Synergistic Effects of Amitraz on Imidacloprid and Malathion against Cotton Aphid, Aphis gossypii (Hem: Aphididae)

Authors
A. Shojaei
K. Talebi Jahromi
V. Hosseininaveh
G. Sabahi
Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, P. O. Box: 31587-77871, Karaj, Islamic Republic of Iran.
Abstract
For more than a century, chemical insecticides have been the most primary tool used by growers to control the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, as an important polyphagous pest worldwide. The application of insecticide mixtures through different modes of action is currently favored for resistance management of this pest. In this study, the synergistic interactions between amitraz with each of the two commonly used insecticides, i.e. imidacloprid and malathion, were studied using A. gossypii as target pest. The effects of amitraz combination on the activity of three detoxifying enzymes of cotton aphids were then evaluated using physiological assays. The synergistic effects of amitraz on imidacloprid were observed at all Lethal Concentrations (LC10-LC90), while, for malathion it was observed at concentrations higher than LC30. The highest synergist ratio in the mixture of amitraz with malathion (LC90) and imidacloprid (LC10) was 1.5 and 3.09, respectively. The inhibition of Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) activity seems to be the main reason for amitraz to impose its synergistic effects.

Keywords

1. Ahmed, M. A. I. and Matsumura, F. 2012. Synergistic Actions of Formamidine Insecticides on the Activity of Pyrethroids and Neonicotinoids against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Med. Entomol., 49: 1405–1410. Amad, M., Ari‌‌‌‌f, M. I. and Denholm, I. 2003. High Resistance of Field Populations of the Cotton Aphid Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae) to Pyrethroid Insecticides in Pakistan. J. Econ. Entomol., 96: 875–878.
2. Anonymous. 2011. The List of Important Crop Pests, Diseases and Weeds of Iran and Recommended Pesticides to Control Them. Plant Protection Organization of Iran, 197 PP.
3. Basit, M., Saeed, S., Saleem, M. A. and Sayyed, A. H. 2013. Can Resistance in Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) be Overcome with Mixtures of Neonicotinoids and Insect Growth Regulators. Crop. Prot., 44: 135–141.
4. Bradford, M. M. 1976. A Rapid and Sensitive Method for the Quantitation of Microgram Quantities of Protein Utilizing the Principle of Protein-Dye Binding. Anal. Biochem., 72: 248–254.
5. Brogdon, W. G., McAllister, J. C. and Vulule, J. 1997. Heme Peroxidase Activity Measured in Single Mosquitoes Identifies Individuals Expressing an Elevated Oxidase for Insecticide Resistance. J. Am. Mosq. Control. Assoc., 13: 233–237.
6. Cao, C. W., Zhang, J., Gao, X. W., Liang, P. and Guo, H. L. 2008. Overexpression of Carboxylesterase Gene Associated with Organophosphorous Insecticide Resistance in Cotton Aphids, Aphis gossypii (Glover). Pestic. Biochem. Physiol., 90: 175–‌180.
7. Cedergreen, N. 2014. Quantifying Synergy: A Systematic Review of Mixture Toxicity Studies within Environmental Toxicology. Plos. One., 9: e96580.
8. Cloyd, R. A., Galle, C. L. and Keith, S. R. 2007. Greenhouse Pesticide Mixtures for Control of Silverleaf Whitefly (Hom: Aleyrodidae) and Two Spotted Spider Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae). J. Entomol. Sci., 42: 375–382.
9. Corbel, V., Raymond, M., Chandre, F., Darriet, F. and Hougard, J. M. 2003. Efficacy of Insecticide Mixtures against Larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) (Diptera: Culicidae) Resistant to Pyrethroids and Carbamates. Pest. Manage. Sci., 60: 375–380.
10. Corbel, V., Stankiewicz, M., Bonnet, J., Grolleau, F., Hougard, J. M. and Lapied, B. 2006. Synergism between Insecticides Permethrin and Propoxur Occurs through Activation of Presynaptic Muscarinic Negative Feedback of Acetylcholine Release in the Insect Central Nervous System. Neurotoxicol., 27: 508–519.
11. Da Silva Vaz, I., Torino Lermen, T., Michelon, A., Sanchez Ferreira, C. A., Joaquim de Freitas, D. R., Termignoni, C. and Masuda, A. 2004. Effect of Acaricides on the Activity of a Boophilus microplus Glutathione S-Transferase.Vet. Parasitol., 119: 237–245.
12. Darriet, F. and Chandre, F. 2013. Efficacy of Six Neonicotinoid Insecticides Alone and in Combination with Deltamethrin and Piperonyl Butoxide against Pyrethroid-Resistant Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae). Pest. Manage. Sci., 69: 905–910.
13. Davoodi Dehkordi, S. and Sahragard, A. 2013. Functional Response of Hippodamia variegate (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to Different Densities of Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in an Open Patch Design. J. Agr. Sci. Tech., 15: 651–659.
14. Fuller, S. J., Chavigny, P., Lapchin, L. and Vanlerberghe-Masutti, F. 1999. Variation in Clonal Diversity in Glasshouse Infestations of the Aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover in Southern France. Mol. Ecol., 8: 1867–1877. Ghadamyari, M., Mizuno, H., Oh, S., Talebi, K., and Kono, Y. 2008. Studies on Pirimicarb Resistance Mechanisms in Iranian Populations of the Peach-Potato Aphid, Myzus persicae. Appl. Entomol. Zool., 43: 149-157.
15. Habig, W. H., Pabst, M. J. and Jakoby, W. B. 1974. Glutathione S-Transferases the First Enzymatic Step in Mercapturic Acid Formation. J. Biol. Chem., 249: 7130–7139.
16. Hardee, D. D. and Ainsworth, J. M. 1993. Cotton Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae): Effect of In-Furrow Insecticides on Pesticide Resistance. J. Econ. Entomol., 86: 1026–1029.
17. Horowitz, A. R., Toscano, N. G., Youngman, R. R. and Miller, T. A. 1987. Synergistic Activity of Binary Mixtures of Insecticides on Tobacco Budworrn (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Eggs. J. Econ. Entomol., 80: 333–337.
18. Jones, R. H. 2004. Effect of Cotton Aphids, Aphis gossypii (Glover), on Cotton Plant Development and Yield Components MSc. Thesis, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA.
19. Kerns, D. L. and Gaylor, M. J. 1992. Insecticide Resistance in Field Populations of the Cotton Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae). J. Econ. Entomol., 85: 1–8.
20. Li, X., Schuler, M. A. and Berenbaum, M. R. 2007. Molecular Mechanisms of Metabolic Resistance to Synthetic and Natural Xenobiotics. Annu. Rev. Entomol., 52: 231–253.
21. Liu, M. Y. and Plapp, F. W. J. r. 1992. Mechanism of Formamidine Synergism of Pyrethroids. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol., 43: 134–140.
22. Loucif-Ayad, W., Aribi, N. and Soltani, N. 2008. Evaluation of Secondary Effects of Some Acaricides on Apis mellifera intermissa (Hymenoptera, Apidae): Acetylcholinesterase and Glutathione S-Transferase Activities. Eur. J. Sci. Res., 21: 642–649.
23. Nauen, R. and Elbert, A. 2003. European Monitoring of Resistance to Insecticides in Myzus persicae and Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) with Special Reference to Imidacloprid. Bull. Entomol. Res., 93: 47–54.
24. Nauen, R. and Denholm, I. 2005. Resistance of Insect Pests to Neonicotinoid Insecticides: Current Status and Future Prospects. Arch. Insect. Biochem. Physiol., 58: 200–215.
25. O’Brien, P. J. and Graves, J. B. 1992. Insecticide Resistance and Reproductive Biology of Aphis gossypii Glover. Southwest Entomol., 17: 115–122.
26. Plapp, J. R. F. W. 1984. The Genetic Basis of Insecticide Resistance in the House Fly: Evidence that a Single Locus Plays a Major Role in Metabolic Resistance to Insecticides. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol., 22: 194–201.
27. Prullage, J. B., Cawthorne, W. G., de Fallois, L. L. H. and Timmons, P. R. 2011. Synergy between Fipronil and Amitraz in a Rhipicephalus sanguineus Tick Residual Contact Test. Exp. Appl. Acarol., 54: 173–176.
28. Rodriguez-Vivas, R. I., Li, A. Y., Ojeda-Chi, M. M., Trinidad-Martinez, I., Rosado-Aguilar, J. A., Miller, R. J. and Pérez de León, A. A. 2013. In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Cypermethrin, Amitraz, and Piperonyl Butoxide Mixtures for the Control of Resistant Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) in the Mexican Tropics. Vet. Parasitol., 197: 288–296. Sammataro, D., Untalan, P., Guerrero, F. and Finley, J. 2005. The Resistance of Varroa Mites (Acari: Varroidae) to Acaricides and the Presence of Esterase. Int. J. Acarol., 31:67–74.
29. Shi, X., Jiang, L., Wang, H., Qiao, K., Wang, D. and Wang, K. 2011. Toxicities and Sublethal Effects of Seven Neonicotinoid Insecticides on Survival, Growth and Reproduction of Imidacloprid-Resistant Cotton Aphid, Aphis gossypii. Pest. Manage. Sci., 67: 1528–1533.
30. Shonga, E., Ali, K. and Azrefegne, F. 2013. Effect of Insecticide Rotation and Mixtures Use for Resistance Management on Cotton Aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Middle Awash Areas of Ethiopia. Greener. J. Agri. Sci., 3: 569–578.
31. Tomlin, C. 2009. The Pesticide Manual: A World Compendium. 15th Edition, British Crop Protection Council, UK.
32. Van Asperen, K. 1962. A Study of Housefly Esterases by Means of a Sensitive Colorimetric Method. J. Insect. Physiol., 8: 401–416.
33. Williams, M. R. 2003. Cotton Insect Losses 2002. In Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences, National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, Tenn.
34. Williams, M. R. 2004. Cotton Insect Losses 2003. In Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conferences, National Cotton Council of America, Memphis, Tenn.
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology
Volume 20, Issue 2
March and April 2018
Pages 299-308