffalo,sex ratio,Stillbirth}, volume = {14}, Number = {7}, pages = {1477-1484}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-917-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-917-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {GharibNaseri, K. and Rahimi, S. and Khaki, P.}, title = {Comparison of the Effects of Probiotic, Organic Acid and Medicinal Plant on Campylobacter jejuni Challenged Broiler Chickens}, abstract ={Campylobacter is known to be one of the most common causes of human intestinal disorders. Since poultry are known to be the main reservoirs for this pathogen, decreasing this bacterium in intestinal tract could be beneficial in reducing contamination of poultry products. The effects of probiotic (PrimaLac®), medicinal plant (Sangrovit®) and organic acid (Selko-pH®) as broiler feed additives on cecal colonization, and fecal excretion of broilers were studied. Other parameters such as performance, immune response and intestinal morphology were also determined. A total of 300 broiler chicks (Cobb 500) were divided into 5 groups. Groups consisted of unsupplemented feed (negative and positive controls), probiotic, medicinal plant and drinking water containing organic acid mixture. Except for the negative control group, all chickens were orally challenged with (109 cfu mL-1) Campylobacter jejuni at day 21. Cecal and fecal samples were collected for Campylobacter count. Body weight (BW), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were determined weekly and cumulatively. BW and FI in the probiotic treated group were higher (P< 0.05) than the positive control group. On day 49 all supplemented treatments showed a reduction of Campylobacter colonization in cecal contents (P< 0.05). Fecal samples showed reductions (P< 0.05) on day 35 and 42. Villi height of duodenum and jejunum in the probiotic and medicinal plant treated groups were improved (P< 0.05). Immune response was significantly higher in these two groups (P< 0.05). These effects could be due to the antibacterial effects of the used feed supplements. Our results indicate that these feed additives could be potential treatments for reducing Campylobacter in the intestine of broilers. Probiotic and medicinal plant improve growth performance of these birds.}, Keywords = {Broiler,Campylobacter,Herbs,Organic acids,Probiotic ®}, volume = {14}, Number = {7}, pages = {1485-1496}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-9306-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-9306-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Rafiee, Z. and Jafari, S. M. and Alami, M. and Khomeiri, M.}, title = {Antioxidant Effect of Microwave-assisted Extracts of Olive Leaves on Sunflower Oil}, abstract ={ The antioxidant properties and total phenols’ content of 80% methanol, acetone and water extracts of olive leaves procured through Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) were examined. Two varieties of olive namely: Cronaiky and Roghani were the ones studied. Various experimental models were employed for antioxidant activity evaluation of the extracts. The results revealed the highest phenolic content (230.50 mg tannic acid equivalent g-1 extract) and the lowest IC50 in DPPH (86.81 µg ml-1 of extract), reducing power (166.45 µg ml-1 extract) and total antioxidant capacity (128.32 µg ml-1 of extract) indices were attributed to the methanol extract of Cronaiky variety. The efficacy of the extracts at three experimental levels (200, 500, 1,000 ppm) in blocking the oxidation process was investigated using peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid index for sunflower oil during its heating at 70°C (oven test method). The lowest peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid index was observed for the methanol extract of Cronaiky at its 1,000 ppm concentration. This extract was competitively comparable with BHA and BHT at either of the tested levels (100, 200 ppm). Thus, methanol extract of Cronaiky olive variety can be employed in place of synthetic antioxidants to establish oxidation stability in edible oils.}, Keywords = {Antioxidant activity,Microwave,Olive leaf,Sunflower oil}, volume = {14}, Number = {7}, pages = {1497-1509}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-1444-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-1444-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Salari, R. and HabibiNajafi, M. B. and Boroushaki, M. T. and Mortazavi, S. A. and FathiNajafi, M.}, title = {Assessment of the Microbiological Quality and Mycotoxin Contamination of Iranian Red Pepper Spice}, abstract ={The objective of this study was to assess the microbial contamination of Razavi Khorasan (Iran) hot red pepper. The natural occurrence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in those samples was also investigated. For this purpose, 36 samples of this kind of pepper were collected from a farm and sun-dried. Standard and established methods were used for both microbiological analyses and mycotoxins identification. Total aerobic mesophilic counts of samples varied from 102 to 4×106 cfu g-1. Coliforms were present at high levels in all samples ranging from 1.9×102 to 3.52×106 cfu g-1that may indicate inappropriate hygienic quality of samples. 42% of the samples were of unsatisfactory quality due to the presence of E. coli. In all samples examined, sulphite-reducing clostridia (SRC) was below detection limit and Salmonella spp. was not detected. Fungi were found in all of the collected samples. Mold and yeast were generally high ranging from 2.4×103 to 4.6×106 cfu g-1and the most predominant fungal genera were Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp and Rhizopus spp. Considering the results obtained, the samples analyzed contain a high level of microorganisms and only two samples (6%) had acceptable levels for all microbial factors according to EU Commission Recommendation (directive2004/24/EC). 69% and 17% of samples were found contaminated with total aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, that might contribute to health hazards for humans. Overall, The Razavi Khorasan hot red pepper samples collected for this study were contaminated with microorganisms and mycotoxins, which suggests that hygiene practice pre- and post-harvesting must be improved if the region is to exploit fully the potential for this valuable product.}, Keywords = {Aflatoxins,Microbiological quality,Ochratoxin A,Red pepper}, volume = {14}, Number = {7}, pages = {1511-1521}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-9284-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-9284-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Emam-djomeh, Z. and Shamaei, S. and Moini, S.}, title = {Modeling and Optimization of Ultrasound Assisted Osmotic Dehydration of Cranberry Using Response Surface Methodology}, abstract ={In this study, we investigated the effects of osmotic process with or without ultrasound on solid gain (SG) and water loss (WL) of cranberries. Response surface methodology was used to model and determine the optimum processing conditions for WL and SG during osmotic dehydration of samples. Sucrose (40-60%) and salt (0-8%) concentrations, temperature (30-50°C) and frequency of ultrasound (0-130 kHz) were the factors investigated with respect to WL and SG. Experiments were designed according to a second-order Central Composite Design (CCD) in the form of a Face-Centered Cube (FCC) with these four factors, each at three different levels, including central and axial points. All experiments were conducted in triplicate. Experiments were conducted in a shaker with constant 150 rpm agitation and solution to sample mass ratio of 10/1 (w/w). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to check the adequacy and accuracy of the fitted models. Statistical analysis of results showed that the linear terms of all the process variables had a significant effect on WL. Except for temperature, all other parameters had a significant effect on SG. Optimum operating conditions were found to be sucrose concentration of 50.1%, salt concentration of 8%, temperature of 50°C and ultrasound frequency of 130 kHz.}, Keywords = {Cranberry,Modeling,Optimization,Osmotic dehydration,response surface methodology,Ultrasound}, volume = {14}, Number = {7}, pages = {1523-1534}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-11160-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-11160-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Khanzadeh, F. and HaddadKhodaparast, M. H. and ElhamiRad, A. H. and Rahmani, F.}, title = {Physiochemical Properties of Gundelia tournefortii L. Seed Oil}, abstract ={Gundelia tournefortii L. is a well known plant in mountains of Iran and is found all over the country. It traditionally has some medicinal applications. In this research, Gundelia tournefortii L. seed was studied as a source of edible oil. Oil was extracted with immersion method using diethyl ether as a solvent. Acidity, saponification, ester, iodine, peroxide and refractive indices, average molecular weight of fatty acids, unsaponifiable matter, viscosity, color and density of extracted oil were evaluated. In addition, fatty acid composition of oil was determined using gas chromatography analysis. The results showed that seed oil content and saponification value of its oil were 22.8% and 166.05, respectively. Oleic and linoleic acid contents of oil were 27.99% and 54.59%, respectively. It was indicated that the extracted oil is an unsaturated oil and melts at ambient temperature. Beta-sitosterol and stigmasterol were the main unsaponifiable matters of the oil. Color analysis revealed that the predominant color was yellow (0.8 red, 14 yellow). The results indicated that Gundelia tournefortii L. seed can be potentially applied as an excellent oil for human consumption.}, Keywords = {Edible oil,Fatty acid composition,Gundelia tournefortii L,Physiochemical properties}, volume = {14}, Number = {7}, pages = {1535-1542}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-5230-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-5230-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Okal, A. and OkindaOwuor, P. and Kamau, D. and Manguro, L.}, title = {Variations of Fatty Acids Levels in Young Shoots of Clonal Tea with Location of Production and Nitrogenous Fertilizer Rates in the Kenya Highlands}, abstract ={Tea leaves contain unsaturated fatty acids, key precursors of volatile compounds contributing to tea aroma quality. Tea is cultivated in areas with diverse environmental conditions. Nitrogenous fertilizers influence tea yields and quality. A previous single site study demonstrated that increasing nitrogenous fertilizer rates raised fatty acid levels. However it is not known if the magnitudes and patterns of the responses are replicated in different locations due to variations in growth factors. Nonetheless, there is a single fertilizer rate recommendation in all tea growing locations in Kenya. This study assessed possible variations in patterns and magnitudes of fatty acids in a single cultivar grown under similar nitrogenous fertilizer rates in different locations. Trials were conducted in five locations using clone BBK 35, receiving varying nitrogenous fertilizer rates. Fatty acids in two leaves and a bud were quantified as methyl esters. The levels varied (P≤ 0.05) with locations and increased (P≤ 0.05) with nitrogenous fertilizer rates. The rates of increase differed with locations leading to significant (P≤ 0.05) interaction effects. Thus, similar fertilizer rates in different locations result in different fatty acid levels, explaining differences in tea aroma quality from different locations even with the same agronomic inputs. The results demonstrate the need to develop region-specific agronomic inputs for the production of same tea quality.}, Keywords = {Camellia sinensis,Fatty acids,Location of production,Nitrogenous fertilizer application rates,Tea}, volume = {14}, Number = {7}, pages = {1543-1554}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-5997-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-5997-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Sadeghi, S. H. and Mousavi, S. F. and Sadeghi, S. H. R. and Abdolali, M.}, title = {Factor H for the Calculation of Head Loss and Sizing of Dual-diameter Laterals}, abstract ={Factor  is introduced for direct head loss calculation and sizing in dual-diameter laterals of sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems when the Hazen-Williams equation is to be applied. Application of this factor prevents trial and error and uses fewer head-loss equations in calculating the total friction loss and designing dual-diameter laterals. The proposed factor is a function of total number of outlets on the lateral, number of outlets on the smaller-diameter section of the pipe and ratio of smaller diameter to the larger diameter pipe. By solving two practical examples, the advantage of this factor over other approaches was shown. It was also demonstrated that design of lateral sizing by the given equations is simpler, easier and more accurate than the previous methods.}, Keywords = {Correction factor,Friction loss,Irrigation systems,Tapered lateral pipe}, volume = {14}, Number = {7}, pages = {1555-1565}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-3243-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-3243-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Valifard, M. and Moradshahi, A. and Kholdebarin, B.}, title = {Biochemical and Physiological Responses of Two Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars to Drought Stress Applied at Seedling Stage}, abstract ={Zagros (drought tolerant) and Pishtaz (drought susceptible) cultivars were classified on the basis of shoot dry weight and were used as plant material in this study. Total chlorophyll, carotenoids, antocyanins, proline, soluble sugar contents, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme activities and protein patterns were determined. Seedlings of wheat genotypes were grown in nutrient solution cultures under 16 h d-1 period at room temperature. With the decrease in osmotic potential, total chlorophyll initially increased but then decreased in the tolerant cultivar. The amount of total carotenoids and antocyanins in both cultivars increased in response to drought stress. However, the increase was only significant (P< 0.05) at some osmotic potentials. The increase was more pronounced in the tolerant cultivar. Soluble sugars and proline increased significantly in both cultivars, but were higher in the tolerant one. The sensitive cultivar showed higher rates of lipid peroxidation as compared to the tolerant cultivar. Antioxidant enzymes activities increased with the decrease in osmotic potential in both cultivars. The tolerant cultivar exhibited a higher antioxidant activity compared to the sensitive one. SDS-PAGE showed new protein bands under water stress. These results indicated that proline, soluble sugars contents and antioxidant enzyme activities are part of the defense mechanisms which confer water deficit tolerance to wheat cultivars. APX= Ascorbate peroxidase; CAT= Catalase; GR= Glutathione reductase; MDA= Malondialdehyde; ROS= Reactive oxygen species, SOD= Superoxide dismutase.}, Keywords = {Antioxidant,Compatible solute,water stress,Wheat cultivars}, volume = {14}, Number = {7}, pages = {1567-1578}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-6529-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-6529-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {HosseinzadehGharajeh, N. and Hejazi, M. A. and Nazeri, S. and Barzegari, Abolfazl}, title = {Characterization of an Indigenous Isolate, Dunaliella tertiolecta ABRIINW-G3, from Gavkhooni Salt Marsh in Iran Based on Molecular and Some Morpho-physiological Attributes}, abstract ={Dunaliella is a green halotolerant microalga, which has several industrial applications e.g. β-carotene production. Identification of different Dunaliella species has been carried out by morpho-physiological and recently molecular studies. To achieve an improved understanding of taxonomy, these studies are required to be in linkage. The present study describes molecular and specific morpho-physiological properties of a Dunaliella isolate obtained from Gavkhooni salt marsh in Iran. Phylogenetic analysis of Internal Transcribed Spacer region demonstrated that the isolate was associated with different species except D. salina (CCAP 19/18 and 19/30) and D.viridis. 18S rDNA size of the isolate was identical to that of D. tertiolecta and intron-lacking strains of D. salina. 18S rDNA fingerprint profile and phylogenetic analysis revealed D. tertiolecta as the closest taxon to the isolate. Features of optimum growth salinity (1.5-3% w/v) and maximum carotenoid per cell (0.7 pg cell-1) were comparable with reported data for D. terrtiolecta. Morphological characteristics including the size and color of the cells, presence and location of stigma and refractile granules were similar to those of D. tertiolecta. Totally, considering molecular and morpho-physiological properties, the isolate was attributed to the species D. tertiolecta and was named as Dunaliella tertiolecta ABRIINW-G3.}, Keywords = {Carotenoid,Dunaliella,18S rDNA,internal transcribed spacer,Optimum growth salinity}, volume = {14}, Number = {7}, pages = {1579-1590}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-5560-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-5560-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Bagheri, V. and Shamshiri, M. H. and Shirani, H. and Roosta, H.}, title = {Nutrient Uptake and Distribution in Mycorrhizal Pistachio Seedlings under Drought Stress}, abstract ={This study was conducted to determine the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices) symbiosis on mineral uptake of two pistachio cultivars (Pistacia vera cv. Qazvini and Pistacia vera cv. Badami-Riz-Zarand) grown in the greenhouse under different drought stress levels. Drought stress (DS) reduced the mycorrhizal colonization in both cultivars as well as nutrient uptake. The mycorrhizal plants had higher P, K, Zn and Mn concentrations than non-mycorrhizal plants regardless of soil moisture conditions while Cu and Fe concentrations were unchanged. Distribution of elements was affected by AMF treatments where all except P were accumulated more in leaves than in roots. Contrastingly, under drought conditions, the absorbed elements tended to remain in root tissue. In the case of P and Mn uptake, Qazvini was superior in comparison with Badami. In conclusion, it is suggested that AMF inoculation improves drought tolerance of pistachio cultivars at least in part through the enhanced uptake of slowly diffusing mineral ions such as PO42- and Zn2+. Moreover, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization provides better osmotic adjustment which can be correlated with K+ accumulation in top portions of inoculated plants. Results of this study also emphasized that ‘Qazvini’ cultivar may be more tolerant to drought than ‘Badami’.}, Keywords = {Drought Stress,Mycorrhizae,Nutrition,Pistachio}, volume = {14}, Number = {7}, pages = {1591-1604}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-2188-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-2188-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Emam, Y. and Bijanzadeh, E.}, title = {Water Uptake and Hydraulic Conductivity of Seminal and Adventitious Roots of Five Wheat Cultivars at Early Growth Stage}, abstract ={To investigate the root anatomy and hydraulic conductivity of wheat cultivars, including Shiraz, Bahar, Pishtaz, Sistan, and Yavaros, a series of controlled environment (growth chamber) experiments were hydroponically conducted at University College of Dublin (UCD), Ireland in 2010. Bahar, Pishtaz and Sistan cultivars were employed as tolerant to drought and Shiraz and Yavaros as sensitive. Twelve plants from each wheat cultivar in three replications were compared in a completely randomized design. Seminal roots had four to five cortical cell layers, and typically one large central metaxylem and 5±1 (in Bahar) to 7±1 (in Yavaros) smaller and circularly arranged peripheral metaxylem vessels. Stellar cells were less lignified in adventitious roots, as compared with seminal roots, and mature xylem vessels of seminal roots of Shiraz and Yavaros cultivars had more lignified walls compared to the other cultivars of the 18 day old plants. Lateral roots of Shiraz cultivar showed the most lignified walls compared to the other cultivars. The highest root hydraulic conductivity in seminal roots was observed in Bahar with the lowest surface area and lignified cell walls. Type of cultivar had also a noticeable effect on flow rate of seminal roots and varied from 2.81 in Shiraz to 3.76×10-10 m s-1 in Bahar cultivar. With respect to flow rate and osmotic driving force of seminal and adventitious roots, Bahar and Sistan cultivars had the highest hydraulic conductivity. It was concluded that at the early growth stage of wheat cultivars (3rd leaf stage), root anatomical structures of Bahar and Sistan were more efficient in water uptake and this might be attributed to the less lignified cell wall of the peripheral and central metaxylem zones of the roots in these cultivars.}, Keywords = {flow rate,Lateral roots,Osmotic driving force,Peripheral metaxylem}, volume = {14}, Number = {7}, pages = {1605-1616}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-3205-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-3205-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Rezaie, N. and Roozitalab, M. H. and Ramezanpour, H.}, title = {Effect of Land Use Change on Soil Properties and Clay Mineralogy of Forest Soils Developed in the Caspian Sea Region of Iran}, abstract ={All of the tea plantations in Iran are concentrated in the Caspian Sea region on soils previously developed under deciduous natural forests. This research conducted to study the effect of land use change (from forest to tea) on selected physico-chemical and mineralogical properties of soils under humid climate and mountainous landscape in Northern Iran. Three transects facing west to northwest in both tea plantation and the nearby natural forest were selected. A total of 18 soil profiles formed on different physiographic positions i.e. summit, shoulder and foot slope were studied and morphological features of the soils were described. Soil samples taken from each horizon were analyzed. A two factor completely randomized design was used to take soil samples from surface horizons in each transect. Results showed that after changing forest to tea cultivation pH, cation exchange capacity, clay content and the amount of organic carbon of the soils were decreased at P< 0.01 significance level, but bulk density was increased compared to soils under natural forest. X-ray diffractograms of clay fractions showed that vermiculite, vermiculite–illite mixed layers and hydroxy interlayered clay minerals were the major clay components. Soils under tea cultivation possessed highly developed and more prominent argillic horizons and contained more clay fraction in the lower horizons in all physiographic positions.}, Keywords = {Forest soils,Land use change,Soils of Iran,Tea cultivation}, volume = {14}, Number = {7}, pages = {1617-1624}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-6169-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-6169-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Emami, H. and Astaraei, A. R.}, title = {Effect of Organic and Inorganic Amendments on Parameters of Water Retention Curve, Bulk Density and Aggregate Diameter of a Saline-sodic Soil}, abstract ={ To study the effects of soil amendments on physical and hydraulic properties of a saline-sodic sandy clay loam soil, a field experiment was carried out as a complete block design with three replications. The treatments in this research consisted of control (B), 10 ton ha-1 gypsum (G), 10 ton ha-1 urban solid compost (C), three levels of vinyl alcohol acrylic acid (S1= 0.05%, S2= 0.1%, S3= 0.2%), CS1, CS2, CS3, GS1, GS2, GS3CGS1, CGS2, and CGS3. Four months after applying the treatments, water contents were measured at 9 pressure heads for each treatment and data obtained were fitted to Van Genuchten equation. The parameters of this equation (i.e. θs, θr, α, and n) were determined by the least square error method. Also some physical properties including bulk density (Bd), mean weight diameter (MWD) of aggregates, plant available water content (PAWC), and the slope of water retention curve at inflection point (S index) were measured. The results showed that all treatments increased saturated water content (θs) significantly (P< 0.05) compared with the control (B). A similar trend was observed for residual water content (θr). The highest and lowest values of α were noted in B and S2 treatments, respectively. PAWCs increased significantly in all treatments compared with control ones except for G, GS1, GS2,and GS3 treatments (P< 0.05). Adding the soil amendments increased the values of S index and MWD and decreased Bd, significantly compared with the B treatment. It seems that the mixture of vinyl alcohol acrylic acid at 0.1% with urban solid compost or gypsum is a suitable amendment for increasing AWC and improving physical quality of studied saline-sodic soils.}, Keywords = {Gypsum,S index,Soil water retention curve,Urban solid compost}, volume = {14}, Number = {7}, pages = {1625-1636}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-4711-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-4711-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Sadeghi, S. H. and KianiHarchegani, M.}, title = {Effects of Sand Mining on Suspended Sediment Particle Size Distribution in Kojour Forest River, Iran}, abstract ={Soil erosion causes sediments to be detached from their source materials and transported as suspended particles. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of sand exploitation on the distribution of suspended sediments in the Educational and Research Forest Watershed of Tarbiat Modares University, which comprises approximately 50,000 ha. Fifty-one water samples were collected before and after sand mining between November 2007 and June 2008. The settling rates of the primary particles of suspended sediments were then analyzed based on the principle of sedimentation described by Stokes’ law and using the modified pipette technique. Analyses of the samples indicated that the Suspended Sediment Particle Size Distribution (SSPSD) was significantly affected by sand mining. Specifically, an independent samples T-test demonstrated that the mean contents of sand, silt and SSC during and after sand mining differed significantly (P< 0.01), with respective values of 74.19±13.4 and 9.75±13.8, 81.77±4.5 and 2.96±2.7% and, 7.66±7.7 and 0.34±0.3 g l-1 being observed. Additionally, no significant difference was found between data sets collected before and during sand mining for hydrologic and SSPSD characteristics at 1%, which clearly proved consequent effects of sand mining on SSPSD.}, Keywords = {Kojour watershed,Particle size distribution,Sand mining,Suspended sediment concentration}, volume = {14}, Number = {7}, pages = {1637-1646}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-3192-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-3192-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} }