@article{ author = {Cumagun, C. J. R.}, title = {Managing Plant Diseases and Promoting Sustainability and Productivity with Trichoderma: The Philippine Experience}, abstract ={Trichoderma is a genus of asexually reproducing fungi that is present in all types of soils. Trichoderma species have been recognized as antagonists of soil-borne and foliage pathogens and as efficient decomposers of cellulosic waste materials. Moreover, they have the ability to increase plant growth and induce plant resistance. Along with mycoparasitism, antibiotics and competition, induced resistance is one of the most important mechanisms of Trichoderma action against fungal plant pathogens. Strategies to enhance biocontrol ability of Trichoderma include use of composts, UV irradiation and gene expression studies as applied to genetic engineering. Of over 50 research projects on Trichoderma in the Philippines as reported in this review, only less than 10% have been published at full length in scientific journals. Trichoderma have been often used in the control of rice and solanaceous crops and vegetables. Most projects have been conducted both in vitro and in vivo including the laboratory and greenhouse but rarely in the field. Most strains reported were not identified up to the species level especially by molecular techniques, an essential requirement for product commercialization. Of the several strains of Trichoderma that have been isolated and screened for biocontrol of plant diseases in the Philippines, only one strain has reached product commercialization. This, however, has led to a promising technology to improve management of vegetable diseases and increase farmers’ income. The continuity in sustaining these programs is vital in maintaining sustainability and productivity of agricultural crops with Trichoderma.}, Keywords = {Biological control,Enhancement,commercialization,Mode of action}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {699-714}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-1525-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-1525-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Su, X. Y. and Wu, J. Y. and Zhang, H. J. and Li, Z. Q. and Sun, X. H. and Deng, Y.}, title = {Assessment of Grain Security in China by Using the AHP and DST Methods}, abstract ={China is one of the largest grain producing and consuming nations in the world and the importance of grain security to the Chinese can never be overemphasized. In this paper, we present a comprehensive early-warning model for evaluating the status of grain security in China. The model is based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method and the Dempster–Shafer theory (DST). We divided the risk assessment into four stages. First, we seek risk sources and identify the indices to be used in the model. Then, we preprocess the index data to obtain the index directions and risk bounds. After that, we assign index weights via AHP method. Finally, we evaluate risk of grain security via DST method and determine the overall risk degree. An empirical analysis is conducted to demonstrate the use of the model for evaluating the status of grain security in China. The result shows that the model which conforms to the reality of China is effective and can be used as a grain security pre-warning monitoring tool.}, Keywords = {Analytic Hierarchy Process,China,Dempster-Shafer theory,Grain security,Risk assessment}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {715-726}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-1978-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-1978-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Movahedi, R. and Nagel, U. J.}, title = {Identifying Required Competencies for the Agricultural Extension and Education Undergraduates}, abstract ={This study aimed at identifying required competencies for the labor market by the graduates majoring in the agricultural extension education field. The study population included undergraduates, faculty members, and employers, as related to bachelor level in three extension and education departments at Bu Ali Sina, Tehran, and Shiraz Universities of Iran. The study has employed both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies. The quantitative research method used to collect data consisted of a questionnaire and the qualitative research method was semi-structured interviews. According to results, a combination of skills, mechanisms, supportive and collaborative systems with focus on self employment and entrepreneurship should be considered in order to improve students’ situation for labour market.}, Keywords = {Agricultural Extension and Education,Competencies,Iran,Labor Market,Undergraduates}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {727-742}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-7650-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-7650-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Shahbazi, F. and NazariGaledar, M.}, title = {Bending and Shearing Properties of Safflower Stalk}, abstract ={The research was conducted in order to determine the bending stress, Young’s modulus, shearing stress, and shearing energy of safflower stalk as a function of moisture content and stalk region. The bending forces were measured at different moisture contents and the bending stress and the Young’s modulus were calculated from these data. For measuring the shear forces, the stalk specimens were severed by using a computer aided cutting apparatus. The shear energy was calculated by using the area under the shear force versus displacement curve. The experiments were conducted at four moisture contents (8.61, 16.37, 25.26, and 37.16% wb) and at three stalk regions (bottom, middle, and top). Based on the results obtained, the bending stress decreased as the moisture content increased. The value of the bending stress obtained at the lowest moisture content was approximately 2 times higher than that of the highest moisture content. Bending stress values also decreased from top to the bottom of stalks. The average bending stress value varied from 21.98 to 59.19 MPa. The Young’s modulus in bending also decreased as the moisture content and diameter of stalks increased. The average Young's modulus varied between 0.86 and 3.33 GPa. The shear stress and the shear energy increased with increasing moisture content. Values of the shear stress and energy also increased from top to the bottom of stalks due to the structural heterogeneity. The maximum shear stress and shear energy were found to be 11.04 MPa and 938.33 mJ, respectively, both occurring at the bottom region with the moisture content of 37.16%.}, Keywords = {Bending stress,Safflower stalk,Shear energy,Shear stress,young’s modulus}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {743-754}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-4401-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-4401-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Kiani, S. and Jafari, A.}, title = {Crop Detection and Positioning in the Field Using Discriminant Analysis and Neural Networks Based on Shape Features}, abstract ={Development of an autonomous weeding machine requires a vision system capable of detecting and locating the position of the crop. It is important for the vision system to be able to recognize the accurate position of the crop stem to be protected during weeding. Several shape features of corn plants and common weed species in the location were extracted by means of morphological operations. Effective features in the classification of corn and weeds were analyzed using stepwise discriminant analysis. Among the seven features used in the analysis, four were sufficient to classify the two target groups of weeds and corn. These shape features were fed to artificial neural networks to discriminate between the weeds and the main crop. 180 images consisting of corn plants and four species of common weeds were collected from normal conditions of the field. Results showed that this technique was able to distinguish corn plants with an accuracy of 100% while at most 4% of the weeds were incorrectly classified as corn. In the final stage, the position of the main crop was also approximated and its accuracy was measured with respect to the real position of the crop. The position of the crop is necessary for the weeding machine to root up all of the plants except the main crop. It was concluded that the high accuracy of this method is due to the significant difference between corn and weeds in the critical period of weeding in the region.}, Keywords = {ANN classifier,Crop detection,Image processing,Shape analysis,Weed}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {755-765}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-6270-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-6270-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Mortezapour, H. and Ghobadian, B. and Khoshtaghaza, M. H. and Minaee, S.}, title = {Performance Analysis of a Two-way Hybrid Photovoltaic/Thermal Solar Collector}, abstract ={In this paper, the performance evaluation of a two-way hybrid photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) solar collector was analytically and experimentally carried out. Mathematical expressions for operating parameters in glass to glass and glass to tedlar PV/T solar collectors were developed and experimentally validated by a glass to tedlar PV/T solar collector system. Also the influence of air flow rate on the solar collector performance was investigated. The results showed that the glass to glass PV/T solar collector gave higher outlet air temperature, cell temperature and thermal efficiency than the glass to tedlar PV/T solar collector. However, back surface temperature and electrical efficiency were higher in case of glass to tedlar collector. Increasing the air flow rate led to a lower outlet air temperature and a higher electrical efficiency of the photovoltaic module. Maximum experimental electrical efficiency, thermal efficiency and overall thermal efficiency for the glass to tedlar PV module were found to be 10.35, 57.9 and 84.5%, respectively.}, Keywords = {Electrical efficiency,Performance analysis,thermal efficiency,Two-way photovoltaic/thermal solar collector}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {767-780}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-6825-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-6825-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Sadeghi, M. and Khoshtaghaza, M. H.}, title = {Vibration Effect on Particle Bed Aerodynamic Behavior and Thermal Performance of Black Tea in Fluidized Bed Dryers}, abstract ={Black tea sample was dried by a vibro-fluidized bed dryer to find its aerodynamic behavior and thermal performance during drying. The drying experiments were conducted at three different inlet air temperatures of 100, 115 and 130°C and fluidization condition at five vibration intensity levels of 0 (no vibration), 0.063, 0.189, 0.395 and 1.184. The results showed that bed channeling and defluidization problems were decreased in vibration condition. The vibration system decreased the requirement of minimum fluidization velocity of tea particles and this velocity reduced by increasing the vibration intensity. In the experiments, the maximum evaporation rate (13×10-3 kgv m-2 s-1) was at the vibration intensity of 1.184 and inlet air temperature of 130°C. Also the minimum specific energy consumption (4953.785 kJ kgv-1) was observed at 1.184 vibration intensity and 100°C inlet air temperature condition. Based on lower minimum fluidization velocity and specific energy consumption, the vibration intensity of 1.184 and inlet air temperature of 100°C were recommended for drying black tea particles.}, Keywords = {Evaporation rate,Minimum fluidization,Specific energy consumption,Vibration intensity}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {781-788}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-11292-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-11292-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Darsi, E. and Shivazad, M. and Zaghari, M. and Namroud, N. F. and Mohammadi, R.}, title = {Effect of Reduced Dietary Crude Protein Levels on Growth Performance, Plasma Uric Acid and Electrolyte Concentration of Male Broiler Chicks}, abstract ={Changes in dietary electrolyte balance influence the metabolic fate of protein and many amino acids. Furthermore, acid-base condition is achieved in part by the alteration of dietary amino acids pattern and quantity. Therefore, a trial was conducted in a completely randomized design to evaluate performance, carcass characteristics, plasma electrolyte and uric acid concentrations of 19 and 28-day-old male broilers fed three experimental diets in which CP was decreased in a stepwise manner from 21 to 18%. Ileal digestible quantities of all EAA were almost equal in the diets, and the total amount of each EAA was maintained at or above NRC 1994 requirements. Decreasing dietary CP did not affect performance and appetite but increased fat deposition in the whole body and abdominal cavity, significantly. High crude protein fed chickens generally produced breast, thighs and total carcasses that were lower in fat. Reducing dietary CP increased the concentrations of main plasma electrolytes including ionized forms of the electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl-) but its influence on Ca++ and HCO3- ions was not significant. On the other hand, plasma uric acid concentration was reduced in parallel with crude protein reduction. Therefore, although reduction of CP to 18% does not impair the performance of broiler chickens, deficiency in uric acid production in low CP diets may lead to blood electrolyte imbalance.}, Keywords = {Broiler chicken,Crude protein,Dietary electrolyte balance,Uric acid}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {789-797}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-11478-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-11478-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Yakhkeshi, S. and Rahimi, S. and HematiMatin, H. R.}, title = {Effects of Yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.), Antibiotic and Probiotic on Performance, Immune Response, Serum Lipids and Microbial Population of Broilers}, abstract ={This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the medicinal plant yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.), a probiotic (Primalac) and an antibiotic (virginiamycin) on gastrointestinal tract (GIT) characteristics, microbial populations, immune response, serum lipids and growth performance of broiler chickens. A total of 250 one-day old male broilers (Ross 308) were randomly allocated to 5 treatments, 5 replicates with 10 birds in each in a completely randomized design. Experimental treatments included the control, yarrow powder at two different concentrations (1.5 and 3% of diet), Primalac (0.1% of diet) and virginiamycin (15 ppm). The highest feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed in the control while the lowest FCR was seen in the virginiamycin group at 42 days of age (P< 0.05). Moreover, the highest body weight gain (BWG) was observed in the virginiamycin group while the lowest value was related to the control animals (P< 0.05). Carcass yields were not different between treatments (P> 0.05). Relative weights of breast and thigh were similar among all treatments (P> 0.05). Relative weights of bursa Fabricius, spleen and primary immune response (total titer, IgG and IgM) against sheep red blood cells (SRBC (were not affected by treatments. The serum cholesterol, triglyceride as well as high and low density lipoprotein (LDL and HDL) levels were different among treatments (P< 0.05). The lowest concentrations of the mentioned parameters were obtained in the group supplemented with 3% of yarrow (P< 0.05). The highest and lowest antibody titers (secondary immune response) against SRBC were observed by the yarrow (3%) and antibiotic supplementations, respectively (P< 0.05). The highest lactic acid bacteria (LAB) counts were detected in the crop, ileum and cecum of the Primalac group (P< 0.05). Inclusion of virginiamycin and yarrow (3%) caused a significant decrease in coliforms and total aerobic bacteria counts in crop, ileum and cecum (P< 0.05). The results of this study showed that the administration of yarrow (3%) can reduce the levels of serum lipids and boost the immune response in broilers. Moreover, it led to reduced pathogenic bacteria population in the GIT which could help to improve intestinal health and well being of poultry. It is proposed that yarrow can be used as an antibiotic alternative.}, Keywords = {Broiler performance,Immune response,Microbial population,Primalac,Virginiamycin,Yarrow}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {799-810}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-11024-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-11024-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Haghparast, S. and Shabani, A. and Shabanpour, B. and Hoseini, S. A.}, title = {Hatching Requirements of Daphnia magna Straus, 1820, and Daphnia pulex Linnaeus, 1758, Diapausing Eggs from Iranian Populations In vitro}, abstract ={Considering the crucial importance of Daphnia species in aquaculture, in particular for artificially- cultured sturgeon fry, a comprehensive study on the hatching requirements of their diapausing eggs seemed to be inevitable in order to obtain the ideal hatching technique. To do so, the ephippial eggs were collected from live food ponds in the cultivation and breeding centre of Gorgan and after isolation, were kept in dry and wet conditions at 4°C for 2 months in darkness. Following the pre-incubation period, the ephippia in each group were subdivided into two parts each treated with NaOCl 1% and distilled water. The effect of temperature levels (20, 25, and 30˚C) and photoperiod levels (12L: 12D, 24L: 0D) on hatching percent and the rate of egg hatching were investigated in artificial daphnia medium (AdaM) for 15 days. Results indicated that wet pre-treatment of Daphnia magna diapausing eggs with 1% NaOCl solution and subsequently exposure to continuous illumination at 20 and 25˚C was effective to reach the maximum number of hatchlings and the maximum egg hatching rate (P< 0.05). Exposure of the wet diapausing eggs of Daphnia pulex to 12 hours illumination and 25ºC without soaking in NaOCl 1% maximized the number of hatchlings and the rate of egg hatching (P< 0.05).}, Keywords = {Diapausing egg,D. magna,D. pulex,Hatching}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {811-820}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-10343-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-10343-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Gaffaroğlu, M. and Karasu, M. and Unal, S.}, title = {Karyotype of River Loach Turcinoemacheilus kosswigi Bănărescu and Nalbant, 1964 (Cypriniformes, Balitoridae) from the Euphrates River, Turkey}, abstract ={Karyotype of river loach Turcinoemacheilus kosswigi from the Euphrates River, Turkey was investigated using conventional Giemsa-staining and C-banding. Two females and two males were analyzed. Diploid chromosome number was 2n= 50 in all specimens. The karyotype consisted of four pairs of metacentric (m), seven pairs of submeta (sm)-subtelocentric (st) and 14 pairs of acrocentric (a) chromosomes, the number of chromosome was NF= 72. No heteromorphic sex chromosomes were found. C-banded positive constitutive heterochromatin was found in the entire short arms of a pair of large m-sm chromosomes and in the centromeres of several chromosome pairs though to a lesser extent. Karyotype and C-banding patterns of T. kosswigi were compared with those of other loaches.}, Keywords = {Balitorid loaches,Chromosome banding,Cytotaxonomy,Fish cytogenetics}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {821-826}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-11988-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-11988-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Majzoobi, M. and Darabzadeh, N. and Farahnaky, A.}, title = {Effects of Percentage and Particle Size of Wheat Germ on Some Properties of Batter and Cake}, abstract ={Wheat germ, a highly nutritive part of wheat kernels, is separated during milling as a by-product. In this study, wheat germ was used to supplement cakes. Different levels of the germ (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%) at different particles sizes (280, 585, 890 and 1,195 µm) were added to a cake recipe. The results showed that with increasing the germ level and particle size, batter consistency and density of the cakes increased significantly, while the height of the cakes decreased. With increasing the germ level and its particle size, the crumb became slightly yellow while the crust color and the textural parameters (TPA test) remained unaffected. Determination of the sensory attributes of the samples showed that the particle size was negatively correlated with the crumb color and texture of the cakes, while other sensory parameters remained unaffected. In general, 15% of germ was the highest level and 280 µm was the most suitable particle size (as recognized by the panelists) for the production of an appropriate germ cake.}, Keywords = {Batter,Cake,Particle size,Physical properties,Wheat germ}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {827-836}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-10813-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-10813-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Kim, J. H. and Kim, M. Y.}, title = {Enhancement of Bioactive Components Content and the Antioxidant Activity of Green Tea after Continuous Anaerobic Incubation}, abstract ={Although several methods have been developed to make gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) accumulate in tea, the active ingredients and health benefits vary widely depending on the manufacturing process of tea products. In this study, the levels of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity in tea leaves given the continuous anaerobic condition were investigated. GABA and other free amino acids such as alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, and asparagine were increased in tea leaves after anaerobic treatment, whereas the contents of organic and fatty acids remained almost constant. Compared with untreated tea, anaerobically incubated tea possesses higher (-)-epigallocatechin and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate contents, and lower IC50 values in the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging, superoxide radical scavenging, nitric oxide scavenging and xanthine oxidase inhibition assays, which may indicate that continuous anaerobic incubation enhances antioxidant activity. These results suggest that the continuous anaerobic treatment during manufacturing process may provide high quality GABA tea.}, Keywords = {Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA),Green tea,Continuous anaerobic incubation,Bioactive component,Antioxidant activity}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {837-844}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-7552-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-7552-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Bajpai, V. K. and kang, S. C.}, title = {In Vitro and In Vivo Inhibition of Plant Pathogenic Fungi by Essential Oil and Extracts of Magnolia liliflora Desr.}, abstract ={This study was carried out to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo antifungal efficacy of essential oil and extracts derived from the flower and leaves of Magnolia liliflora, respectively, against plant pathogenic fungi. The oil (750 μg disc-1) and various leaf extracts such as hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol (1,500 μg disc-1) revealed promising antifungal effects against Botrytis cinerea KACC 40573, Colletotrichum capsici KACC 40978, Fusarium oxysporum KACC 41083, Fusarium solani KACC 41092, Phytophthora capsici KACC 40157, Rhizoctonia solani KACC 40111 and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum KACC 41065 as radial growth inhibition percentages of 38 to 65.6% and 7.6 to 57.3%, respectively along with their respective MIC and MFC values ranging from (125 to 500 and 125 to 100 μg mL-1) and (500 to 4,000 and 500 to 8,000 μg mL-1). The oil had a strong detrimental effect on spore germination of all tested plant pathogens as well as concentration and time-dependent kinetic inhibition of P. capsici KACC40157. Also the oil displayed potent in vivo antifungal effect against one of the selected plant pathogens P. capsici KACC 40157 on greenhouse-grown pepper plants. The results of this study indicate that the flower oil and leaf extracts of M. liliflora could be used as natural alternatives to synthetic fungicides to control the in vitro and in vivo growth of certain important plant pathogenic fungi.}, Keywords = {Antifungal activity,Essential oil,Leaf extracts,Magnolia liliflora,Plant pathogenic fungi}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {845-856}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-543-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-543-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Amiryousefi, M. R. and Zarei, M. and Azizi, M. and Mohebbi, M.}, title = {Modelling Some Physical Characteristics of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Fruit during Ripening Using Artificial Neural Network}, abstract ={Pomegranate is an important Iranian-native fruit, with many varieties cultivated. Although the volume of data on the importance of pomegranates in human nutrition has increased tremendously in the last years, the physical properties of the pomegranate fruit during fruit maturity have not yet been studied in detail. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate changes in physical characteristics of six pomegranate fruits in three different stages from fruit set to ripening. Physical characteristics of pomegranate fruit including length to diameter ratio of fruit and calyx, peel and aril percentage, juice weight and percentage in a whole fruit in ‘Aghaye’ (A), ‘Faroogh’ (F), ‘Rabbab-e-Fars’ (RF), ‘Shahvare’ (S), ‘Shirin-e-Bihaste’ (SB) and ‘Shirin-e-Mohali’ (SM) were investigated. Different topologies of the artificial neural network were examined. Among different structures, a multilayer feed forward neural network based on 15 neurons in the single hidden layer with transfer function of tangent hyperbolic both in hidden layer and output layer and Levenberg-Marquardt learning rule was found to be the best model for predicting the physical characteristics of pomegranate fruit from the different cultivars. Results indicated that artificial neural network provides a prediction method with high accuracy. The correlation coefficients in the prediction of these physical characteristics were higher than 0.89.}, Keywords = {Artificial Neural Network,Fruit ripening,Physical characteristics,Pomegranate}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {857-867}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-1039-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-1039-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Sedghi, M. and SeyedSharifi, R. and Pirzad, A. R. and Amanpour-Balaneji, B.}, title = {Phytohormonal Regulation of Antioxidant Systems in Petals of Drought Stressed Pot Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.)}, abstract ={Drought is an important abiotic stress limiting plant performance. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is enhanced under stresses. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of phytohormones on the changes of antioxidant enzymes and carotenoids in petals of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) under drought stress. Results showed that the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) and catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) increased 47 and 73%, respectively, in petals under water deficit conditions compared with the control plants. Spraying with gibberellic acid (GA3) and benzyl amino purine (BAP) alleviated drought effects, but application of abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA) and brassinolid (BR) induced the activity of these enzymes. In the case of peroxidase (POD, EC 1.11.1.7), GA3 enhanced the enzyme activity unlike the other enzymes and the rest of the phytohormones had no significant effect on POD activity under either stressed or non-stressed condition. Concentration of carotenoids was affected by drought and hormone treatments. Concentration of carotenoids increased under water deficit but, GA3, BAP and JA had inhibitory effects on lycopene and carotene synthesis, while the rest of the hormones increased them. Spraying with GA3 increased luteoxanthin concentration in petals by 35 and 20% in comparison with the non-stressed and stressed environments, respectively. The decrease in POD activity under stress suggests that other mechanisms might be involved for ROS scavenging in petals of pot marigold.}, Keywords = {Antioxidant,Carotenoid,Drought,Petal,Phytohormone}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {869-878}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-5795-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-5795-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {VahdatiMashhadian, N. and Tehranifar, A. and Bayat, H. and Selahvarzi, Y.}, title = {Salicylic and Citric Acid Treatments Improve the Vase Life of Cut Chrysanthemum Flowers}, abstract ={Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura cv. Pattriot) is one of the most important and marketable cut flowers in the world. However, a relatively limited vase life reduces its marketability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of salicylic acid (SA) and citric acid (CA) in extending the vase life of chrysanthemum flowers. Therefore, a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with SA at (0, 100, 200, 300 ppm) and CA at (0, 100, 200 ppm) with 3 replicates and 3 samples (individual flowers) for each replicate, was conducted. Applying SA and CA increased vase life, petal water content (%), initial fresh weight (%) and marketability, significantly. SA treatments increased leaf relative water content (RWC), petal water content (%) and initial fresh weight (%) by 49, 73 and 23 %, compared to the controls, respectively. The highest vase life (21.77 days) was observed for the treatments of SA (300 ppm). The significant increase (300%) in vase life is considered to be due to plant regulating and anti-stress properties of SA and CA. According to the results of this experiment, SA and CA as natural, cheap, safe and biodegradable compounds are suitable alternatives for conventional chemical treatments in order to prolong vase life of cut flowers of chrysanthemum. Commercialization of these compounds for optimum formulations needs further experiments.}, Keywords = {Bio compounds (chemicals),CA,Chrysanthemum cut flowers,Preservation effect,SA,Vase life}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {879-887}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-5621-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-5621-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Ertek, A. and Erdal, I. and Yilmaz, H. I. and Senyigit, U.}, title = {Water and Nitrogen Application Levels for the Optimum Tomato Yield and Water Use Efficiency}, abstract ={This study was conducted to determine the effects of different water and nitrogen application levels on drip-irrigated tomato plants. The amount of water usage was based upon the pan evaporation from a screened (class “A”) evaporation pan. The treatments consisted of two irrigation intervals (I1= 5 days and I2= 10 days), three plant-pan coefficients (Kcp1= 0.50; Kcp2= 0.75 and Kcp3= 1.00) and three nitrogen (N) levels (N0 = 0, N1= 80 and N2= 160 kg ha-1). The I, Kcp and N levels affected the tomato yields and water usage efficiencies, however the effects of nitrogen applications were found to be greater than those of the other applications. Consequently, to reach the maximum tomato yields under similar climate and soil conditions, plant-pan coefficients (Kcp) and nitrogen values should be equivalent to 1.00 and 160 kg ha-1, respectively.}, Keywords = {Irrigation,N fertilization,Pan evaporation,Plant-pan coefficient,Tomato}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {889-902}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-8956-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-8956-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Lakshmipathy, R. and Balakrishna, A. N. and Bagyaraj, D. J.}, title = {Abundance and Diversity of AM Fungi across a Gradient of Land Use Intensity and Their Seasonal Variations in Niligiri Biosphere of the Western Ghats, India}, abstract ={The impact of land use intensity on the abundance and diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was investigated at six land use types viz., natural forest, grassland, acacia plantations, cardamom plantations, coffee plantations and paddy fields in the Niligiri Biosphere of the Western Ghats in South India. There was no significant difference in AMF root colonization in different land use types during pre-monsoon but there was a significant difference in AMF root infection ratings between different land use types during post-monsoon season, where it was higher in natural forests and grasslands. The AMF spore density and infective propagules were significantly higher in grasslands and acacia plantations compared to all other land use types during both seasons. Except for paddy fields, the spore density and number of infective propagules were higher in post-monsoon season compared to pre-monsoon season in other land use types. The numbers of AMF species identified were 56 during pre-monsoon and 67 species during post-monsoon season suggesting seasonal variations in diversity. During both seasons Glomus fasciculatum was recorded in maximum number of sampling points across the landscape followed by G. geosporum during pre-monsoon and G. mosseae during post-monsoon season. The species diversity was highest in natural forests and grasslands as compared to other land use types in both seasons. The species richness index for AMF was highest in natural forests and least in paddy fields during both study periods. The sand content, bulk density, total N, organic C, alkaline and acid phosphatases positively correlated with AMF activity while clay, silt, K, total P and available P were negatively correlated.}, Keywords = {AMF,Infective propagules,Land use types,Root colonization,Spore density}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {903-918}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-9453-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-9453-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Mesbahzadeh, T. and Ahmadi, H.}, title = {Investigation of Sand Drift Potential (Case Study: Yazd – Ardakan Plain)}, abstract ={Erosion by wind is one of the most important factors in desert environment. Prevailing winds can shift sand dunes and affect their accumulation. Also, wind regime determines the direction of sand dune mobility. The aim of this research was to investigate sand drift potential using sand movement models. For this research, wind data between 1986 and 2005 from the meteorological station of Yazd were acquired to examine sand drift potential (DP), and erosive storm winds through different methods. The sand drift potential values show that the resultant drift direction (RDD) is from southwest-west towards northeast-east. The unidirectional index value is 0.47. The Yazd – Ardakan plain is under the influence of a low energy wind regime (DP< 200 VU). The DP index should be considered for planning and development projects and conservation work. Calculations show that under a low energy wind regime, the amount of sand drift flow is 15.74 m3 m-1 year-1. The angular direction of RDD is 77°, measured clockwise from the geographical north. The trend of sand movement is observed following a clockwise pattern. With regard to the monthly sand rose, it is seen that the resultant drift potential is low in September and October (1.91-2.1) while the highest resultant drift potential occurs in May. The results obtained from the analysis of wind rose data indicated that the direction of prevailing winds in the Yazd basin is generally from west to north-west, and the storm winds have been generally directed northwest, and the frequency of winds of a velocity less than 6 m s-1 (threshold velocity) is 93.79% as observed from Yazd meteorological station.}, Keywords = {Fryberger method,Sand dunes,Sand rose,Storm rose,Wind regimes,Wind Rose}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {919-928}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-292-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-292-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Touiserkani, T. and Haddad, R.}, title = {Cadmium-induced Stress and Antioxidative Responses in Different Brassica napus Cultivars}, abstract ={To estimate plant resistance to Cadmium Chloride (CdCl2) stress for phytoremediation purposes, the effect of cadmium (Cd) phytotoxicity was assessed on total soluble protein, chlorophyll (Chl) content and antioxidant enzymes in the leaves of three different Brassica napus (B. napus) cultivars; Mohican, Reg.Cob and Okapi. Plants were exposed to three levels of CdCl2 (0.75, 1.5 and 2.25 mM) in irrigation water. A reduction in protein and Chl content was noted for all treatments in the three cultivars. Generally, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities were increased with 0.75 mM CdCl2 and then decreased at higher concentrations. SOD activity was enhanced up to 1.5 mM CdCl2 concentration in Mohican cultivar. Moreover, APX activity of Okapi cultivar was increased at a much higher rate of CdCl2 levels compared to Mohican and Reg.Cob cultivars. Different concentrations of CdCl2 induced a reduction in the catalase (CAT) activity of Mohican and Reg.Cob. However, this activity was increased with 0.75 mM CdCl2 in Okapi and then decreased with higher concentrations. These results indicate that B. napus cultivars have different tolerances to CdCl2 stress and in consequence, different phytoremediation efficiencies. Moreover, because Okapi possesses a higher antioxidant enzyme activity than the other two cultivars, it is suggested that it is probably the most tolerant cultivar to CdCl2 stress.}, Keywords = {Antioxidant enzymes,B. napus,Cadmium Chloride,Cultivars,stress}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {929-937}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-10443-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-10443-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Alomran, A. M. and Al-Harbi, A. A. R. and wahab-Allah, M. A. and Alwabel, M. A. and Nadeem, M. E. A. and Al-Eter, A.}, title = {Management of Irrigation Water Salinity in Greenhouse Tomato Production under Calcareous Sandy Soil and Drip Irrigation}, abstract ={A greenhouse experiment was conducted during the growing seasons (2008/2009 and 2009/2010) to investigate the effects of water quality and soil amendments, irrigation methods and rates on tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L. cv. Red Gold) yield and water use efficiency (WUE). Irrigation management treatments were fresh (0.86 dS m-1) and saline waters (3.6 dS m-1), surface and subsurface irrigation methods, 2, 4, and 6 L h-1 irrigation rates applied at the same irrigation duration and interval, and clay deposit, organic matter, and control amendment treatments. The results showed that differences among treatments were highly significant (P< 0.05) for tomato yield and WUE. The interactions between water quality and the other three factors were highly significant (P< 0.05). Applying fresh water and clay deposit amendments in sandy soil under subsurface drip irrigation at 2 L h-1 flow rate irrigation, water saving occurred due to improving soil water distribution in root zone. On the other hand, fresh application of saline water and clay deposit or organic matter amendments in sandy soil under subsurface drip irrigation method at 6 L h-1 flow rate, reduced both high cost of water desalinization and deleterious effect of saline water. Therefore, this management practice is recommended for greenhouse tomato production.}, Keywords = {Amendment,Irrigation Methods,Irrigation Rate,Salinity,Solanum lycopersicon L,Water use efficiency}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {939-950}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-4393-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-4393-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Emami, Hojat and Neyshabouri, Mohammad Reza and Shorafa, Mahdi}, title = {Relationships between Some Soil Quality Indicators in Different Agricultural Soils from Varamin, Iran}, abstract ={ Soil quality is a necessary indicator of land management. Different indices are applied to evaluate farming systems, soil types and land uses based on soil quality. The slope of retention curve at its inflection point has been defined as soil physical quality index (Si) but the relationships between Si and penetration resistance (PR), the least limiting water range (LLWR), and available water content (AWC) have not been studied yet. In this study, I) the effects of soil physical properties on Si index and PR, and II) the relationships between Si index and PR, LLWR, and AWC were investigated. Seventy undisturbed soil samples were collected and the slope at inflection point for soil retention curve as a soil physical quality index (Si) was determined in each sample using soil retention curve data. Furthermore, PR was measured in soil surface, and LLWR and AWC were calculated. The results showed that the correlations between PR and water content, Electrical conductivity (ECe), SAR, and Si index were significant at P<0.01, whereas its correlations with bulk density (ρb), and organic matter (OM) were significant at P<0.05. There was also a negative correlation found between AWC and PR (P<0.01). In addition, a positive correlation between Si and LLWR, and a negative correlation between PR and LLWR among soil samples (P<0.01) were found to exist. Therefore, the Si index provides a tool that can be used to compare different soils or the effects of different management practices on soil physical properties.}, Keywords = {Available water content,Least limiting water range,Penetration resistance,Soil physical quality index}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {951-959}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-9695-en.html}, eprint = {http://jast.modares.ac.ir/article-23-9695-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology}, issn = {1680-7073}, eissn = {2345-3737}, year = {2012} }